Periodic Table Explained: Introduction
Summary
TLDRThe video script explores the concept of elements, defined as substances composed of a single type of atom, with 92 naturally occurring ones and additional man-made ones. It introduces the periodic table, a systematic arrangement of elements by atomic number and properties, highlighting groups that share similar characteristics. The script also explains how elements can be identified by their atomic number and symbol, and discusses the distinction between metals and nonmetals, with metals typically to the left of a diagonal band on the table and nonmetals to the right. Hydrogen is noted as a unique case, not fitting neatly into any group. The periodic table is likened to an alphabet, essential for understanding the composition of all matter in the universe.
Takeaways
- đ All matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms.
- đ There are 92 naturally occurring types of atoms, known as elements.
- đ A pure substance made of only one type of atom is called an element.
- đ The periodic table lists all the elements in order of increasing atomic number.
- đ Elements are represented by one or two-letter symbols, like 'H' for hydrogen.
- đą Hydrogen has the atomic number 1 and is the lightest element.
- đ The periodic table has seven horizontal rows, with additional rows for the lanthanides and actinides.
- đšâđŹ Scientists have created artificial elements, extending the list beyond 92.
- đȘ Elements in the same vertical group have similar properties.
- đĄ Metals are typically found on the left side of the periodic table and have properties like conductivity and malleability.
- âïž Nonmetals are on the right side and often do not conduct electricity or heat.
- đ Elements within the diagonal band have properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals, known as semiconductors or metalloids.
- đ Hydrogen is unique and does not fit neatly into any group; it is considered a group by itself.
Q & A
What are the fundamental building blocks of all things in the world?
-The fundamental building blocks of all things in the world are incredibly tiny particles called atoms.
How many different kinds of atoms are there?
-There are 92 different kinds of atoms, which are the basis for the elements found in nature.
What is an element and how is it related to atoms?
-An element is a pure substance made of only one kind of atom. For example, a nugget of pure gold contains only gold atoms.
What is the purpose of the periodic table?
-The periodic table is a list that shows all the elements, arranged according to the atomic number and chemical properties, making it easier to understand and remember the different elements.
What is the atomic number and how is it related to the periodic table?
-The atomic number is a number that indicates an element's position in the periodic table, representing the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of that element.
How many horizontal rows does the periodic table have?
-The periodic table has seven horizontal rows, known as periods.
What are the special rows at the bottom of the periodic table called, and what do they represent?
-The special rows at the bottom of the periodic table are called the lanthanides and actinides, which are elements that fit into the sixth and seventh periods, respectively.
What is the significance of the vertical columns in the periodic table?
-The vertical columns in the periodic table, also known as groups, contain elements that have similar chemical properties, making them akin to families.
How can you determine if an element is a metal or a nonmetal using the periodic table?
-Elements to the left of the diagonal gray band in the periodic table are metals, while those to the right are nonmetals. Elements within the band are often semiconductors or metalloids, having properties of both.
What is unique about the element hydrogen in terms of its placement on the periodic table?
-Hydrogen is unique because it is placed to the left of the diagonal band but is not considered a metal. It does not belong to any group and is considered to be a group by itself.
Why are there more elements listed on the periodic table than the original 92?
-In addition to the original 92 elements, scientists have created artificial elements in laboratories, extending the list of known elements beyond uranium to a total of 118.
Outlines
đ Elements and the Periodic Table
This paragraph introduces the concept of elements, which are substances made up of only one kind of atom, exemplified by a pure gold nugget containing only gold atoms. It explains that there are 92 natural elements, each represented on the periodic table, which is organized by atomic number and symbol. The periodic table's structure is explored, including its seven horizontal rows and additional rows for the lanthanides and actinides, bringing the total element count to 118. The paragraph also discusses the periodic table's arrangement into groups and families, and how elements can be identified by their atomic numbers and symbols.
đŹ Understanding the Periodic Table's Structure and Element Properties
This paragraph delves deeper into the periodic table's organization, discussing the vertical columns known as groups, which contain elements with similar properties. It explains how the table is used to identify elements by atomic number and to determine their position within rows and groups. The paragraph highlights the differences between metals and nonmetals, using the gray diagonal band as a visual aid to distinguish between them. Metals are described as typically shiny, solid, and good conductors of electricity and heat, while nonmetals are often liquids or gases and poor conductors. The paragraph also touches on the unique properties of hydrogen, which is considered a special case due to its position and properties distinct from other elements.
đ The Significance of the Periodic Table and Element Classification
The final paragraph discusses the broader implications of the periodic table, likening it to an 'alphabet of the universe' that categorizes the building blocks of all substances. It emphasizes the table's ability to predict the properties of elements based on their position relative to the diagonal band dividing metals from nonmetals. The paragraph also introduces the concept of semiconductors, elements like silicon that have properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals. It concludes by highlighting the abundance of metals in the universe and the unique status of hydrogen, which, despite its position in the table, does not fit neatly into any group due to its distinct characteristics.
Mindmap
Keywords
đĄAtoms
đĄElements
đĄPeriodic Table
đĄAtomic Number
đĄSymbols
đĄGroups
đĄMetals
đĄNonmetals
đĄSemiconductors
đĄLanthanides and Actinides
đĄHydrogen
Highlights
All things in the world are made of incredibly tiny particles called atoms.
There are 92 different kinds of atoms, each kind forming an element.
A pure gold nugget contains only gold atoms, making it an element.
The periodic table lists all 92 elements, starting with hydrogen and ending with uranium.
Elements are represented by symbols, such as 'H' for hydrogen.
The periodic table has seven horizontal rows, each with a specific number of elements.
Lanthanides and actinides are additional rows that complete the periodic table.
The full periodic table includes 118 elements, with some being artificially created.
Elements are arranged in vertical columns called groups, which contain similar elements.
Group 1 elements, except hydrogen, are soft metals that explode when put into water.
The periodic table can be used to identify elements by their atomic number and symbol.
Metals are typically shiny, solid, and conductive, and are found to the left of the diagonal band.
Nonmetals are usually liquids or gases, brittle, and poor conductors of electricity.
Elements within the diagonal band have properties of both metals and nonmetals, known as semiconductors.
Nearly three-quarters of the elements on the periodic table are metals.
Hydrogen is unique and does not fit into any group, being a group by itself.
The periodic table organizes the elements into a pattern, making it the alphabet of the universe.
Transcripts
in the first video we saw that all the
things in the world are made of
incredibly tiny particles called atoms
and also that there are 92 different
kinds of them most things have more than
one kind of atom in them but this nugget
of pure gold contains only gold atoms
so we call it an element an element is a
substance made of only one kind of atom
zooming back out we see that the gold
atoms become a lump of gold again
if we zoomed out from silver atoms we'd
see a lump of silver instead
because there are 92 kinds of atoms
there must be 92 elements - one for each
kind you probably have already heard of
some of them like carbon iron and
aluminium or aluminum if you're American
but maybe not astatine or you terbium
with so many elements there's a lot of
names to remember
fortunately there's a list showing all
the elements it starts with the element
with the lightest atoms hydrogen and
goes to the element with the heaviest
items uranium this list is called the
periodic table
how about grabbing your own copy now and
check it as you watch the video
the lightest element hydrogen is at the
top left-hand side of the table each
element can be written with a shorthand
using one or two letters called its
symbol which is capital H for hydrogen
not surprisingly each element also has
its own number showing its place in this
list called it's atomic number hydrogen
is the lightest element so it's atomic
number is 1
zooming into helium at the top right we
can see that it's symbol is h-e-b gage
fiddly to make it a bit different two
hydrogen's and it's atomic number is two
being the second lightest element
the third lightest element is lithium so
it has an atomic number of three
where's lithium
it starts the next row
this row goes up to atomic number ten
before another row is started
how many rows are they
one two three four five six seven the
periodic table has seven horizontal rows
what about these rows down below called
the lanthanides and actinides well they
really belong to row six and seven and
should slot into these spaces
the lanthanides are elements 5771 and
the actinides are elements 89 to 103 -
slot them in we have to make the
periodic table wider
this full table is more accurate and
some versions are printed this way
this layout also makes it easier to see
how many elements are in each row 2 in
the first row 8 in the second eight in
the third 18 in the fourth 18 also in
the fifth 32 and the sixth 32 and the
seventh
altogether there are 118 elements
hc'
how come on the meant-to-be airline 92
elements with uranium being the last one
yes but clever scientists have made
artificial elements in the lab like
neptunium and plutonium the elements
next door that were made in 1940 these
new elements make the overall list of
elements a bit longer let's collapse the
periodic table back to its usual shape
which is more convenient for fitting
onto the screen
you can see that the periodic table is
also arranged in vertical columns which
scientists call groups how many groups
are there
one two three four five six seven eight
nine ten
eighteen
eighteen vertical groups the key point
about groups is that they contain
elements that are similar to each other
like members of a family for example all
of group 1 elements except hydrogen are
soft malleable metals that explode when
you put them into water some groups even
have family names group 1 elements are
called the alkali metals group 2
elements are the alkaline earth metals
group 17 are the halogens and group 18
other noble gases
now you're ready to read the periodic
table what is the name of the element
with atomic number 30
you just have to scan around and find 30
Zink
what is the atomic number of calcium now
you've got to find calcium on the table
20 which row is sulfur in the third row
choose any element in the fifth row
there are a lot of possible answers for
this could be strontium tin iodine you
choose which group is chlorine in
group 17 choose an element in group 15
could be nitrogen or arsenic or any of
the others your choice
but what if you were asked which element
is in row five and group two there can
only be one answer
strontium each element has its own
unique combination of row and group
can you see the gray diagonal band that
splits the periodic table into two parts
this divides the elements into metals on
the left and nonmetals on the right
what is a metal here's a few titanium
iron chromium aluminum silver and gold
with the atomic numbers above the
symbols
have you noticed that these metals are
shiny and solid they all are well except
for liquid mercury
metals also conduct electricity and heat
here the different metals are connected
to an electrical circuit if the bulb
lights up it means that the thing is an
electrical conductor they all are
medals are also malleable which means
that if you built them with a hammer
they'll flatten into a thinner shape
here you can see that aluminium has
three metallic properties it's already
been flattened into a thin sheet it's
shiny and it conducts electricity
we looked at aluminium titanium chromium
iron silver and gold all to the left of
the diagonal and saw that they all have
metallic properties what about nonmetals
to the right hand side of the diagonal
they're the opposite most nonmetal
elements are liquids or gases but there
are a few solids and these can be more
easily tested here sulfur and selenium
are showing that they don't conduct
electricity can you see that the bulb
doesn't light up and if you hit this
carbon with a hammer it smashes into
bits this is called being brittle it's
the opposite of being malleable
let's use the periodic table to predict
whether an element would be a metal or a
nonmetal
how about osmium atomic number 76 osmium
is to the left of the diagonal gray band
so it should be a metal
how about iodine
that's to the right of the diagonal line
so it's a nonmetal
let's try something tricky Oh do you
reckon yttrium atomic number 39 would be
shiny it's to the left of the diagonal
line so it's a metal so it's probably
shiny
would phosphorous atomic number 15
conduct electricity hmm it's to the
right of the diagonal so it's a nonmetal
probably not what about the elements
inside the diagonal band let's take a
look at silicon it looks shiny like a
metal but if you whack it with a hammer
it breaks into bits so it's brittle like
a nonmetal and the dull glow of the bulb
tells us that it conducts electricity
more than a nonmetal but not as much as
a metal and this gives it the name of
semiconductor
these elements are also called semi
metals because they have properties that
are in between metals and nonmetals
are they more metal or nonmetal elements
metals nearly three-quarters of the
elements on the periodic table are
metals
but that doesn't mean they're more
abundant because in the Earth's crust
there are more oxygen and silicon atoms
than the rest combined
and the universe as a whole is mostly
hydrogen in fact hydrogen is special in
lots of ways it's to the left of the
diagonal but it's not a metal well it
can't be it's a gas it looks like it's
in Group one as a member of the alkali
metals but it can't be because it's not
a metal the truth is hydrogen doesn't
belong to any group and it's considered
to be a group all by itself
some periodic tables even put it on its
own to show this just remember hydrogen
is special
the periodic table squeezes a lot of
information into a small space the
English writer CP snow said that the
periodic table took all the jumbled
facts about the elements and fitted them
into a pattern and it was like turning a
jungle into a garden my view is that the
periodic table is the alphabet of the
universe
whereas our ordinary alphabet is a list
of letters that can make all the words
in our language the periodic table is a
list of elements that can make all the
substances in the universe
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