Small Animal Necropsy Part III
Summary
TLDRThis script outlines a detailed necropsy procedure, focusing on the examination of various organs in animals, including the eyes, urinary system, reproductive system, and brain. It emphasizes checking for signs of disease or injury, such as hydrosis, obstruction, or bone marrow quality. The process involves palpation, sectioning, and careful observation for abnormalities, concluding with a necropsy report to document findings and facilitate further diagnosis.
Takeaways
- đ Examine both external and internal reproductive systems (ERS) for dilation or presence of uroliths.
- đĄ Check the urinary bladder for contents and mucosal surface, looking for signs of hydrosis or urinary tract obstruction.
- đ§ If indicated, the urethra should also be examined for obstruction or other issues.
- đïžâđŹ Open and inspect the uterus, including both uterine horns, for any abnormalities in contents and mucosa.
- đš Note any marked diffuse congestion in the uterine body and right uterine horn as a significant finding.
- đ Section both ovaries during the examination to assess their condition.
- đ« Examine and compare the adrenal glands for the thickness of the cortex and medulla, typically in a 1:1 ratio.
- 𩮠Assess the femur and bone marrow for quality and quantity of compact and spongy bone, and check growth plates.
- đȘ If a band saw is unavailable, use bone cutters to break the diaphysis of the femur for further evaluation.
- đ§ For brain examination, remove overlying skin and muscles, and carefully extract the brain to evaluate symmetry and check for space-occupying masses or hemorrhages.
- đ©ș After brain extraction, check for signs of trauma, meningitis (indicated by cloudiness and excitation), and document all findings.
- đ Write a necropsy report detailing postmortem findings, gross morphological diagnoses, and tissue samples collected for further tests.
Q & A
What should be examined first during the necropsy process described in the script?
-The external reproductive structures (ERS) should be examined first, including checking if they are dilated or conconif, and looking for uroliths.
What should be done if there is evidence of hydrosis or urinary tract obstruction during the necropsy?
-The urethra should be opened and examined to further investigate the cause of the obstruction or hydrosis.
What is the significance of examining the urinary bladder's contents and mucosal surface?
-Examining the urinary bladder's contents and mucosal surface helps in identifying any abnormalities or signs of disease that could indicate urinary tract issues.
Why is it important to examine the uterine horns during a necropsy?
-Examining the uterine horns is important to check for any signs of disease or abnormalities that could affect fertility or be indicative of an infection.
What does the term 'marked diffuse congestion' refer to in the context of the uterine body and the right uterine horn?
-Marked diffuse congestion refers to a significant increase in blood flow to the uterine body and the right uterine horn, which could be a sign of inflammation or other pathological conditions.
Why is the thickness of the adrenal cortex and medulla compared during the necropsy?
-Comparing the thickness of the adrenal cortex and medulla helps in identifying any abnormalities in the adrenal glands, which could indicate stress or disease.
What is the purpose of examining the femur and bone marrow during a necropsy?
-Examining the femur and bone marrow helps in assessing the quality and quantity of compact and spongy bone, as well as the health of the growth plates, which can provide insights into the animal's overall health and development.
How should the brain be removed for examination during a necropsy?
-The brain should be removed by first making cuts to expose the meninges, then using a chisel to pry off the bony cap, and finally cutting the cranial nerves and the pituitary stalk to remove the brain for examination.
What should be evaluated when examining the brain during a necropsy?
-The symmetry between the left and right sides of the brain should be evaluated, as asymmetry could indicate a space-occupying mass or other abnormalities.
Why is it important to check for brain hemorrhages during a necropsy?
-Checking for brain hemorrhages is important because they are commonly caused by trauma, and their presence can indicate the cause of death or injury sustained by the animal.
What should be done after the necropsy to obtain a final diagnosis?
-After the necropsy, a necropsy report should be written documenting all findings, and tissue samples collected during the necropsy should be processed for further tests if necessary to obtain a final diagnosis.
Outlines
đ Comprehensive Post-Mortem Examination
This paragraph details the steps involved in a thorough necropsy, starting with the examination of the external reproductive system (ERS), checking for dilation or constriction and the presence of uroliths. It proceeds with the inspection of the urinary bladder, including its contents and mucosal surface. If there are indications of hydronephrosis or urinary tract obstruction, the urethra is also examined. The uterus is opened to inspect its contents and mucosa, with special attention given to any signs of congestion. The ovaries and adrenal glands are sectioned and compared for their cortex and medulla thickness, with a normal ratio of 1:1 expected in most animals. The femur is examined for bone quality and growth plate health, and the brain is removed by a specific procedure that includes making cuts and removing the meninges. The paragraph emphasizes the importance of documenting findings and considering gross morphological diagnoses.
đ§ Brain Examination and Necropsy Report
The second paragraph focuses on the examination of the brain following the necropsy procedure. It describes the method to expose the meninges and remove the brain, including cutting the cranial nerves and the pituitary stalk. The brain is then examined for symmetry and signs of space-occupying masses, hemorrhages, and other abnormalities. The presence of trauma or meningitis is also considered. The paragraph concludes with the instruction to write a necropsy report that documents all findings and diagnoses, and mentions the processing of tissue samples for further tests to reach a final diagnosis.
Mindmap
Keywords
đĄERS
đĄUroliths
đĄUrinary Bladder
đĄUrethra
đĄUterus
đĄOvaries
đĄAdrenal Glands
đĄFemur
đĄBrain
đĄMeninges
đĄNecropsy Report
Highlights
Examination and palpation of both external reproductive structures (ERS) for dilation or constriction.
Inspection for uroliths during the opening of the urinary bladder.
Assessment of the urinary bladder's contents and mucosal surface for hydrosis or urinary tract obstruction.
The necessity to open and examine the urethra if evidence of obstruction is found.
Opening and examination of the uterine body and both uterine horns for any abnormalities.
Observation of marked diffuse congestion in the uterine body and the right uterine horn.
Sectioning and examination of both ovaries for any pathological findings.
Comparison of adrenal gland cortex and medulla thickness for a typical 1:1 ratio.
Examination of the femur and bone marrow for quality and quantity of bone types.
Use of bone cutters as an alternative to a band saw for femur examination.
Removal and examination of the brain with attention to symmetry and potential space-occupying masses.
Identification of brain hemorrhages potentially caused by trauma.
Assessment of cranial bones and adjacent skin for signs of meningitis.
Documentation of all postmortem findings and gross morphological diagnoses in a necropsy report.
Processing of tissue samples collected during necropsy for further tests if necessary.
Use of a vise and specific cuts to expose the meninges and brain for detailed examination.
Practical steps for removing the bony cap of the skull to access the brain.
Transcripts
examine and palpate both ERS and open
them if they are dilated or con conin
uroliths next open the urinary bladder
and examine its contents and the mucosal
surface if there is evidence suggesting
hydrosis or urinary tract obstruction
the urethra should also be opened and
examined open the body of the uterus and
both uterine horns examine the contents
and the mucosa
this [Â __Â ] had marked diffuse congestion
of the uterine body and the right
uterine
horn examine and section both ovaries
examination of the adrenal glands
section both adrenal glands and compare
the thickness of the cortex and
medulla in most animals it should be a
1:1 ratio
examination of the femur and bone
marrow examine the quality and quantity
of compact and spongy bone on
longitudinal section of the
femur also examine the growth plates and
bone
marrow if a band saw is not available
use bone Cutters to break the diaphysis
of the
femur to evaluate the cortical bone and
bone
marrow removal of the
brain remove the skin and muscles
overlying the frontal parietal and
occipital bones and place the head
securely in a visce
once the musculature is removed use a
saw to make two 45° lateral Cuts along
the medial aspect of both occipital
condil and extend them towards the
frontal bone
posterior to the orbits make a third
transverse cut which connects the two
lateral
Cuts insert a chisel into the saw cuts
at various locations to pry off the Bony
cap and expose the
meninges for
using scissors and forceps remove the
menis to expose the brain
now remove the head from the vice and
place the head in your hands such that
the dorsal aspect of the skull is facing
down and then cut the cranial nerves and
the pituitary stock and remove the brain
examine all parts of the brain evaluate
the Symmetry between the left and right
sides as asymmetry could indicate a
space occupying Mass brain hemorrhages
are most commonly caused by trauma
therefore if they are present examine
the intactness of the cranial bones
together with the adjacent skin minial
cloudiness and exitation are strongly
suggestive of
menitis after completion of the necropsy
write a necropsy report documenting all
postmortem findings and gross
morphological
diagnoses tissue samples collected
during necropsy for an tests should be
processed if necessary to obtain a final
diagnosis for
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