Joseph Nye on global power shifts

TED
27 Oct 201021:25

Summary

TLDREl discurso aborda los cambios en el poder en el siglo XXI, enfocándose en dos tipos de cambios: la transferencia de poder entre estados, que va del Oeste hacia el Este, y la difusión de poder, donde el poder se desplaza desde los estados a actores no estatales. El orador argumenta que, a pesar de la importancia de la fuerza militar y económica, el poder blando, que permite influir en los demás sin coerción ni pagos, es crucial. Para enfrentar los desafíos globales, se necesita una combinación de poder blando y duro, denominada 'poder inteligente', para promover intereses nacionales que también beneficien a la comunidad internacional.

Takeaways

  • 🌏 El poder está cambiando en el siglo XXI, con dos tipos principales de cambios: la transferencia de poder entre estados y la difusión de poder hacia actores no estatales.
  • 📈 La transferencia de poder se refiere al retorno del poder económico de Asia, que históricamente era dominante, y se espera que en el siglo XXI vuelva a ser una fuerza económica significativa.
  • 🔄 La difusión de poder indica cómo la tecnología y la comunicación han empoderado a actores no estatales, disminuyendo las barreras de entrada y permitiendo que cualquiera participe en la política global.
  • 💡 La disminución drástica en los costos de computación y comunicación ha permitido que el poder se difunda más allá de los estados y se ubique en manos de individuos y organizaciones no gubernamentales.
  • ⚔️ Aunque el poder sigue siendo importante, el escenario internacional está más lleno y no está dominado solo por estados, sino también por una variedad de actores no estatales.
  • 🕊️ El poder blando, que se refiere a la habilidad de influir en otros sin coerción ni pagos, es un aspecto de la política exterior que ha sido descuidado pero es crucial para la cooperación internacional.
  • 📉 Las narrativas sobre el auge y la caída de las potencias son cíclicas y a menudo más reflejos de la psicología que de la realidad, lo que puede llevar a políticas peligrosas si se toman como verdad absoluta.
  • 🔮 Las proyecciones económicas, como las de Goldman Sachs, sobrepasan a veces la realidad y no consideran factores como la historia no lineal y la complejidad de las dinámicas económicas y políticas.
  • 🌐 La distribución de poder en el mundo es compleja y multidimensional, involucrando no solo la economía y la militancia, sino también la capacidad de abordar problemas transnacionales a través de la cooperación.
  • 🤝 La solución a los desafíos globales requiere de una combinación de poder blando y duro, enfocándose en la creación de bienes públicos globales que beneficien a todos.
  • 🌟 La política exterior del gobierno de Obama, descrita por Hillary Clinton, se basa en el concepto de poder inteligente, que utiliza una variedad de herramientas para abordar los cambios en el poder.
  • 📚 Para abordar los cambios en el poder, es necesario desarrollar una nueva narrativa que combine el poder blando y duro en estrategias de poder inteligente.

Q & A

  • ¿Qué dos tipos de cambios en el poder se discuten en el guión?

    -El guión discute el cambio de poder entre estados, llamada transición de poder, y la difusión de poder, que es el movimiento de poder desde los estados, tanto occidentales como orientales, hacia actores no estatales.

  • ¿Cómo se describe el cambio de poder entre estados en el guión?

    -El cambio de poder entre estados se describe como una transición de poder desde Occidente hacia Oriente, con el renacimiento o retorno de Asia a ser más de la mitad de la población mundial y productor de más de la mitad del producto mundial.

  • ¿Qué factores son clave en la difusión de poder según el guión?

    -La difusión de poder se ve influenciada por el drástico reducción en los costos de computación y comunicaciones, lo que ha permitido que cualquiera tenga la capacidad de comunicarse globalmente sin ser parte de una entidad rica o poderosa tradicional.

  • ¿Cómo se relaciona el precio de la tecnología con la difusión de poder?

    -El guión indica que cuando el precio de la tecnología disminuye drásticamente, las barreras de entrada se reducen, permitiendo que más personas o entidades participen en el juego de la influencia global.

  • ¿Qué ejemplo se da para ilustrar la reducción en los costos de la tecnología?

    -Se da el ejemplo de que si el precio de un automóvil hubiera caído tan rápidamente como el de la computación, hoy podrías comprar un coche por cinco dólares.

  • ¿Qué es el poder blando y por qué es importante según el guión?

    -El poder blando es la habilidad de hacer que otros quieran lo que tú quieres sin coerción ni pago. Es importante porque permite obtener resultados deseados de manera más efectiva y económica que con el uso de coerción o incentivos.

  • ¿Cómo se relaciona el poder blando con la narrativa de poder en el siglo XXI?

    -El poder blando se relaciona con la narrativa de poder en el siglo XXI porque es fundamental para organizar redes y lograr la cooperación en la resolución de problemas globales, lo que aumenta la importancia de la influencia más que la fuerza militar.

  • ¿Qué problemas surgen con la creencia en la declinación de un poderío?

    -La creencia en la declinación de un poderío puede llevar a políticas peligrosas y a reacciones exageradas, como se vio en la Guerra del Peloponeso, causada por el miedo que generó el aumento del poder de Atenas en Sparta.

  • ¿Cómo se describe la distribución de poder en el mundo según el guión?

    -La distribución de poder se describe como un juego de ajedrez tridimensional, con el tablero superior para el poder militar, el medio para el poder económico y el inferior para el poder en las relaciones transnacionales, donde el poder está caótico y se necesita cooperación.

  • ¿Qué es el poder inteligente y cómo se relaciona con el manejo de los cambios de poder?

    -El poder inteligente es la combinación de poder blando y duro en estrategias que abordan los nuevos tipos de problemas que enfrentamos, y es fundamental para manejar los cambios de poder y producir bienes públicos globales.

  • ¿Qué es un ejemplo de un bien público global mencionado en el guión?

    -Un ejemplo de un bien público global mencionado es la mayor seguridad energética y capacidad de lidiar con las emisiones de carbono en China, lo que beneficia a todos, no solo a China.

  • ¿Cómo se relaciona la política exterior de la administración de Obama con el poder inteligente?

    -La política exterior de la administración de Obama se describe como un uso de poder inteligente, utilizando todas las herramientas en el arsenal de la política exterior para abordar los cambios de poder y producir bienes públicos globales.

Outlines

00:00

🌏 Cambios en el poder del siglo XXI

El primer párrafo introduce el tema del poder en el siglo XXI, enfocándose en dos tipos de cambios: la transición de poder entre estados y la difusión de poder hacia actores no estatales. Se menciona que el poder está moviéndose del Oeste hacia el Este y de los estados hacia individuos y organizaciones no gubernamentales. Se destaca la importancia de entender estos cambios para comprender la evolución del poder en el siglo XXI.

05:00

📈 La recuperación de Asia y la difusión del poder

Este párrafo profundiza en la transición de poder, refiriéndose a la 'recuperación' de Asia, que históricamente era el centro del producto mundial. Se contrasta la influencia de la Revolución Industrial y cómo Europa y América se convirtieron en los centros dominantes. Se predice que Asia retomará su posición dominante en términos de población y producción mundial. Además, se explora la difusión del poder, ilustrando cómo la disminución drástica de los costos de computación y comunicación ha permitido a cualquier persona o entidad tener capacidades que antes solo estaban disponibles para actores ricos y poderosos.

10:01

🛡️ El concepto de poder y su evolución

El tercer párrafo aborda el concepto de poder, describiendo las tres formas en que se puede ejercer: mediante coerción (palos), pagos (carrot) o la habilidad de hacer que otros quieran lo que tú quieres (poder blando). Se argumenta que el poder blando, a menudo descuidado y malentendido, es extremadamente importante y puede reducir la necesidad de recurrir a coerción o incentivos. Se cuestiona la narrativa tradicional centrada en el poder militar y se sugiere la necesidad de una nueva narrativa que incluya la importancia de las narrativas y la historia que se cuenta.

15:02

🌐 Proyecciones del poder y la importancia de la cooperación

El cuarto párrafo cuestiona las proyecciones económicas unidimensionales como las de Goldman Sachs, señalando que no reflejan completamente la transición de poder. Se argumenta que la economía china, aunque podría superar a la de EE. UU. en tamaño, no necesariamente refleja una economía más sofisticada en términos de ingreso per cápita. Además, se enfatiza la importancia de la distribución de poder en un mundo donde los desafíos transnacionales, como el cambio climático y las pandemias, requieren de una cooperación global, lo que subraya la relevancia del poder blando y la necesidad de una narrativa de poder que combine tanto el poder duro como el blando para abordar los problemas del siglo XXI.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡poder

El poder es la capacidad de influir en los demás para obtener los resultados deseados, que puede ejercerse a través de amenazas (coacción), pagos (incentivos) o haciendo que otros quieran lo que tú quieres. En el video, se discute cómo este concepto se transforma en el siglo XXI, destacando la importancia de entender el poder en términos más allá de la fuerza militar.

💡transición de poder

La transición de poder se refiere al cambio de poder entre estados, donde el mensaje principal es que está moviéndose del Oeste hacia el Este. El video destaca cómo Asia está recuperando su posición histórica en términos de población y producción mundial, lo que representa un cambio significativo en la distribución global de poder.

💡dispersión de poder

La dispersión de poder es el proceso por el cual el poder se traslada de los estados a los actores no estatales. En el video, se menciona cómo la reducción drástica en los costos de computación y comunicación ha permitido que cualquiera pueda tener acceso a capacidades que antes estaban reservadas para actores con gran poder económico o político.

💡revolución industrial

La Revolución Industrial es un período histórico que marcó el cambio de poder desde Asia hacia Europa y América, al hacer que estos últimos se convirtieran en los centros dominantes del mundo. En el video, se utiliza como referencia para entender cómo la tecnología y el cambio económico han influido en la distribución del poder a lo largo del tiempo.

💡actores no estatales

Los actores no estatales son aquellos que operan fuera del ámbito gubernamental y pueden tener un impacto significativo en la política y la sociedad. Ejemplos dados en el video incluyen Oxfam y Al Qaeda, mostrando cómo estos actores pueden tener un papel importante en el escenario global, tanto en aspectos positivos como negativos.

💡guerra privada

La guerra privada se refiere a la idea de que no solo los estados pueden llevar a cabo actos de guerra, sino que también los actores no estatales pueden hacerlo. El video menciona el ataque al World Trade Center en 2001 como un ejemplo de un acto de guerra llevado a cabo por un actor no estatal.

💡poder blando

El poder blando es la habilidad de hacer que otros quieran lo que tú quieres sin necesidad de coerción o pago. Se destaca en el video como una forma de poder que ha sido descuidada y malentendida, pero que es extremadamente importante, y que puede ayudar a ahorrar en la utilización de 'carrot' y 'sticks' (incentivos y amenazas).

💡proyecciones económicas

Las proyecciones económicas, como las realizadas por Goldman Sachs, son mencionadas en el video para ilustrar cómo las predicciones lineales del crecimiento económico pueden ser simplistas y no reflejar la complejidad de la realidad. Se argumenta que tales proyecciones pueden ser engañosas y deben ser tomadas con precaución.

💡poder unipolar y multipolar

El poder unipolar se refiere a una distribución de poder donde un solo estado tiene la mayor influencia, mientras que el poder multipolar indica una distribución más equilibrada entre varios estados. El video discute cómo la distribución de poder económica es multipolar, pero en áreas como el cambio climático y las pandemias, el poder es 'caóticamente distribuido' y requiere cooperación.

💡poder inteligente

El poder inteligente es la combinación estratégica de poder blando y duro para abordar los desafíos del siglo XXI. En el video, se argumenta que la utilización de un enfoque de poder inteligente es fundamental para producir bienes públicos globales y definir intereses nacionales de manera que beneficien a todos.

💡bienes públicos globales

Los bienes públicos globales son aquellos que, por su naturaleza, son útiles para todos los países y se benefician de la cooperación internacional. El video enfatiza la importancia de trabajar juntos para producir estos bienes, que van más allá de los intereses nacionales e incluyen la solución a problemas globales como el cambio climático y las pandemias.

Highlights

Power is changing in the 21st century with two main types of shifts: power transition and power diffusion.

Power transition sees a movement from West to East, with Asia's economic recovery.

The historical context of Asia's economic dominance before the Industrial Revolution is highlighted.

Power diffusion involves the decentralization of power to non-state actors due to technological advancements.

A dramatic decrease in computing and communication costs has empowered individuals and non-state entities.

The concept of soft power is introduced as an influential yet often neglected aspect of power dynamics.

Soft power is the ability to shape the preferences of others through appeal rather than coercion or payment.

The traditional view of power, primarily military, is challenged by the need for a new narrative in the 21st century.

The narrative of American decline is a recurring theme but is often misleading.

China's economic growth is projected to surpass the U.S. by 2027, but this is a simplistic view of power transition.

Economic projections should consider non-linear historical growth and the complexity of power beyond GDP.

The perception of China's rise varies across Asia, influencing regional dynamics and U.S. strategic advantages.

Fear of power transition can lead to dangerous policies if based on incorrect narratives of decline.

The distribution of power today is multifaceted, with military, economic, and transnational layers.

Cooperation is essential to address transnational challenges, emphasizing the importance of soft power.

The concept of power should evolve from zero-sum to positive-sum, focusing on mutual gains.

Smart power strategies combine hard and soft power to address global challenges and produce public goods.

The Obama administration's foreign policy is framed as an example of smart power in action.

The need for a new narrative of power that combines hard and soft power for the 21st century is emphasized.

Transcripts

play00:15

I'm going to talk to you

play00:17

about power in this 21st century.

play00:19

And basically, what I'd like to tell you

play00:22

is that power is changing,

play00:25

and there are two types of changes

play00:27

I want to discuss.

play00:29

One is power transition,

play00:32

which is change of power amongst states.

play00:35

And there the simple version of the message

play00:38

is it's moving from West to East.

play00:41

The other is power diffusion,

play00:44

the way power is moving

play00:46

from all states West or East

play00:48

to non-state actors.

play00:51

Those two things

play00:53

are the huge shifts of power

play00:55

in our century.

play00:57

And I want to tell you about them each separately

play01:00

and then how they interact

play01:02

and why, in the end, there may be some good news.

play01:06

When we talk about power transition,

play01:09

we often talk about the rise of Asia.

play01:13

It really should be called

play01:15

the recovery or return of Asia.

play01:17

If we looked at the world

play01:19

in 1800,

play01:21

you'd find that more than half of the world's people

play01:24

lived in Asia

play01:26

and they made more than half the world's product.

play01:29

Now fast forward to 1900:

play01:32

half the world's people -- more than half -- still live in Asia,

play01:35

but they're now making

play01:37

only a fifth of the world's product.

play01:39

What happened? The Industrial Revolution,

play01:42

which meant that all of a sudden,

play01:44

Europe and America

play01:46

became the dominant center of the world.

play01:49

What we're going to see in the 21st century

play01:52

is Asia gradually returning

play01:55

to being more than half of the world's population

play01:58

and more than half of the world's product.

play02:02

That's important and it's an important shift.

play02:05

But let me tell you a little bit about

play02:07

the other shift that I'm talking about,

play02:09

which is power diffusion.

play02:11

To understand power diffusion

play02:14

put this in your mind:

play02:16

computing and communications costs

play02:19

have fallen a thousandfold

play02:22

between 1970

play02:24

and the beginning of this century.

play02:26

Now that's a big abstract number.

play02:28

But to make it more real,

play02:30

if the price of an automobile

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had fallen as rapidly

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as the price of computing power,

play02:36

you could buy a car today

play02:38

for five dollars.

play02:40

Now when the price of any technology

play02:42

declines that dramatically,

play02:45

the barriers to entry go down.

play02:48

Anybody can play in the game.

play02:50

So in 1970,

play02:52

if you wanted to communicate

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from Oxford to Johannesburg

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to New Delhi

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to Brasilia

play03:00

and anywhere simultaneously,

play03:03

you could do it.

play03:05

The technology was there.

play03:07

But to be able to do it,

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you had to be very rich --

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a government, a multinational corporation,

play03:14

maybe the Catholic Church --

play03:17

but you had to be pretty wealthy.

play03:19

Now, anybody has that capacity,

play03:22

which previously was restricted by price

play03:25

just to a few actors.

play03:28

If they have the price of entry into an Internet cafe --

play03:31

the last time I looked, it was something like a pound an hour --

play03:34

and if you have Skype, it's free.

play03:37

So capabilities

play03:39

that were once restricted

play03:41

are now available to everyone.

play03:43

And what that means

play03:45

is not that the age of the State is over.

play03:49

The State still matters.

play03:51

But the stage is crowded.

play03:53

The State's not alone. There are many, many actors.

play03:56

Some of that's good:

play03:58

Oxfam,

play04:00

a great non-governmental actor.

play04:02

Some of it's bad:

play04:04

Al Qaeda, another non-governmental actor.

play04:07

But think of what it does

play04:09

to how we think in traditional terms and concepts.

play04:12

We think in terms of war

play04:14

and interstate war.

play04:16

And you can think back to 1941

play04:19

when the government of Japan

play04:21

attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor.

play04:24

It's worth noticing

play04:26

that a non-state actor

play04:28

attacking the United States in 2001

play04:31

killed more Americans

play04:33

than the government of Japan did in 1941.

play04:36

You might think of that

play04:38

as the privatization of war.

play04:40

So we're seeing a great change

play04:43

in terms of diffusion of power.

play04:46

Now the problem is

play04:49

that we're not thinking about it in very innovative ways.

play04:52

So let me step back

play04:54

and ask: what's power?

play04:56

Power is simple the ability

play04:58

to affect others

play05:00

to get the outcomes you want,

play05:02

and you can do it in three ways.

play05:04

You can do it with threats

play05:06

of coercion, "sticks,"

play05:08

you can do it with payments,

play05:10

"carrots,"

play05:12

or you can do it by getting others

play05:14

to want what you want.

play05:16

And that ability to get others to want what you want,

play05:19

to get the outcomes you want

play05:21

without coercion or payment,

play05:23

is what I call soft power.

play05:26

And that soft power has been much neglected

play05:29

and much misunderstood,

play05:31

and yet it's tremendously important.

play05:34

Indeed, if you can learn

play05:37

to use more soft power,

play05:39

you can save a lot

play05:41

on carrots and sticks.

play05:43

Traditionally, the way people thought about power

play05:46

was primarily in terms of military power.

play05:50

For example, the great Oxford historian

play05:52

who taught here at this university, A.J.P. Taylor,

play05:55

defined a great power

play05:58

as a country able to prevail in war.

play06:02

But we need a new narrative

play06:04

if we're to understand power in the 21st century.

play06:06

It's not just prevailing at war,

play06:08

though war still persists.

play06:11

It's not whose army wins;

play06:13

it's also whose story wins.

play06:16

And we have to think much more in terms of narratives

play06:19

and whose narrative is going to be effective.

play06:23

Now let me go back

play06:25

to the question

play06:27

of power transition

play06:29

between states

play06:31

and what's happening there.

play06:33

the narratives that we use now

play06:35

tend to be the rise and fall

play06:37

of the great powers.

play06:39

And the current narrative is all about

play06:41

the rise of China

play06:43

and the decline of the United States.

play06:46

Indeed, with the 2008 financial crisis,

play06:48

many people said this was

play06:50

the beginning of the end of American power.

play06:52

The tectonic plates

play06:54

of world politics were shifting.

play06:57

And president Medvedev of Russia, for example,

play06:59

pronounced in 2008

play07:01

this was the beginning of the end

play07:03

of United States power.

play07:05

But in fact,

play07:07

this metaphor of decline

play07:09

is often very misleading.

play07:11

If you look at history, in recent history,

play07:14

you'll see the cycles of belief

play07:16

in American decline

play07:18

come and go every 10 or 15 years or so.

play07:22

In 1958,

play07:24

after the Soviets put up Sputnik,

play07:26

it was "That's the end of America."

play07:28

In 1973, with the oil embargo

play07:30

and the closing of the gold window,

play07:33

that was the end of America.

play07:35

In the 1980s,

play07:37

as America went through a transition in the Reagan period,

play07:39

between the rust belt economy of the midwest

play07:42

to the Silicon Valley economy of California,

play07:45

that was the end of America.

play07:48

But in fact, what we've seen

play07:50

is none of those were true.

play07:53

Indeed, people were over-enthusiastic

play07:56

in the early 2000s,

play07:58

thinking America could do anything,

play08:00

which led us into some disastrous

play08:02

foreign policy adventures,

play08:04

and now we're back to decline again.

play08:06

The moral of this story

play08:08

is all these narratives about rise and fall and decline

play08:11

tell us a lot more about psychology

play08:14

than they do about reality.

play08:16

If we try to focus on the reality,

play08:19

then what we need to focus on

play08:21

is what's really happening

play08:23

in terms of China and the United States.

play08:27

Goldman Sachs has projected

play08:29

that China, the Chinese economy,

play08:32

will surpass that of the U.S.

play08:35

by 2027.

play08:37

So we've got, what,

play08:39

17 more years to go or so

play08:41

before China's bigger.

play08:43

Now someday,

play08:45

with a billion point three people getting richer,

play08:47

they are going to be bigger than the United States.

play08:50

But be very careful about these projections

play08:52

such as the Goldman Sachs projection

play08:54

as though that gives you an accurate picture

play08:57

of power transition in this century.

play09:00

Let me mention three reasons why it's too simple.

play09:03

First of all, it's a linear projection.

play09:06

You know, everything says,

play09:08

here's the growth rate of China, here's the growth rate of the U.S.,

play09:10

here it goes -- straight line.

play09:12

History is not linear.

play09:14

There are often bumps along the road, accidents along the way.

play09:17

The second thing is

play09:19

that the Chinese economy

play09:21

passes the U.S. economy in, let's say, 2030,

play09:24

which it may it,

play09:26

that will be a measure of total economic size,

play09:29

but not of per capita income --

play09:31

won't tell you about the composition of the economy.

play09:34

China still has large areas

play09:36

of underdevelopment

play09:38

and per capita income is a better measure

play09:40

of the sophistication of the economy.

play09:42

And that the Chinese won't catch up or pass the Americans

play09:45

until somewhere in the latter part,

play09:47

after 2050, of this century.

play09:50

The other point that's worth noticing

play09:53

is how one-dimensional

play09:55

this projection is.

play09:57

You know, it looks at economic power

play09:59

measured by GDP.

play10:01

Doesn't tell you much about military power,

play10:04

doesn't tell you very much about soft power.

play10:06

It's all very one-dimensional.

play10:08

And also, when we think about the rise of Asia,

play10:11

or return of Asia

play10:13

as I called it a little bit earlier,

play10:15

it's worth remembering Asia's not one thing.

play10:18

If you're sitting in Japan,

play10:21

or in New Delhi,

play10:23

or in Hanoi,

play10:25

your view of the rise of China

play10:28

is a little different than if you're sitting in Beijing.

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Indeed, one of the advantages

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that the Americans will have

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in terms of power in Asia

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is all those countries

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want an American insurance policy

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against the rise of China.

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It's as though Mexico and Canada

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were hostile neighbors to the United States,

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which they're not.

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So these simple projections

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of the Goldman Sachs type

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are not telling us what we need to know

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about power transition.

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But you might ask, well so what in any case?

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Why does it matter? Who cares?

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Is this just a game

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that diplomats and academics play?

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The answer is it matters quite a lot.

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Because, if you believe in decline

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and you get the answers wrong on this,

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the facts, not the myths,

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you may have policies which are very dangerous.

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Let me give you an example from history.

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The Peloponnesian War

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was the great conflict

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in which the Greek city state system

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tore itself apart

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two and a half millennia ago.

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What caused it?

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Thucydides, the great historian of the the Peloponnesian War,

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said it was the rise in the power of Athens

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and the fear it created in Sparta.

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Notice both halves of that explanation.

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Many people argue

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that the 21st century

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is going to repeat the 20th century,

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in which World War One,

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the great conflagration

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in which the European state system

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tore itself apart

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and destroyed its centrality in the world,

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that that was caused by

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the rise in the power of Germany

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and the fear it created in Britain.

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So there are people who are telling us

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this is going to be reproduced today,

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that what we're going to see

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is the same thing now in this century.

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No, I think that's wrong.

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It's bad history.

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For one thing, Germany had surpassed Britain

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in industrial strength by 1900.

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And as I said earlier,

play12:31

China has not passed the United States.

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But also, if you have this belief

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and it creates a sense of fear,

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it leads to overreaction.

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And the greatest danger we have

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of managing this power transition

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of the shift toward the East is fear.

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To paraphrase Franklin Roosevelt

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from a different context,

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the greatest thing we have to fear is fear itself.

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We don't have to fear the rise of China

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or the return of Asia.

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And if we have policies

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in which we take it

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in that larger historical perspective,

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we're going to be able

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to manage this process.

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Let me say a word now

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about the distribution of power

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and how it relates to power diffusion

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and then pull these two types together.

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If you ask how is power distributed in the world today,

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it's distributed much like

play13:26

a three-dimensional chess game.

play13:29

Top board:

play13:31

military power among states.

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The United States is the only superpower,

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and it's likely to remain that way

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for two or three decades.

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China's not going to replace the U.S. on this military board.

play13:43

Middle board of this three-dimensional chess game:

play13:46

economic power among states.

play13:48

Power is multi-polar.

play13:51

There are balancers --

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the U.S., Europe,

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China, Japan

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can balance each other.

play13:59

The bottom board of this three-dimensional,

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the board of transnational relations,

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things that cross borders outside the control of governments,

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things like climate change, drug trade,

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financial flows,

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pandemics,

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all these things that cross borders

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outside the control of governments,

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there nobody's in charge.

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It makes no sense to call this unipolar

play14:23

or multi-polar.

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Power is chaotically distributed.

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And the only way you can solve these problems --

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and this is where many greatest challenges

play14:31

are coming in this century --

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is through cooperation,

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through working together,

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which means that soft power becomes more important,

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that ability to organize networks

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to deal with these kinds of problems

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and to be able to get cooperation.

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Another way of putting it

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is that as we think of power in the 21st century,

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we want to get away from the idea

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that power's always zero sum --

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my gain is your loss and vice versa.

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Power can also be positive sum,

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where your gain can be my gain.

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If China develops greater energy security

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and greater capacity

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to deal with its problems of carbon emissions,

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that's good for us

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as well as good for China

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as well as good for everybody else.

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So empowering China

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to deal with its own problems of carbon

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is good for everybody,

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and it's not a zero sum, I win, you lose.

play15:29

It's one in which we can all gain.

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So as we think about power

play15:33

in this century,

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we want to get away from this view

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that it's all I win, you lose.

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Now I don't mean to be Pollyannaish about this.

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Wars persist. Power persists.

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Military power is important.

play15:47

Keeping balances is important.

play15:49

All this still persists.

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Hard power is there,

play15:53

and it will remain.

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But unless you learn how to mix

play15:57

hard power with soft power

play15:59

into strategies that I call smart power,

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you're not going to deal with the new kinds of problems

play16:04

that we're facing.

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So the key question that we need to think about as we look at this

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is how do we work together

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to produce global public goods,

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things from which all of us can benefit?

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How do we define our national interests

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so that it's not just zero sum,

play16:22

but positive sum.

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In that sense, if we define our interests,

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for example, for the United States

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the way Britain defined its interests in the 19th century,

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keeping an open trading system,

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keeping a monetary stability, keeping freedom of the seas --

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those were good for Britain,

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they were good for others as well.

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And in the 21st century, you have to do an analog to that.

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How do we produce global public goods,

play16:47

which are good for us,

play16:49

but good for everyone at the same time?

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And that's going to be the good news dimension

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of what we need to think about

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as we think of power in the 21st century.

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There are ways to define our interests

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in which, while protecting ourselves with hard power,

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we can organize with others in networks

play17:07

to produce, not only public goods,

play17:10

but ways that will enhance our soft power.

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So if one looks at the statements

play17:16

that have been made about this,

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I am impressed that when Hillary Clinton

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described the foreign policy

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of the Obama administration,

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she said that the foreign policy of the Obama administration

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was going to be smart power,

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as she put it, "using all the tools

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in our foreign policy tool box."

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And if we're going to deal

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with these two great power shifts that I've described,

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the power shift represented by transition among states,

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the power shift represented

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by diffusion of power away from all states,

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we're going to have to develop a new narrative of power

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in which we combine hard and soft power

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into strategies of smart power.

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And that's the good news I have. We can do that.

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Thank you very much.

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(Applause)

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Étiquettes Connexes
PoderTransiciónDifusiónAsiaEconomíaSoft PowerCooperaciónGlobalizaciónPolítica ExteriorSmart Power
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