Introduction to Biochemistry: Definition, Scope, History, and Key Biomolecules
Summary
TLDRThis lecture introduces biochemistry as the study of life's chemical processes at the molecular level, covering the history, development, and key biomolecules. It highlights the importance of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates, their structures, and functions in living organisms. The script also touches on the significance of biochemistry in healthcare, nutrition, genetics, and environmental science, emphasizing its role in diagnosing diseases and developing personalized medicine.
Takeaways
- đ Biochemistry is the study of life's chemical reactions and processes within and relating to living organisms.
- đ The term 'biochemistry' was coined by Carl Neuberg in 1903, emphasizing the chemical reactions in life.
- đż Biochemistry covers more than humans; it includes the study of animals, plants, and their chemical processes at the molecular level.
- 𧏠The four main biomolecules studied in biochemistry are proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.
- đ° A brief history of biochemistry includes ancient practices and the significant contributions from various scientists across centuries.
- đ Emil Fischer was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1902 for his work on the structure of proteins and enzymes.
- 𧏠Nucleic acids are crucial for the storage and transmission of genetic information and protein synthesis.
- đ„ Proteins serve various functions, including structural support, catalysis of biochemical reactions, and immune response.
- đŹ Carbohydrates are the body's primary energy source, with glucose being a common monosaccharide.
- đ„ Lipids function as energy storage, provide insulation, and are integral to cell membranes, with different types including saturated and unsaturated fats.
- đ§Ș Biochemistry is vital in healthcare for diagnosing and treating diseases, as well as in nutrition, genetics, and environmental science.
Q & A
What is the definition of biochemistry?
-Biochemistry is defined as the study of life's chemical reactions, or alternatively, the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.
What are the four main biomolecules studied in biochemistry?
-The four main biomolecules studied in biochemistry are proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.
How does the history of biochemistry date back to ancient times?
-The history of biochemistry dates back to ancient times as ancient Egyptians, Chinese, and Greeks used biochemistry in making herbal medicines, although they did not understand the underlying processes.
Who is considered the father of modern chemistry and what was his contribution to biochemistry?
-Anton Lavoisier is considered the father of modern chemistry. He identified the role of oxygen in combustion and respiration, which laid the foundation for the understanding of metabolism.
What significant event in the 19th century challenged the vitalism theory?
-In the 19th century, Friedrich Wöhler synthesized urea from ammonium cyanate, challenging the vitalism theory that organic compounds cannot be made from inorganic ones.
Who coined the term 'biochemistry' and when?
-Carl Neuberg coined the term 'biochemistry' in 1903, defining it as the chemistry of life and the chemical reactions happening in our lives.
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?
-The primary function of carbohydrates is to store energy and serve as the body's main energy source.
What are the building blocks of proteins and what role do they play in the body?
-The building blocks of proteins are amino acids. Proteins play various roles in the body, including providing structural support, catalyzing biochemical reactions as enzymes, transporting molecules, and participating in immune responses.
What are the differences between the structures of saturated and unsaturated lipids?
-Saturated lipids have no double bonds in their fatty acid chains and are typically solid at room temperature, while unsaturated lipids have one or more double bonds, making them liquid at room temperature.
What are the functions of nucleic acids and what are their building blocks?
-Nucleic acids function in the storage and transmission of genetic information, and in protein synthesis. Their building blocks are nucleotides, composed of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
How do biomolecules serve as markers in various medical tests?
-Biomolecules serve as markers in medical tests by indicating the presence of certain conditions. For example, C-reactive proteins can indicate inflammatory diseases, PCR testing uses nucleic acids to detect genetic mutations, and lipid profile tests can reveal conditions like atherosclerosis.
Outlines
𧏠Introduction to Biochemistry
This paragraph introduces the field of biochemistry, defining it as the study of life's chemical reactions and chemical processes within living organisms. It outlines the learning objectives, which include understanding the definition of biochemistry, its history, the four main biomolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids), and their functions in biological systems. The historical development of biochemistry is traced from ancient civilizations to modern advancements, including the work of key scientists and the emergence of genetic engineering and the Human Genome Project.
đŹ Biochemistry of Carbohydrates and Lipids
This section delves into the role and structure of carbohydrates and lipids in biochemistry. Carbohydrates, the body's primary energy source, are described in terms of their monosaccharide building blocks, disaccharides, and polysaccharides like starch and glycogen. The importance of lipids, including fats, is highlighted, with a focus on their functions in energy storage, insulation, and as components of cell membranes. The distinction between saturated and unsaturated fats, and their health implications, is also discussed.
đ„ Proteins: Structure and Function
Proteins are explored in this paragraph as essential biomolecules with roles in structural support, catalysis, transport, communication, and immune response. The composition of proteins, including their elements and amino acid building blocks, is detailed. The structure of proteins, from primary to quaternary, is explained, with examples such as hemoglobin and the significance of peptide bonds. The importance of protein folding and the variety of amino acids, including essential and nonessential types, are also covered.
𧏠Nucleic Acids: Genetic Material and Beyond
The final paragraph focuses on nucleic acids, the carriers of genetic information within cells. Their function in heredity, protein synthesis, and as the building blocks of DNA and RNA is explained. The structure of nucleic acids, composed of nucleotides with sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen bases, is described. The differences between DNA and RNA, particularly in their nitrogen bases, are highlighted. Additionally, the role of ATP as the energy currency of the cell is briefly mentioned.
Mindmap
Keywords
đĄBiochemistry
đĄBiomolecules
đĄProteins
đĄNucleic Acids
đĄLipids
đĄCarbohydrates
đĄEnzymes
đĄMetabolism
đĄVitalism Theory
đĄGenetic Engineering
đĄPCR Testing
Highlights
Introduction to biochemistry, defining it as the study of life's chemical reactions.
Biochemistry's scope includes animals, plants, and is not limited to human beings.
Historical roots of biochemistry dating back to ancient civilizations and alchemists.
Anton Lavoisier's contribution to metabolism by identifying oxygen's role in combustion and respiration.
19th-century advancements with Friedrich Wöhler's synthesis of urea, challenging vitalism theory.
Louis Pasteur's demonstration that fermentation is a process carried out by living organisms.
Eduard Buchner's discovery of cell-free fermentation using yeast.
Harden and Young's elucidation of the biochemical pathway for alcoholic fermentation.
Emil Fischer's Nobel Prize-winning work on protein and enzyme structures.
Carl Neuberg's coining of the term 'biochemistry' and proposing a chemical pathway for fermentation.
Development of genetic engineering and the Human Genome Project in the late 20th century.
Biochemistry's practical applications in healthcare, diagnostics, and personalized medicine.
Role of carbohydrates as the body's primary energy source and their structure from monosaccharides to polysaccharides.
Lipids as energy storage, their types, and their importance in cell membranes and insulation.
Proteins' functions in structural support, catalysis, transport, communication, and immune response.
Amino acids as the building blocks of proteins, with 20 types including essential and nonessential.
Nucleic acids' role in genetic information storage, transmission, and protein synthesis.
Nucleotides, the building blocks of nucleic acids, composed of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base.
Transcripts
hi everyone so today we're going to have
the introduction to biochemistry here
are your learning targets at the end of
the lecture you should be able to Define
what biochemistry is identify the key
events in the history and development of
biochemistry describe the biological
molecules distinguish the basic
structure of proteins nucleic acids
lipids and carbohydrates and finally
identify the general functions of
biomolecules and cells including their
structural and functional roles so what
is biochemistry if we're going to
dissect the word biochemistry we're
going to have two words first is bio and
chemistry bio means life that's why we
have biology the study of life and
chemistry is the science of matter and
its interactions or chemical reactions
therefore we can Define biochemistry as
the study of life's chemical reactions
now other books would Define
biochemistry as the study of chemical
processes within and relating to living
organisms now take note living organisms
doesn't say human beings biochemistry
includes or covers animals and plants
basically we can say that biochemistry
is the study of Life at the molecular
level now in Biochemistry we're going to
study four
biomolecules namely the proteins the
nucleic acids the carbohydrates and the
lipids so here we're just going to have
an overview and in the next video we're
going to study them one by one before
anything else let's have a brief history
biochemisty is not entirely new okay it
started way back in ancient history
ancient Egyptians used biochemistry in
making te the same goes in the ancient
Chinese and this one is the ancient
Greek so they've been using biochemistry
to make herbal medicines but they don't
know or they don't understand the
processes now now in the Middle Ages
there have been Alchemists who started
doing experiments in this picture you
will see an alchemist doing a
distillation experiment in the 14th
century there were advancements in
anatomy And phology scientists named
paracelsus introduced idea that disease
could be the result of chemical
imbalances in the body then in the 18th
century Anton Laos was named as the
father of Modern Chemistry or actually
it's just lately but yeah lavas say
identified the role of oxygen in
combustion and respiration so this laid
the foundation for metabolism now in the
19th century Fredick Waller was able to
synthesize urea from ammonium cyanate
this one challenge the vitalism theory
the vitalism theory states that organic
compounds cannot be made from inorganic
ones then we have Louie pasture who
demonstrates ated that fermentation and
metabolic processes are carried out by
living organisms in 1987 Edward Buckner
was able to discover cellfree
fermentation so here he used yeast in
the 20th century Harden and yang
elucidated the biochemical pathway for
alcoholic fermentation and then in early
1900s the discovery of vitamins and then
1902 Emil Fischer was awarded the Nobel
Prize for his work on the structure of
proteins and enzymes okay so later we're
going to see the structure of proteins
and then very important 1903 Carl
Newberg coined the term biochemistry he
said that biochemistry is the chemistry
of life the chemical reactions happening
in our lives in 1912 he proposed a
chemical pathway for fermentation and in
1913 the nor M Elis and M menen
published a paper describing the
properties of enzyme catalyzed reactions
so this one gave birth to the melis
Menon equation which we will discuss
soon now here in the late 20th century
the development of genetic engineering
to place then we have the Human Genome
Project then we have the Human Genome
Project and then up until the present
advancement in metabolomics and
proteomics again we said that
biochemistry she studies the chemical
reactions at the molecular level but
biomolecules they don't only work at the
molecular level or they don't just do
their work at the molecular level they
are also
markers okay for example proteins
proteins are used in C reactive proteins
test so this one will show the
inflammatory diseases for example if
your test is high it could mean you have
inflamed joints or organs so one example
would be arthritis or lupus nolic acids
are used in PCR testing polymerase Chain
Reaction testing okay so this one tests
genetic mutations and variations and I'm
sure you know this picture it's the
covid-19 virus right and then we have
the carbohydrates used in blood sugar
testing detect your glucose level or the
sugar level in your body and then we
have lipids we have the lipid profile
test so it could detect let's say
atherosclerosis atherosclerosis is the
deposition of fats in your veins which
could lead to heart attacks so the
question is why biochemistry why is it
important as mentioned it is important
in healthcare in diagnosing and treating
diseases nutrition promotes health and
well-being genetics we have now the
personalized medicines right
Pharmaceuticals related to healthcare
biochemistry is used in drug development
a nasty environment using biochemistry
we can see the contamination levels of
the soil now let's talk about the
different
biomolecules let's start with
carbohydrates carbohydrates these are
your sugars here in the nutrition facts
you will see that total carbohydrates 4
to6 gram then you have dietary fiber
these are the carbohydrates that will
help in digestion and you will also see
sugars so you have 2 G added sugar
that's from your carbohydrates the main
function of your carbohydrate is to
store energy okay it is the body's
energy source and carbohydrates are the
most common organic compound so since
it's an organic compound the elements
present are usually carbon hydrogen and
oxygen and they are in 1 is to 2 is to
one ratio remember this that's why they
are called carboh hydrates carbon
hydrates meaning water hydrates of
carbon so the building block are the
monosaccharides so these is your monomer
the prefix means one so one example or
the most common example would be glucose
now if you join different monomers if
you add different monomers you'll have
your polymer and the polymer is called a
polysaccharide poly meaning many
examples include starch glycogen
cellulose kene okay so carbohydrates
they came mostly from the food we
consume we can produce our own
carbohydrates using met metabolic
pathways The Source would be bread
vegetables um chocolates and honey here
are your sugars and their structure
monosaccharide just one disaccharide two
and polysaccharides many so there are
two types of monosaccharides you have
the glucose and the fructose then for
this disaccharides you have the sucrose
meaning a glucose and a fructose
combined lactose is the galactose and a
glucose combined and maltose you have
the glucose and another glucose now when
you combined a lot of sugars you'll have
the polysaccharide okay one example
would be starch okay that is very long
okay it's just a portion of starch okay
so I have here a table summarizing the
different types of polyc right so for
starch it is the energy storage for
plants one example example would be and
I think the best example would be potato
pasta and rice are also starch so starch
is a quick energy source for the body
that's why we eat rice then we also have
glycogen it is the energy storage for
animals and you have to remember that it
is formed in the liver followed by
cellulose which gives structural support
in Plants they are mostly found in the
cell ball we also have the kenee which
provides structural support and
protection they are found in the
exoskeletons of the arthropods and the
fungal cells next we'll have the lipid
next we'll have the lipids these are
your fats okay and as you can see you
have here a saturated fat and a trans
fat okay when we say saturated fat
meaning it's a fat that doesn't have any
double Bonds in their structure later
I'm going to show you so saturated fat
is actually bad okay because it
increases LDL or your bad cholesterol so
if you have high bad cholesterol you're
prone to heart attack but trans fat on
the other hand is actually worse because
it doesn't only increase your bad
cholesterol it also reduces your good
cholesterol so you can avoid fats but
it's not really 100% avoidable because
again there are good so yeah you can eat
that burger now the function of lipids
are energy storage okay so if for
example you're fasting intermittent
fasting once your body consumes all the
carbohydrates it can start using or
utilizing lipids or the fats to get
energy so in turn you're getting energy
and then you're losing fat we have
insulation so if you notice people who
are um horizontally challenged they
don't get cold easily because they have
a lot of insulation in the form of ose
tissues and then most important is that
they make up the cell membrane so the
common elements found are carbon
hydrogen and oxygen but sometimes they
have phosphorus so the building block or
the monomer are fatty acids and a
glycerol the polymer would be
triglycerides phospholipids steroids
which we will discuss soon so lipids
came from the food we consume such as
oils butter avocados and nuts this part
is very important you should know that
lipids are
hydrophobic and of course they do not
dissolve in water because again they are
water fearing that's why if you eat oily
fruit food and you just wash it with
water they don't get removed right you
have to use dishwashing liquid because
this swashing liquid is a surfactant and
there are two types of lipids again as
mentioned you have the unsaturated and
the saturated lipids so saturated lipids
as you can see in the structure this is
linear it's straight here and you don't
see a double bond in the longest chain
saturated lipids are solid at room
temperature best example would be butter
so they are predominantly found in
animal
fats
unsaturated lipids they have at least
one double or triple bonds because of
that they are liquid at room temperature
unsaturated lipids they are mostly found
in plant-based oils and oily fish next
let's have the proteins or the building
blocks the green one okay so this is why
people who go to the gym eat a lot of
proteins because it builds muscle they
build us up now the function again is
for structural support it catalyzes
biochemical reactions so these are
called enzymes enzymes are proteins by
the way they transport molecules in and
out of the system and they also function
in communication between cells so these
are your hormones and receptors finally
proteins also help in the immune
response you have the antibodies so your
hair nails muscles they are all proteins
yes including your cuticle so here are
the common elements of proteins you have
carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen and some
or few proteins have sulfur so the
building block of proteins are amino
acids and there are 20 Amino acids nine
of them are essential amino acids
meaning your body cannot produce this
amino acids that's why you have to get
it from the food that you consume 11 of
them are nonessential amino acids it's
not important for you to take this from
the food that you eat because your body
can produce this and then the polymer
would be a protein and a polypeptide sir
what's the difference between protein
protein and
polypeptides okay you should remember
that proteins are
polypeptides but not all polypeptides
are proteins for a polypeptide to be
considered protein it needs to have a
certain fold in the red blood cell you
have hemoglobin hemoglobin is an example
of proteins now what is the structure of
protein actually they're all the same
it's like this you can see the nitrogen
carbon oxygen and the bonds so the bond
that connects these elements are called
the peptide bonds so the only thing that
differs in each protein are the amino
acids or the R Group now there are four
structures of protein first is the
primary structure as you can see primary
structure it's just linear so you can
think of it as the friendship bracelet
then if you fold this primary structure
you'll have the secondary structure okay
so a secondary structure that looks like
a spiral shape is called the alpha Helix
however if it looks like a folded one it
will be called as a beta Helix for the
tertiary you just have to fold the
secondary structure again it is the 3D
structure of polypeptide chain and they
are held by different forces like
hydrogen bonding etc etc and finally you
have the quinary structure so this is
when two or more polypeptide chains come
together so proteins have quinary
structures lastly we're going to have
the nucleic acids this is the genetic
material it doesn't necessarily come
from the food because nuclic acids are
basically in our body but yes we can
still get nuclic acids from the food
that we eat so the function of nucleic
acids are the following first storage
and transmission of genetic information
so heredity then you have protein
synthesis for the elements it contains
carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen and
phosphorus the building block of nucleic
acids are the nucleotides so this
picture shows a nucleotide and a
nucleotide is composed of three things
again it must be composed of three
things things you have the sugar
phosphate and the nitrogen base so the
sugar here is the
pentos sugar why pen because you have
five carbon 1 2 3 4 five and the suffix
o meaning it's sugar then you have the
phosphate group and the nitrogen base
now the nitrogen base differs if you
have DNA the nitrogen base would be
Adine thymine guanine and cytosine but
if you have an RNA your nitrogen bases
would be adenine guanine cytosine and
uracil okay and then if you have a lot
of
nucleotides then you will form DNA which
is the genetic material RNA which is the
recipe for protein and ATP which is the
energy currency of the body
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