Le IDEE di ITALIA nel RISORGIMENTO

La Storia sul Tubo

18 Mar 202408:25

Summary

TLDRThe transcript discusses the post-1820s and 1830s Italian unification efforts led by Giuseppe Mazzini and his Young Italy movement, facing significant challenges and failures. It highlights the lack of organization and popular support as key issues in their unsuccessful uprisings. Mazzini's ideas evolve, and he moves to London, where he re-founds Young Italy, focusing on worker cooperation. The narrative also covers alternative ideas for Italian unity, such as federalism, liberal moderates' focus on reform and culture, and the neo-Guelf movement. The script touches on various intellectuals and their contributions to shaping Italy's path towards unification, emphasizing the need for gradual reforms and a united national vision under the guidance of leaders like Carlo Alberto of Savoy.

Takeaways

📜 Giuseppe Mazzini was a key figure in the Italian unification movement, promoting the cause of Italian independence and unity through his organization, Young Italy.
🎶 After the failures of the 1820 and 1830 revolutions, Mazzini continued to inspire through his message, leading to numerous uprisings across the Italian peninsula despite many failures and executions.
🌍 Giuseppe Garibaldi, a young man of Nice origin, was influenced by Mazzini's ideas and later became a significant figure in the unification process, despite initially fleeing to South America to save his life.
💡 The lack of organization among the conspirators and minimal popular participation were two main factors that led to the failure of the planned uprising in Genoa in 1834.
🌧️ Mazzini experienced a crisis of doubt in 1836 due to the continuous failures of his revolutionary attempts, but he emerged with a renewed commitment to the Italian cause.
🇬🇧 In 1837, Mazzini moved to London where he began the process of refounding Young Italy, this time focusing more on the working class.
🚀 The second Young Italy was established in 1839, with Mazzini still advocating for his revolutionary attempts, including those of the Bandiera brothers in Calabria, which ended in their execution.
🔄 The repeated failures of Young Italy led to a decline in Mazzini's popularity and the rise of more moderate and reformist ideas for the unification of Italy.
🌟 Carlo Cattaneo, a republican from Milan, proposed federalism as an alternative to Mazzini's centralized solution, advocating for a federation of republics similar to the United States or Switzerland.
📚 The Moderate Liberals, including Catholics like Alessandro Manzoni and Antonio Rosmini, focused on introducing reforms, reducing customs barriers, and promoting scientific and economic culture.
🏛️ The idea of a moderate liberal approach gained traction, with figures like Cesare Balbo and Massimo d'Azeglio proposing gradual and peaceful reforms under the guidance of the House of Savoy.

Q & A

What was Giuseppe Mazzini's response to the failures of the 1820 and 1830 movements?
-Giuseppe Mazzini, after the failures of the 1820 and 1830 movements, was convinced that he had found a solution for the Italian cause. He and his Young Italy faced almost impossible challenges, but their enthusiasm, transmitted through Mazzini's message, provoked numerous revolts across the peninsula.
What were the two main factors that led to the failure of the 1834 uprising in Genoa?
-The two main factors that led to the failure of the 1834 uprising in Genoa were the lack of organization among the conspirators and the minimal popular participation.
Who was Giuseppe Garibaldi and what happened to him after the failed uprisings?
-Giuseppe Garibaldi was a young man of Nice origins who appeared during the 1834 uprising in Genoa. After the failure of the uprisings, he was forced to flee to South America in order to save his life.
How did Mazzini's experiences with the failures of the 1830s influence his approach to the Italian cause?
-Mazzini's experiences with the failures of the 1830s led him to a profound change, but he remained committed to the Italian cause. In 1837, he moved to London and began a process of re-founding Young Italy, this time focusing more on the working class.
What was the second Young Italy and what did Mazzini believe in regarding the social classes?
-The second Young Italy emerged in 1839, and although Mazzini was not a socialist, he believed in a republican democracy based on the cooperation of social classes.
Who were the Bandiera brothers and what was their fate?
-The Bandiera brothers, Attilio and Emilio, were Venetian officers of the Austrian Navy and secret members of Young Italy. They attempted to provoke a revolt among the Calabrian population in 1844. However, they were arrested by the Bourbon police and executed on July 25, 1844, with their last words being 'Viva l'Italia'.
What was Carlo Cattaneo's vision for a united Italy?
-Carlo Cattaneo, a republican from Milan, envisioned a federation of republics similar to the United States or Switzerland, founded on popular sovereignty and social equality. This project, based on municipal realities, was called municipal federalism or communal federalism.
What were the main focuses of the Liberal Moderates in Italy?
-The Liberal Moderates focused on three main issues: the introduction of reforms by sovereigns, the dismantling of customs barriers, and the promotion of science and economic culture.
What was the significance of the 'Cinque Piaghe della Santa Chiesa' published by Antonio Rosmini in 1848?
-The 'Cinque Piaghe della Santa Chiesa' accused the popes and bishops of being too tied to temporal power and forgetting their faith. The book was banned and contributed to the formation of a movement that aimed to modernize the Church through internal reforms.
How did the idea of neoguelphism differ from Mazzini's revolutionary democratic ideas?
-Neoguelphism, inspired by the work of Vincenzo Gioberti, proposed that Italy could achieve its primacy among great powers only through an entity led by the Church and the Pope. It suggested a confederation of states with the armed force of the Kingdom of Sardinia, differing from Mazzini's revolutionary approach.
What was the proposal of Cesare Balbo in 'Le Speranze d'Italia'?
-Cesare Balbo proposed a federal monarchy in 'Le Speranze d'Italia', suggesting a gradual and peaceful method for reforms and a new federation that would include Lombardo-Veneto and be led by the King of Sardinia, avoiding conflict with Austria.
What was the 'Manifesto del Partito Liberale Moderato' and what did it aim to achieve?
-The 'Manifesto del Partito Liberale Moderato' was a collaborative document expressing the will to end conspiracies and aiming for national unity under the guidance of Carlo Alberto of Savoy, the King of Sardinia, as a guarantee of order.

Outlines

00:00

🇮🇹 The Struggles and Reformation of Young Italy

This paragraph discusses the aftermath of the 1820 and 1830 uprisings in Italy, highlighting Giuseppe Mazzini's conviction in finding a solution for the Italian cause. Despite formidable challenges, Mazzini and his Young Italy movement faced numerous failures, including the lack of support and organization among conspirators, leading to arrests and executions. The crushing defeat in Genoa in 1834 forced Mazzini into self-doubt, but he emerged in 1837 with a reformed vision, moving to London and refounding Young Italy with a focus on worker cooperation. Mazzini's ideas evolved, advocating for a republican democracy based on social class cooperation. Despite his efforts, further insurrections in 1844 and 1845 failed, tarnishing Mazzini's popularity and leading to a search for more moderate ideas to achieve Italian unity.

05:02

📚 The Rise of Moderate and Federalist Thought in Italy

This paragraph explores the shift from revolutionary ideas to more moderate and reformist approaches to Italian unification. It introduces Carlo Cattaneo, who advocated for a federation of republics similar to the United States or Switzerland, based on popular sovereignty and social equality. The concept of federalism, or 'comunale', aimed to preserve the socioeconomic peculiarities of the peninsula. The paragraph also touches on the liberal moderates' focus on reforms, free trade, and scientific and economic culture, as well as the role of Catholic liberals in pushing for internal reforms within the Church. The narrative concludes with the emergence of neo-Guelphism and neo-Ghibellinism, which proposed different visions for Italy's future, with the former supporting a confederation led by the Pope and the latter advocating for a federation under the King of Sardinia.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Giuseppe Mazzini

Giuseppe Mazzini was a prominent Italian political activist and journalist who is best known for his revolutionary ideas and efforts to unify Italy. In the context of the video, Mazzini is depicted as a key figure who, after the failures of the 1820 and 1830 uprisings, believed he had found a solution for the Italian cause through his organization, Young Italy.

💡Young Italy (Giovine Italia)

Young Italy was a secret revolutionary society founded by Giuseppe Mazzini with the aim of unifying Italy and establishing a republic. The organization faced numerous challenges and was involved in several failed insurrections, as detailed in the script, highlighting the struggles and the revolutionary spirit of the time.

💡Giuseppe Garibaldi

Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian general and nationalist who played a significant role in the unification of Italy. Mentioned in the script as a young man of Nice origin who was present at the failed uprising in Genoa in 1834, Garibaldi later became a key figure in the Italian unification process, known for his military exploits and dedication to the cause.

💡Federalism

Federalism is a political philosophy and system that advocates for a federation of states with a division of powers between a central government and constituent political units. In the context of the video, federalism is presented as an alternative vision for Italian unification, suggesting a structure similar to the United States or Switzerland, based on popular sovereignty and social equality.

💡Moderate Liberals

Moderate Liberals were a political faction in 19th-century Italy that advocated for gradual reforms rather than revolutionary changes. They focused on three main issues: introducing reforms from sovereigns, dismantling customs barriers, and promoting the culture of science and economy. The Moderate Liberals aimed for a less radical path towards Italian unification, emphasizing the need for progress through peaceful means and the influence of European powers.

💡Neo-Guelfism

Neo-Guelfism was a political and cultural movement in 19th-century Italy that supported the Pope's temporal power and advocated for a federation of Italian states under the guidance of the Pope and the House of Savoy. It was a reaction to the revolutionary ideas of Mazzini and others, emphasizing the role of the Church and the monarchy in the unification process.

💡Italian Unification

Italian Unification, also known as the Risorgimento, was the political and social movement that led to the unification of Italy into a single nation-state. The process involved various political factions, military actions, and diplomatic efforts, as detailed in the script, which outlines the different visions and strategies for achieving unity among the diverse states that made up the Italian peninsula.

💡Revolutionary Ideas

Revolutionary ideas refer to the radical political and social concepts aimed at transforming the existing order. In the context of the video, these ideas are associated with Mazzini and his followers, who sought to unify Italy through republican and democratic principles, often involving insurrections and resistance against established authorities.

💡Carlo Cattaneo

Carlo Cattaneo was an Italian economist, politician, and journalist who was a leading figure among the Moderate Liberals. He advocated for a federalist system of government for Italy, inspired by the United States and Switzerland, and was critical of Mazzini's more centralized approach to unification. Cattaneo's ideas were influential in shaping the discourse on Italian unification during the 19th century.

💡Attilio and Emilio Bandiera

Attilio and Emilio Bandiera were two brothers who were officers in the Austrian Navy and secret members of Young Italy. They are known for their attempt to incite a revolt in Calabria in 1844, which ultimately failed and led to their execution. Their story is often cited as an example of the sacrifices made by those who fought for Italian unification.

💡Catholic Liberals

Catholic Liberals were a group of intellectuals and politicians in 19th-century Italy who sought to modernize the Catholic Church and its relationship with the state. They believed in a separation of church and state and advocated for internal reforms within the Church. The script mentions figures like Antonio Rosmini and the antology of Giovan Pietro Viesseux, which were part of a circle of Catholic liberals that aimed to influence the Church's role in society.

💡Neo-Ghibellinism

Neo-Ghibellinism was a political movement in 19th-century Italy that supported the Emperor and was opposed to the Pope's temporal power. It was a reaction against the pro-Papal sentiments of Neo-Guelfism and advocated for a strong, centralized state under the Emperor. The movement was influenced by the medieval Ghibellines, who were supporters of the Holy Roman Empire.

Highlights

After the defeats of the 1820 and 1830 uprisings, Giuseppe Mazzini is convinced he has found a solution for the Italian cause.

Mazzini and his Young Italy face almost impossible challenges, succeeding where many others have failed.

The enthusiasm transmitted by Mazzini's message and Young Italy provokes numerous revolts across the peninsula.

In 1833 and 1834, the insurrectional attempts in Liguria, Piedmont, Emilia, and Tuscany fail with arrests and death sentences.

In Genoa in 1834, the failure is total, with almost no one showing up for the planned revolt.

A young man of Nice origin, Giuseppe Garibaldi, is among the few who appear, forced later to flee to South America to save his life.

What was missing in Genoa? The lack of organization among the conspirators and the minimal popular participation.

Considering the continuous failures and the increasing number of deaths, Mazzini falls into doubt in 1836.

Mazzini moves to London in 1837 and begins the process of refounding Young Italy, this time closer to the workers.

The second Young Italy rises in 1839, even though Mazzini is not a socialist, he believes in a republican democracy based on the cooperation of social classes.

In 1844, two Venetian officers secretly members of Young Italy, Attilio and Emilio Bandiera, attempt to provoke a revolt among the Calabrian population.

The Bandiera brothers are arrested by the Bourbon police and face execution on July 25, 1844, with their last words being 'Viva l'Italia'.

Other Mazzinian insurrections are quelled in Romagna, and despite efforts, Young Italy fails again.

The continuous failures tarnish the popularity of Mazzini and the democrats, leading to new, more moderate ideas for the unity of Italy.

One of the first to distance himself from Mazzini's revolutionary ideas is the republican Carlo Cattaneo, who proposes a federation of republics similar to the United States or Switzerland.

Cattaneo's federalism is based on the reality of municipal sovereignty and social equality.

Giuseppe Ferrari, an exile in France since the 1830s, believes that the unification of the peninsula should be a true social revolution with external support.

After the failure of the Mazzinian movements in Italy, an opposite idea to democratic revolutionary republicanism emerges: the idea of liberal moderation.

The liberal moderates focus on three main issues: introducing reforms by sovereigns, dismantling customs barriers, and promoting the culture of science and economy.

The peninsula's liberals promote a strongly opposed customs league and begin to organize annual scientific congresses.

Among the liberal moderates are many Catholics like Alessandro Manzoni and the priest Antonio Rosmini, who published 'The Five Wounds of the Holy Church' in 1848.

A circle of Catholic intellectuals and liberals forms around the anthology of Giovan Pietro Viesseux.

Gino Capponi, Raffaello Lambruschini, and Bettino Ricasoli collaborate with the anthology, contributing to the formation of what is sometimes called the moderate party.

The neo-Guelph current is created among the Catholic liberals, based on the work of Vincenzo Gioberti and the idea of a confederation of states led by the Pope.

Neo-Guelphism faces immediate criticism from anticlerical republicans like Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi and Giovanni Battista Niccolini, who give life to the neo-Ghibelline movement.

The book 'The Hopes of Italy' by Count Cesare Balbo presents the idea of a federation led by the King of Sardinia, not the Pope.

Giacomo Durando, in his 1846 book, hypothesizes three macro-states for uniting Italy under a federalist monarchical project.

The most listened-to voice of moderate reformism, Massimo d'Azeglio, in his 1846 case studies, denounces the backwardness of the Church's State and proposes a program for the Italian national opinion.

The 'Manifesto of the Liberal Moderate Party' is a collaborative document expressing the will to end conspiracies and aims for national unity under the guidance of Carlo Alberto of Savoy.