GIUSEPPE MAZZINI e l’INIZIO del RISORGIMENTO
Summary
TLDRThe script recounts the turbulent period of Italian unification known as the Risorgimento, beginning around 1830. It highlights the failed restoration attempts, the spread of revolutionary ideas across Europe, and the rise of prominent figures like Giuseppe Mazzini. Mazzini's vision for a united Italy, free from foreign rule, and his establishment of the Young Italy movement are emphasized, along with the debates between democrats and moderates on the path to unification. The script also touches on Mazzini's influence on the broader European movement for liberty and his secular yet spiritual approach to patriotism and human brotherhood.
Takeaways
- 📜 The script discusses the failure of the restoration system after 1820 and the repression across Europe, highlighting the Italian people's enduring desire for freedom despite adversity.
- 🌪️ The political turmoil in France following the death of Louis X and the rise of Charles X's anti-liberal policies led to his ousting and the eventual ascension of Louis Philippe d'Orleans as the new king.
- 🌍 The instability in France spread to neighboring states, with Belgium declaring independence from the Netherlands and Poland rising against the Russian rule.
- 🇮🇹 The Italian Risorgimento began in 1830, with the Emilian and Romagna duchies experiencing uprisings led by a coalition of nobles, liberals, and notables, aiming to create a central-northern Italian kingdom.
- 👑 Duke Francis IV of Austria initially refused to collaborate with the rebels and subsequently arrested the conspirators, leading to the suppression of the revolts within a month.
- 🏛️ Bologna fell under Austrian control until 1838, marking another victory for the forces of restoration after yet another failed insurrection.
- 🤝 Giuseppe Mazzini, a Genoese intellectual and patriot, was arrested and tried for his participation in subversive activities. He chose exile over imprisonment in Piedmont.
- 🌟 Mazzini's vision for Italy was a free, independent, and republican state. He founded 'La Giovine Italia' to replace the outdated Carboneria, focusing on national diffusion and people's involvement.
- 🛡️ Mazzini advocated for a national insurrection without external help, emphasizing the need for a popular struggle against a better-organized and trained enemy.
- 🌐 Mazzini's broader vision included the unification of free peoples and the establishment of a 'Young Europe,' based on the concept of divine law and the brotherhood of humanity.
- 🔥 The script concludes with the mobilization of young Italians under Mazzini's revolutionary ideas, sparking a serious conversation about patriotism in cities across Italy.
Q & A
What event marked the beginning of the Italian unification process known as the Risorgimento?
-The beginning of the Risorgimento is marked by the uprisings in the Emilian Duchies and Romagna in 1831, which were organized by nobles, liberals, and notable bourgeois advocating for change.
What was the political climate in Europe after the death of Louis X of France?
-After the death of Louis X, Europe was in turmoil. Charles X, his successor, was ousted from the throne due to his anti-liberal policies. The chaos in France also affected neighboring states, with Belgium declaring independence from the Netherlands and Poland rising against the Tsar.
Who were the main organizers of the 1831 uprisings in Italy?
-The main organizers of the 1831 uprisings in Italy were Enrico Misley, a lawyer, and Ciro Menotti, a merchant, who were part of the Carbonari, a secret revolutionary society.
How did the Austrian ruler Duke Francesco IV react to the 1831 uprisings?
-Duke Francesco IV of Austria initially refused to collaborate with the rebels and then proceeded to arrest all the conspirators. Despite this, the uprisings continued, and he was eventually forced to flee to Bologna.
What was the outcome of the 1831 uprisings in Italy?
-The 1831 uprisings in Italy ultimately failed. Bologna fell to Austrian forces and remained under their control until 1838. The leaders of the revolt, such as Menotti, were executed, and the Carbonari were forced back into obscurity.
Who was Giuseppe Mazzini and what role did he play in the Italian unification movement?
-Giuseppe Mazzini was a Genoese intellectual, Carbonaro from 1827, and a patriot of the Italian cause. He was arrested and tried for his participation in subversive activities. Mazzini became a prominent figure in the unification movement, advocating for a republican Italy through popular initiative and national insurrection.
What were the two main factions within the Italian unification movement?
-The two main factions were the democrats, including Mazzini, who saw popular initiative as the way to unify Italy and create a republic, and the moderates, who relied more on the support of Italian rulers to expel the occupiers and favored federalism over insurrection.
What was the 'Young Italy' movement founded by Giuseppe Mazzini?
-Young Italy was a movement founded by Mazzini to replace the outdated Carboneria. It aimed to involve the general population and was based on national diffusion and secret action. The movement prioritized the independence of Italy from foreign rule and was intended to be a people's revolution without external help.
What was Mazzini's vision for Italy and its role in civilization?
-Mazzini envisioned Italy as having a leading role in civilization, speaking of the 'Third Rome' of the people, which would demonstrate Italy's guiding role through history. He believed in the union of free and brotherly peoples and the idea of a complete fraternity of all states, with Italy being a part of this divine plan.
How did Mazzini's ideas influence the Young Italy movement and its goals?
-Mazzini's ideas emphasized the need for a national movement based on the participation of the people, with the ultimate goal of creating an independent and republican Italy. He advocated for a popular insurrection as the means to achieve this goal and believed that the struggle would help foster a unified Italian identity.
What was the significance of the 'law of God' in Mazzini's political philosophy?
-For Mazzini, the 'law of God' was a guiding principle that emphasized the need for a nation to fulfill its destiny. Although he was a layman, he believed that a people needed a fatherland to follow their destiny and achieve humanity's brotherhood. This concept was central to his vision for the unification of Italy and the establishment of a just and free society.
Outlines
🇮🇹 The Birth of the Risorgimento and Revolutionary Movements
This paragraph discusses the failure of the restoration system after 1820, the repression of liberty across Europe, and the beginning of the Italian Risorgimento in 1830. It highlights the political turmoil in France following the death of Louis X and the rise of Louis Philippe as the new king. The instability spreads to neighboring states, with Belgium declaring independence and Poland revolting against Russian rule. In Italy, the Emilian duchies and the Romagna region rise in rebellion, led by liberals and notables. The Austrian Duke Francesco IV initially refuses to collaborate with the rebels and later arrests the conspirators. Despite the failure of the revolt, the desire for unity and independence persists. Giuseppe Mazzini, a young Genoese intellectual and patriot, is introduced, advocating for a united Italy and the expulsion of the Austrians. The paragraph outlines the ideological divide between democrats like Mazzini, who support popular initiative and a republic, and moderates who prefer the support of Italian monarchs for federalism and non-violent resistance.
🛡️ The People's Struggle and Mazzini's Vision for Italy
This paragraph focuses on the concept of a popular revolution led by all social classes, without external help, and the advocacy for a guerrilla warfare strategy by Carlo Bianco di Soint jorio, which Mazzini adopts. It emphasizes Mazzini's belief in the unifying spirit of Italians and his vision for a third Rome led by the people. Mazzini's ideas extend beyond Italy, envisioning a brotherhood of free peoples and the implementation of God's law. The paragraph also discusses the establishment of 'La Giovine Italia' (Young Italy) by Mazzini, aiming to replace the outdated Carboneria. The movement's primary goal is independence from foreign rule, with insurrection as the means to achieve it. Mazzini's ideas resonate with the youth, sparking debates and mobilization across Italy, setting the stage for a period of revolution.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Risorgimento
💡Restoration
💡Carbonari
💡Giuseppe Mazzini
💡La Giovine Italia
💡Revolution
💡Liberalism
💡Austro-Hungarian Empire
💡Federalism
💡Guerrilla Warfare
💡Nationalism
Highlights
The failure of the restoration system after 1820 led to widespread repression across Europe, but also sparked the Italian desire for change and the beginning of the Risorgimento in 1830.
Political turmoil in France after the death of Louis X and the subsequent ousting of Charles X for his anti-liberal policies marked a period of instability in Europe.
Belgium declared independence from the Netherlands on October 24, and Poland rose against the Tsar in November, indicating a wave of uprisings across the continent.
In Italy, the Emilian and Romagna duchies rebelled in February 1831, with nobles, liberals, and notable bourgeois merchants forming the base of the revolt movement.
The Carbonari, led by lawyer Enrico Misley and merchant Ciro Menotti, began plans to create a central-northern Italian kingdom.
Duke Francis IV of Austria initially refused to collaborate with the rebels and then proceeded to arrest all conspirators, demonstrating the Austrian stance towards the uprisings.
Despite the imprisonment of key figures, the Carbonari cells across Bologna, Parma, and the Papal States continued their activities, leading to widespread insurrections.
The provisional government of the United Provinces was established on February 26, 1831, in Bologna, but the Austrian forces quickly regained control, maintaining it until 1838.
Giuseppe Mazzini, a Genoese intellectual and patriot, was arrested and tried for his participation in subversive activities, leading to his exile from Italy.
Mazzini's two choices after his arrest were exile in Piedmont or Switzerland; he chose exile, leaving the peninsula and heading to Switzerland at the age of 26.
The debate on the future of Italy continued to intensify, with patriots sharing a common goal of uniting Italy and expelling the Austrians, despite differences in strategies and ideologies.
Democrats, including Mazzini, advocated for popular initiative and the creation of a republican Italy, while moderates favored federalism and support from Italian monarchs.
Mazzini, influenced by Carlo Bianco's book on guerrilla warfare, founded a new secret society in Marseille, aiming to unite young Italians in the struggle for independence.
La Giovine Italia aimed to replace the outdated Carboneria, focusing on national diffusion and secret activities to prepare Italians for a shared ideology and action.
The absolute priority for La Giovine Italia was independence from foreign rule, envisioning a free, independent, and republican Italy.
Mazzini's approach to achieving this goal was a national insurrection involving all classes, non-regional and non-sectarian, unlike the failed revolution of 1831.
Mazzini believed in the power of the people and the need for a struggle by bands, as theorized by San jorio, to foster a spirit of unity and identity among Italians.
For Mazzini, Italy had always played a leading role in civilization, and it was time to demonstrate this through the creation of a 'Third Rome' – that of the people.
Mazzini's ideas extended beyond Italy, envisioning a union of free peoples and the implementation of God's law, with the Risorgimento as part of a divine plan for human brotherhood.
Despite Mazzini's revolutionary ideas, not all young Italians were convinced, and the debate on how to achieve Italy's unification continued to rage in the streets of Florence, Rome, Milan, and Genoa.
La Giovine Italia was ready to act, marking the beginning of a period of revolution and significant change in Italy's history.
Transcripts
la prima spallata al sistema della
restaurazione aveva fallito dopo il 1820
la repressione Cala in tutta Europa ma
anche nell'ora più buia il desiderio del
popolo italiano è più grande di
qualunque avversità sta iniziando il
Risorgimento nel 1830 L'Europa è di
nuovo in subbuglio in Francia dopo la
morte di Luigi X il successore Carlo X
viene cacciato dal trono per la sua
politica antiliberale al suo posto viene
chiamato a luglio il duca Luigi Filippo
d'orlean come nuovo ree francesi per
volontà della nazione il caos della
Francia si propaga anche agli stati
vicini il Belgio si stacca dall'Olanda e
si dichiara indipendente il 24 ottobre
mentre a novembre la Polonia insorge
contro lo zar l'instabilità investa
anche l'Italia nel febbraio 1831 i
ducati Emiliani e le romagne insorgono
moti Vengono organizzati da Nobili
liberali e notabili Borghesi avvocati
commercianti ufficiali e possidenti
compongono la base del movimento di
rivolta tutto parte da Modena i
carbonari guidati dall'avvocato Enrico
misley e dal commerciante Ciro Menotti
avviano i loro piani per creare un regno
d'Italia centro settentrionale il duca
Francesco IV d'Austria est non rimane
indifferente prima si rifiuta di
collaborare con i rivoltosi e poi fa
arrestare tutti congiurati il 3 febbraio
1831 nonostante alcuni degli esponenti
più importanti della rivolta siano Ori
in prigione si decide comunque di agire
da Bologna a Parma tutte le cellule
carbonare si attivano i moti sconfinano
anche nello Stato Pontificio mentre
Francesco i e Maria Luigia D'Austria
sono costretti a fuggire a Bologna il 26
febbraio 1831 nasce il governo
provvisorio delle Province Unite organo
di unione dei governi nati dai Ducati in
Mane rivoltosi metern è costretto di
nuovo a intervenire in meno di un mese
Bologna cade sotto gli austriaci sarebbe
rimasta sotto il loro controllo fino al
1838 i regnanti supportati dalla santa
alleanza ricorrono di nuovo al pugno di
ferro contro I ribelli Menotti viene
giustiziato a Modena da Francesco IV
mentre i carbonari si ritirano di nuovo
nell'ombra un'altra Vittoria per le
forze della restaurazione dopo
l'ennesimo fallimento una cosa diventa
certa l'organizzazione settaria non sta
funzionando senza le masse non si andrà
da nessuna parte di questo è convinto un
intellettuale genovese classe 1805
Carbonaro dal 1827 patriota della causa
italiana Giuseppe Mazzini nel 1830
Mazzini viene arrestato e processato per
la sua partecipazione a moti sovversivi
ha a disposizione due scelte il confine
in Piemonte o l'esilio così nel 1831
Giuseppe Mazzini a 26 anni Saluta la
penisola e parte per la Svizzera Intanto
il dibattito su cosa si debba fare
continua a infiammarsi nonostante le
spaccature e i contrasti tutti i
Patrioti condividono un unico obiettivo
unire l'Italia e cacciare gli austriaci
dalla penisola il dibattito vede due
schieramenti da un lato troviamo i
democratici di cui Mazzini fa parte che
vedono nell'iniziativa Popolare la via
per l'unificazione con l'obiettivo
finale di creare una repubblica italiana
dall'altro lato abbiamo i moderati che
contano più sul supporto dei regnanti
italiani per cacciare l'occupante per
loro la soluzione ideale è il
federalismo dei vari stati della
penisola e non l'insurrezione Mazzini
nel frattempo si sposta in Francia a
Lione e poi a Marsiglia dove incontra
l'ex ufficiale piemontese Carlo bianco
de Sint jorio e fonda una nuova società
segreta Sint jorio avrebbe influenzato
il giovane Mazzini con il suo libro
della Guerra nazionale di Insurrezione
per bande applicata all'Italia nel testo
l'ex ufficiale afferma che l'unica via
per conquistare l'indipendenza sia una
sola la guerriglia Mazzini in questo
periodo entra anche in contatto con il
Movimento socialista ma decide di non
aderirvi sempre a Marsiglia Nel giugno
del 1831 Mazzini stende il programma per
un suo movimento la Giovine Italia la
Giovine Italia avrebbe dovuto
rimpiazzare la Carboneria ormai superata
e si sarebbe dovuta basare sul
coinvolgimento del Popolo per Mazzini
pochi iniziati riuniti nell'ombra non
avrebbero mai avuto successo per questo
la giovini Italia vuole essere un
movimento dalla diffusione Nazionale al
Segreto si preferisce la propaganda
destinata a preparare gli italiani
secondo la formula di pensiero e azione
le idee di questo nuovo movimento
vengono raccolte in un testo
programmatico l'istruzione generale per
gli affratellati nella giovini Italia la
priorità assoluta è una sola
l'indipendenza dallo straniero l'Italia
di Mazzini sarebbe stata una libera
indipendente e
repubblicana la via per raggiungere
Questo obiettivo è l'insurrezione
nazionale con la partecipazione di tutti
i ceti non regionale settaria come
quelle appena fallita questa rivoluzione
deve essere del Popolo e deve avvenire
senza aiuto esterno il metodo di
combattimento è la lotta per bante
teorizzate da San jorio la Guiglia
Popolare contro un nemico più
organizzato e addestrato anche se
sanguinosa per Mazzini avrebbe aiutato
lo spirito identitario e unitario degli
italiani Infatti sempre per Mazzini
L'Italia ha sempre avuto un ruolo guida
della civiltà prima con la Roma dei
Cesari poi con la Roma dei Papi e ora è
il momento della terza Roma quella del
popolo ed è ora di dimostrarlo la
vittoria sarebbe arrivata solo con la
caduta dei due pilastri della
restaurazione l'impero austriaco e lo
Stato della Chiesa le aspirazioni di
Mazzini non si fermano all'Italia l'idea
di un insieme di Popoli liberi e
fratelli porta la fondazione nel 1834
della giovine Europa il pensiero di
Mazzini si basa anche su un altro
concetto l'attuazione
della legge di Dio Mazzini è laico ma è
convinto che un popolo abbia bisogno di
una Patria per seguire il suo destino e
raggiungere La fratellanza dell'umanità
il Risorgimento è parte di questo
disegno provvidenziale da cu il motto
mazziniano Dio e popolo il cristianesimo
per Mazzini ha reso l'uomo libero solo a
livello individuale quindi er da
considerarsi ormai una religione
Superata la visione storica di Mazzini
vede l'unione di tutte queste patrie
nate dal popolo in un'unica umanità una
Fratellanza completa di tutti gli stati
davanti a queste idee rivoluzionarie non
si può rimanere indifferenti i giovani
italiani iniziano a mobilitarsi ma non
tutti sono convinti l'Italia può essere
fatta in vari modi e Mazzini non ha la
verità in tasca il dibattito si infiamma
mentre per le strade di Firenze Roma
Modena Milano Genova e 100 altre città
si inizia parlare seriamente di Patria
La gioven Italia è pronta ad agire
questo sarà un periodo di
[Musica]
rivoluzione
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