Sejarah Revolusi Rusia 1917 Hancurnya Kekaisaran Rusia Dan Lahirnya Komunisme

Summary

The 1917 Russian Revolution marked the collapse of the Russian Empire and the rise of competing revolutionary governments, both liberal and socialist. Amidst chaos, the monarchy's fall led to a power vacuum, with figures like Rasputin influencing the imperial family and the military's loyalty wavering. Protests and strikes escalated, leading to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II. The Provisional Government struggled with war decisions and land reforms, while the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, gained momentum. The eventual collapse of the Provisional Government set the stage for the Bolshevik Revolution, reshaping Russia's future.

Takeaways

• 😀 The Russian Empire, one of the largest monarchies in history, lasted from 1721 to 1917, and was ruled by an emperor with absolute power.
• 😀 By the late 19th century, social inequality and the absolute power of the Tsar led to growing unrest, with liberals and socialists demanding reform.
• 😀 The 1905 revolution, though unsuccessful, forced Tsar Nicholas II to make concessions, including creating a limited parliament (Duma).
• 😀 World War I exacerbated Russia's internal crises, with military defeats, food shortages, and economic collapse undermining the Tsar's authority.
• 😀 Tsar Nicholas I's decision to personally lead the army in World War I backfired, as military failures were now seen as his personal responsibility, weakening public trust.
• 😀 Grigori Rasputin, a controversial figure who gained influence in the royal family due to his connection with Tsar Nicholas II's son, further discredited the Tsar's reign.
• 😀 In February 1917, massive protests and strikes broke out across Russia, eventually leading to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the end of the Romanov dynasty.
• 😀 After Tsar Nicholas II abdicated, two rival governments emerged: the Russian Provisional Government, which was weak, and the Petrograd Soviet, representing workers and soldiers.
• 😀 The Provisional Government's decision to continue Russia's participation in World War I and its failure to address key issues like land redistribution contributed to its downfall.
• 😀 By the summer of 1917, Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks gained significant support, advocating for peace, land reform, and worker rights, ultimately leading to the October Revolution.

Q & A

What were the two revolutionary governments that emerged during the Russian Revolution of 1917?

The two revolutionary governments that emerged were the liberal government and the socialist government. Both aimed to replace the Tsarist monarchy, but their differing ideologies created competition and confusion, leading to further instability.

How did the Russian Empire maintain its power before the revolution?

The Russian Empire was governed by an absolute monarchy, where the Tsar held complete control over the government and political life. This system lasted until the collapse of the monarchy in 1917, making Russia one of the last European nations to uphold an absolute monarchy.

What were the main reasons for the social unrest in Russia during the 19th century?

Key factors included widespread social inequality, the neglect of basic rights for the common people, and the Tsar's absolute power, which created a deep divide between the ruling elite and the general population. The growing contrast between Russia and increasingly democratic Western Europe also contributed to dissatisfaction.

What role did Grigori Rasputin play in the Russian monarchy?

Grigori Rasputin gained significant influence within the Russian royal family due to his ability to alleviate the Tsar's son Alexei's hemophilia symptoms. His close relationship with Tsarina Alexandra led him to become a key figure in the royal court, affecting state policies, but his growing influence worsened the Tsar's image among the public.

What triggered the February Revolution of 1917?

The February Revolution was sparked by a combination of severe military defeats, food shortages, and economic collapse during World War I. Mass protests broke out in Petrograd, with over 200,000 people demanding the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II. The Tsar’s violent response to the protests, including ordering the military to fire on demonstrators, only intensified the unrest.

What is the significance of the dual authority system formed in Russia in 1917?

The dual authority system, formed between the Russian Professional Government and the Petrograd Soviet, was a temporary arrangement where both bodies shared power. However, it quickly became a source of conflict because the two sides had different visions for Russia's future, with the Professional Government seeking a more moderate approach and the Soviet pushing for socialist reforms.

What was the fate of Tsar Nicholas II and his family?

Tsar Nicholas II abdicated in March 1917, marking the end of the Romanov dynasty. His family was later executed by Bolshevik guards in July 1918 in Yekaterinburg as the Russian Revolution deepened. This event ended the three-century rule of the Romanov family.

What were the key factors leading to the Bolshevik Revolution in October 1917?

The Bolshevik Revolution was influenced by widespread disillusionment with the ongoing World War I, economic hardship, and the failure of the provisional government to address critical issues like land reform. The Bolshevik party, led by Lenin, gained popularity by appealing to workers and soldiers with promises of 'peace, land, and bread,' which resonated strongly with the masses.

What was the outcome of the July Days revolt of 1917?

The July Days revolt, a spontaneous armed uprising by soldiers and workers, was poorly organized and lacked strong leadership. Despite initial support, it was crushed by the Provisional Government. Lenin, who was in hiding, later distanced himself from the revolt, weakening his position temporarily.

How did Kerensky's handling of the Kornilov Affair affect his political standing?

The Kornilov Affair, which involved a failed coup attempt by General Kornilov, severely damaged Kerensky's credibility. His decision to accuse Kornilov of attempting to seize power led to a breakdown in relations with conservative military officers and forced Kerensky to seek support from the left, including the Bolsheviks. This ultimately weakened his government and allowed the Bolsheviks to gain further influence.