School of Law Dr Jaydevan S Nair2023 24 intro
Summary
TLDRThe video script traces the development of the Indian Constitution from colonial times to its adoption in 1950. It highlights the influence of British rule, the Mutiny of 1857, and the subsequent legislative acts that shaped India's governance. The script details the evolution of constitutional thought through various bills and committees, leading to the establishment of the Constituent Assembly. It emphasizes the Constitution's features, such as federalism, secularism, democratic governance, and fundamental rights, and discusses the assembly's composition and the drafting process, culminating in the world's longest constitution.
Takeaways
- 🏛️ The Constitution of India has its roots in the colonial British period and the political and administrative systems they established.
- 🌊 The East India Company's governance post-1857 Mutiny marked an early attempt to introduce British legal and administrative systems in India.
- 📜 The Indian Councils Act of 1861 introduced a cabinet system and legislative councils, increasing Indian participation in governance.
- 🗳️ The Indian Council Act of 1892 and the subsequent 1909 Act introduced election systems and expanded legislative council functions.
- 🔄 The Government of India Act 1919 and 1935 were significant reforms leading to the current constitution, introducing diarchy and provincial autonomy.
- 🏢 The 1935 Act was revolutionary, laying the groundwork for federalism and establishing the Federal Court.
- 📝 Early constitutional attempts include the Constitution of India Bill 1895, which influenced later constitutional prototypes.
- 🌟 The Nehru Report and the Sapru Committee Report emphasized fundamental rights and the need for a written constitution, especially in a diverse country like India.
- 👥 The Constituent Assembly, which drafted the Constitution, was composed of 299 members, including 15 women, and was advised by legal experts.
- ✍️ The drafting process involved committees and plenary sessions, with amendments proposed and debated extensively before adoption.
- 📚 The Indian Constitution is the longest in the world, with 395 original articles, and has undergone numerous amendments to adapt to the country's needs.
Q & A
What is the historical significance of the Constitution of India?
-The Constitution of India is significant as it marks the beginning of India's journey as a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic. It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949, and came into effect on January 26, 1950, after India gained independence from British rule.
How did the British colonial rule influence the development of India's Constitution?
-British colonial rule laid the initial groundwork for India's Constitution through the establishment of legal and administrative systems. Acts like the Indian Councils Act of 1861 and subsequent reforms introduced concepts of representation and legislative devolution, which later influenced the framing of the Indian Constitution.
What was the role of the East India Company in the early governance of India?
-The East India Company, initially a trading entity, began to establish governance structures in India from 1600 onwards. It operated under a charter granted by the British Crown and expanded its territories in India, introducing legal and administrative systems that were the precursors to later constitutional developments.
Why was the participation of Indians in the legislative councils considered important during the British rule?
-The participation of Indians in legislative councils was considered important to address the growing sense of alienation and discontent among the Indian population. Influential figures like Sayed Ahmed Khan argued that the lack of Indian involvement in governance was a significant cause of the 1857 Mutiny.
How did the Indian National Congress contribute to the development of India's Constitution?
-The Indian National Congress played a crucial role by advocating for greater Indian participation in governance and pushing for constitutional reforms. It set up committees to draft constitutions, such as the Nehru Report, which emphasized the need for written fundamental rights and influenced the final Constitution of India.
What was the significance of the Government of India Act 1935 in the constitutional history of India?
-The Government of India Act 1935 was significant as it introduced several features that were later incorporated into the Constitution of India, 1950. It provided for a federal structure, provincial autonomy, and the establishment of a Federal Court, marking a shift towards a more democratic and federal system of governance.
How was the Constituent Assembly of India formed, and what was its role in drafting the Constitution?
-The Constituent Assembly was formed by the Indian National Congress in 1934, demanding a constitution drafted by Indians without foreign interference. It was composed of 299 members, with 229 elected from provinces and 70 nominated from princely states. The Assembly worked as a legislative body and as the drafting body for the Constitution, adopting it on November 26, 1949.
What are the key features of the Indian Constitution?
-The Indian Constitution is known for its length, detailed provisions, and incorporation of fundamental rights, directive principles of state policy, and a parliamentary form of government. It establishes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic with a federal structure and an independent judiciary.
How does the Indian Constitution ensure a balance between the rights of individuals and the needs of the state?
-The Constitution of India ensures a balance by granting fundamental rights to individuals while also allowing for reasonable restrictions on these rights for the sake of national security, public order, and other valid reasons. This balance is maintained through the judiciary's power to review and strike down laws or actions that violate these rights.
What is the significance of the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, in the context of the Indian Constitution?
-The 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, is significant as it inserted the terms 'socialist' and 'secular' into the Preamble of the Constitution, reinforcing the principles of social justice and equality. It also expanded the scope of fundamental duties, emphasizing the responsibilities of citizens towards the nation.
Outlines
📜 Historical Origins of the Indian Constitution
The Indian Constitution's roots trace back to the British colonial period, starting from the early 17th century. The British, after the 1857 Mutiny, began to establish a legal and administrative system in India, influenced by their own political and legal structures. The East India Company's charter acts were instrumental in this process. The Indian Councils Act of 1861 marked the beginning of legislative devolution, allowing Indians to participate in governance, albeit minimally. The growing Indian National Congress movement, led by Western-educated intellectuals, demanded an end to the secondary treatment of Indian citizens and greater participation in government, influencing subsequent legislative acts.
🏛️ Evolution of Representative Governance in India
The Indian Council Act of 1892 increased the number of legislative council members and partially introduced an electoral system. The Indian Council Act of 1909 further expanded representation and allowed councils to discuss financial matters, although without voting powers. The Government of India Act of 1919 aimed to increase Indian participation in administration and introduced the concept of 'dyarchy' in provinces. The Government of India Act of 1935 was revolutionary, proposing an all-India Federation, establishing provincial autonomy, and introducing bicameral legislatures. It also established the Federal Court to resolve disputes between states and the center.
📜 Early Constitutional Drafting Efforts in India
The first attempt at drafting a constitution was the Unknown Author Bill of 1895, attributed to Bal Gangadhar Tilak, advocating for self-government within the British Empire. The Annie Besant Bill in 1925 proposed seven fundamental rights, including freedom of expression and equality before law. The Nehru Report in 1928 emphasized written fundamental rights, particularly in the context of India's communal differences. The Sapru Committee Report in 1945 distinguished between justiciable and non-justiciable rights, influencing the later fundamental rights and directive principles of state policy in the Indian Constitution.
🏛️ Formation and Working of the Constituent Assembly
The demand for a Constituent Assembly was put forth by the Indian National Congress in 1934, rejecting the British White Paper of 1933. The British government proposed an elected body for framing a new constitution in 1942, which was rejected by Indians. The Cabinet Mission of 1946 aimed to set up a body for Indians to draft their own constitution. The Constituent Assembly, composed of 299 members, worked as both a national legislature and a constitution-drafting body. It was organized into committees to accomplish its goals, with Dr. B.R. Ambedkar as the chairman of the drafting committee. The constitution-making process involved deliberations from December 1946 to August 1947, with amendments proposed and debated before being adopted or rejected.
📜 Salient Features of the Indian Constitution
The Indian Constitution is the longest and most detailed, originally containing 395 articles divided into 22 parts and eight schedules. It establishes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic. The Constitution includes a comprehensive list of fundamental rights and directive principles of state policy. It also incorporates the concept of a welfare state, a strong centralizing tendency in the federal structure, and an independent judiciary. Unique features include universal adult suffrage, a single citizenship, and the incorporation of fundamental duties, making India one of the few countries to do so.
🏛️ Fundamental Duties and the Indian Constitution
The Indian Constitution uniquely includes fundamental duties, outlining the responsibilities expected of its citizens. These duties are enshrined in Part 4A, Article 51A, and their violation can lead to legal consequences. The fundamental duties emphasize the civic responsibilities that complement the rights enjoyed by Indian citizens, fostering a sense of duty and responsibility towards the nation and its governance.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Constituent Assembly
💡Fundamental Rights
💡Directive Principles of State Policy
💡Federal System
💡Parliamentary Form of Government
💡Secularism
💡Republic
💡Universal Adult Suffrage
💡Independence of Judiciary
💡Fundamental Duties
Highlights
The story of the Constitution of India has roots in the colonial British settlements and the political and administrative habits that developed since the early 17th century.
The East India Company's initial charter in 1600 marked the beginning of British legal and administrative systems in India.
The Indian Councils Act of 1861 introduced the cabinet system of administration and legislative devolution, marking the beginning of Indians' association with legislative work.
The Indian Council Act of 1892 increased the number of members in legislative councils and partially introduced a system of elections.
The Indian Council Act of 1909 introduced indirect elections and allowed councils to discuss financial matters, though without voting powers.
The Government of India Act 1919 aimed to increase Indian association in administration and develop self-governing institutions.
The Government of India Act 1935 was revolutionary, introducing federalism and the idea of provincial autonomy.
The Constituent Assembly was organized with 299 members, including 15 women, to draft India's new constitution.
The Constitution of India, adopted on 26th November 1949, is the lengthiest and most detailed constitution in the world.
The Constitution establishes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic.
Fundamental rights in the Constitution act as prohibitions against the state, with courts empowered to strike down violations.
Directive principles of State policy guide governance, though they are non-justiciable.
India's federal system has a strong centralizing tendency, especially in the distribution of financial powers.
Universal adult suffrage is a key feature of the Indian Federation, with every citizen above 18 having the right to vote.
The Constitution provides for a single citizenship, despite India being a federal state.
Fundamental duties are incorporated into the Constitution, prescribing duties expected of citizens with legal consequences for violations.
Transcripts
[Music]
dear students the story of the
Constitution of India begins much
earlier to the actual meeting of the
constituent assembly in
1946 and its adoption by the constituent
assembly on 26th November
1949 and its eventual handing over of
the Sacred document to the Indian State
on the 26th of January
1950 the rudimentary beginnings of the
current framework can be traced firstly
to the Colonial British settlements and
the political and administrative habits
that came up in India since the first
ship landed on the shores of India in
the early 17th century the mugal era
that preceded the British period was a
monarchic period and did not reflect the
value systems nor the governance
structure that the British sought to so
when they became serious with the
resolve to govern the country in 1858
after the Mutiny of
1857 the English who came to India for
trade through the East India Company a
trading entity that operated under a
charter granted by The Sovereign began
to build a legal and administrative
system for the territories held by them
this could be the earliest attempt to
initiate in a ncent manner systems and
constitutional values into the Indian
Territory that were indispensably woven
into the political and legal system of
England these were executed through the
charter acts promulgated by the crown
from time to time in favor of the East
India Company having laid their
foundations initially at Surat in the
year 16008 the East India Company
expanded their operations territorially
and in course of time held subst fincial
settlements in the
subcontinent it is noteworthy that in
each of these British positions there
was an identity and harmony with respect
to their legal administrative and
Judicial Systems it was in the aftermath
of the first war of independence in the
year 1857 that political sovereignty of
Britain came out of the Shadows of the
East India Company to rule over British
India the administrative dispensation in
India came to be increasingly
scrutinized by the governing missionary
in England through the several periodic
enactments the British sought to
administer their territories in India
beginning from the Indian council's Act
in
1861 they were greatly affected and
impelled by the sense of alienation and
intrigued by the causes for the Mutiny
in
1857 however the participation of
Indians in the administrative missionary
was still negligible and there was
enormous discontent and a brewing sense
of alienation among the Indian people in
fact a senior and influential figure
Sayed Ahmed Khan went into the cuses of
the 1857 ailion in the course of the
Indian revolt and suly concluded that it
was a lack of participation of the
Indians in the governing missionary that
is a legislative councils for them
having a reason to take up arms against
the British government
the old aristocratic and autocratic form
of the state had to change the 1861 act
introduced the cabinet system of
administration with distributed
portfolios among the legislative council
members however the Indians were still
not there in the higher echelons of
administration Indians were for the
first time associated with the work of
legislation as non-official members of
the council the provinces Bombay and
medras were wested with legislative
powers marking the beginning of
legislative Devolution there was since
the late 19th century a growing national
movement under the banner of Indian
National Congress this was greatly
heralded by the Western educated
intelligentia who wanted the secondary
treatment of Indian citizens to end and
greater participation of the Indians in
the agencies of government it is in this
context that one has to see the nature
of the acts passed by the British the
next important change came with the
passage of the Indian Council act 1892
by the British Parliament it affected
changes to the composition and
functioning of the councils
representation was given to those who
were not in civil and military service
it is noteworthy that it was in the
context of increasing nationalist
sentiments and a nationalist movement
that was brewing across the country that
this Act was passed it has often been
said that the foundation of
Representative governments was laid down
by this act it increased the number of
members in the legislative councils and
also enlarg the functions of the council
most significantly it partially
introduced a system of
Elections this legislation would soon be
overruled by the Indian Council Act of
1909 that was promulgated under the ages
of mle MTO reforms
a semblance of democratic representative
Norms could be seen in the
administration of the country with the
introduction of indirect elections the
size of legislative councils were
increased both at the center and the
states importantly the limitations were
removed and the councils were allowed to
discuss any matter ask questions and
supplementary questions on financial
matters the councils could move
resolutions but no voting Powers were
granted the next critical reform happens
through the government of India act 1919
based on monu chsw
reforms The Motto was for increasing the
association of Indians in the
administration and gradual development
of self-governing
Institutions this was for the
realization of responsible government as
an integral part of British Empire it
introduced the concept of diaki in the
provinces the idea of responsible
government was not introduced at the
center however the governor general had
overriding powers as prior sanction was
required for bills to be introduced and
he was also wested with the power of
veto he was bestowed with the power of
legislation even if the legislature was
opposed to it the structure of
governance was unitary with the center
having overarching powers working
through the governor general in Council
the next important critical reform took
place in 1935 through the government of
India act
1935 this act was a revolutionary as it
contained several features that have
been carried into the present
constitution of India
1950 the ACT provided for an all- India
Federation comprising British India and
such Indian States as want to come into
the
Federation however this never came to be
realized as none of the rulers of Indian
States sign signed the instrument of
accession the Ary was abolished in the
States but was introduced in the center
it saw the beginning of provincial
autonomy power was divided between the
center and provincial legislatures based
on federal list and a provincial list
the federal legislature was composed of
two houses the Council of states and the
Legislative Assembly announcing the
arrival of the idea of federalism the
act very significant ly established the
Federal Court it was wested with
original jurisdiction of hearing
disputes between the states or between
the center and the States it also had an
appellate and advisory
jurisdiction now let us go
into understanding some of the early
attempts at Constitution making the
first bill was the unknown author Bill
we do not know the name of the author of
this bill and it was the first attempt
at drafting a constitution in India and
it can be traced to the constitution of
India Bill
1895 the document contained 110 articles
though we do not know the identity of
the author of the bill nevertheless it
has been attributed to Bal gangadhar
tilak who was synonymous with the call
for
swaraj the bill was also called the
swaraj bill however the bill wanted to
be within the confines of the idea of
self-government while being part of the
British Empire the bill went on to
influence other constitutional
prototypes as well it is noteworthy that
some of the Constitutional propositions
in the bill have found acceptance even
today for instance article 16 of the
bill laid down a variety of Rights
including Free Speech imprisonment by
competent Authority and significantly
promised free education as well the next
important stage in constitutional
development ment was in the Annie
bessent Bill the next major attempt can
be seen in the Commonwealth of India
Bill 1925 drafted under the chairmanship
of Annie bessent that contained 127
articles the draft found the inscription
of seven fundamental rights that
included expression of opinion free
assembly and equality before law there
was to be no disqualification or
disability on the ground of sex free and
Elementary education was guaranteed and
all persons were to have equal rights to
the use of Roads Courts of justice and
all other places of business or Resort
dedicated to the public these Provisions
find an echo in the constitution of
India 1950 as well either as a
fundamental right or a director
principle of State policy the next
important stage came with the medras
Congress and the neheru report within 2
years of the Commonwealth of India Bill
1925 that failed to be passed by the
British Parliament the British
government constituted the Simon
commission to work on constitutional
reforms in India in response to this
decision the medras Congress in 1927
decided to set up a drafting committee
to draft a swaraj constitution on the
basis of Declaration of Rights one of
the important agenda was to have a
written Declaration of Rights
particularly
as India was a land of minorities in
1928 the Congress set up a committee
under the chairmanship of motilal Neu
which eventually resulted in Neu
committee report on the draft
Constitution conable emphasis was placed
on the need for written fundamental
rights particularly in the context of
simmering communal differences in India
it is not worthy that several of the
causes in the Constitution today are
echo of the provisions proposed in the
Naru report the next important committee
recommendation came from T bahadur SAU
the SAU committee report published in
the year 1945 contained Provisions for
constitutional reform with particular
impetus on the incorporation of
fundamental rights mollifying the fears
of minority communities was high on the
agenda the subu committee report brought
forth a distinction between justiciable
rights and non-justiciable rights which
was later on reflected in the
demarcation on into fundamental rights
and direct principles of State policy
equality between communities and
Assurance of civil and political rights
Liberty and Security in the enjoyment of
freedom of religion pursuit of worship
and other ordinary applications of Life
were the highlights of this
report now let us go over to how the
constituent assembly was organized and
its Inception it was in
1934 that the Indian National Congress
put forth the demand for a constituent
assembly while denying the acceptability
of the white paper of 1933 put forward
by the British
dispensation as it did not express the
will of the people of India in fact the
strength of this demand can be traced
back to Gandhi in 1922 when he said that
saraj cannot become the gift of British
but that it should spring from the
wishes of the people of India this was
reiterated in several sessions that it
would be a constitution drawn from the
people and framed without any
interference from any foreign Authority
this buoyant mood further hardened with
the onset of the second world war
sensing the mood in India the British
government sent the CPS mission in 194 2
named after sir Stafford Crips who led
the mission it proposed the setting up
of an elected body for framing a new
constitution for India the Indian States
would also be a participant in this
process the composition of this body
shall be of persons elected by
provincial legislatures and others
nominated by the Indian princely States
the proposals were however rejected by
the Indians by the time of the
functioning of the constituent assembly
there was a general sense of national
character among the people of the
country rather than a political entity
identified either as British India or as
Indian states it is important to note
that the labor government which came to
power in Britain in September 1945
ordered that national elections be held
so that the newly created provincial
legislatures could act as electoral
bodies for a constituent assembly to
pave the way for for this the cabinet
Mission 1946 came to India with a
resolve to set up a missionary through
which Indians could set a constitution
of their own however there was a
widening split between the Indian
National Congress and the Muslim League
while the former called for a constient
assembly and self-determination Jina LED
Muslim League preferred British presence
in India and by 1945 called for the
creation of two constituent assemblies
one for Hindustan and the other for
Pakistan as the idea of constitution
assembly was the creation of a foreign
government and accountable to it Gandhi
was not accepting its Sovereign status
though other members of the constituent
assembly did think to be it to be of a
sovereign character to put it Beyond The
Pale of contention later the constituent
assembly made rules which made the
matter quite clear the rules clearly
articulated that the assembly shall not
be dissolved except by a resolution
ascented to by 2/3 of the whole number
of members of the assembly with the
passage of the Indian independence act
1947 and with the creation of two states
The Sovereign status of the constituent
assembly was beyond doubt the
constituent assembly worked both as a
national legislature of the newly
Independent India as well as the body
drafting the country's new
constitution it is noteworthy that the
members of the constituent assembly were
not elected on the basis of universal
franchise provincial elections were held
in India in 1945
1946 it was the provincial legislatures
that chose the representatives of to the
constituent assembly it is interesting
to note that the elections to the
constituent assembly was through an
indirect electoral process among the
elected members of the provincial
assemblies already in place though
experts point out that it was not truly
representative of the Indian population
it catered to represent the sentiments
of both minorities as well as the
majorities the cabinet Mission plan
rejected the idea of direct elections to
the constituent assembly by adult
suffrage as that would be too cumbersome
and slow now let us go over to the
composition and functioning of the
constient assembly the constituent
assembly was composed of 299 members 229
members elected from the 12 Indian
provinces and 70 members nominated from
29 princely States in order to
facilitate the functioning of the
constituent assembly the services of
experiened tals were called in for
instance B Andra who was from the
judicial segment of the civil services
was given the responsibility of charting
the working of the assembly his
expertise in comparative constitutional
systems was put to good use from the
voting process to the nature of the
sessions he used his prior exposure in
comparative law to good effect the
assembly was constituted into committees
in order to accomplish the goals of the
Constitutional assembly these eight
committees were composed of 36 members a
leader of the downtrodden Dr V edar a
constitutional luminary and an economist
was made the chairman of the drafting
committee it is noteworthy that the
consent assembly had notable women
representation as well 15 women members
including Hansa mea in the fundamental
rights subcommittee and beam Asis rasul
were prominent vocal members the process
of constitution making was deliberated
upon by the wus working committees and
lasted from December 1946 to August
1947 these were further reviewed by Dr
BR ambedkar and the final version was
presented to the assembly in November
1949 a significant part of deliberations
was on the draft constitutions prepared
by the drafting committee members of the
constituent assembly proposed amendments
which have to be submitted in advance to
the chairman and these were debated at
length at the end of a debate around an
article of the draft Constitution the
constituent assembly either adopted or
rejected the Amendments the drafting
took place through the Committees and
plenary meetings the Committees were
smaller groups of assembly members
responsible to prepare draft articles
reports and notes on specific aspects of
the Constitution the assembly at the
plenary level was convened in full
strength and discussed the reports of
various committees am amendments were
then moved debated dropped or adopted
the constituent assembly took decisions
through a majority vote on 26th November
1949 after 166 days of deliberations the
final constitutional document was
adopted by the constituent assembly the
day is observed as Constitution Day in
India now let us move over to some of
the Salient features of the Constitution
of India the lengthiest con in the world
the Indian constitution is the
lengthiest and the most detailed
constitution in the world it originally
contained 395 articles divided into 22
parts and eight schedules can you guess
the number of Articles and amendments
carried out to this constitutional
document till today the Constitution
contains in part three a long list of
fundamental rights and in part four
there to principles of State policy
the Constitution
establishes a sovereign socialist
secular Democratic Republic the term
socialist was inserted in the Preamble
by the 42nd Amendment act
1976 however the idea is already in
essence there in the Constitution the
term secularism means the state does not
have any official religion and it treats
all religions equally once again the
spirit of secularism is resonant in the
Constitution
which has been later inserted through
the 42nd amendment in the year
1976 the term Democratic means that the
constitution establishes a form of
government which gets its Authority from
the people the term republic means that
there shall be an elected Head of the
State as regards the words parliamentary
form of government a parliamentary form
of government is envisaged by the center
and the states they have followed the
British model the government PO is
responsible to the legislature it is
therefore called a responsible
government a significant highlight of
the Constitution of India is that there
is in part three of the Constitution the
fundamental rights which have been
Incorporated these rights act as
prohibitions against the state the state
cannot make laws violating the
fundamental rights if it does so the
courts can strike it down both the
Supreme Courts and the high court courts
have been endured with the power to
strike down legislation as well as
executive action that violates
fundamental rights the fundamental
rights however are not absolute rights
these are exceptions and situations
where the state can act in restraining
the exercise of fundamental rights of
the citizens the idea of fundamental
rights in a written form has been
borrowed from the Constitution of United
States of
America however the same in our con
Constitution has been balanced with the
needs of security of the state the next
important highlight of the Constitution
is the incorporation of what's called as
the dir of principles of State policy
this was incorporated into part four of
the Constitution of India it sets down
the aims and objectives to guide the
governance of the country unlike
fundamental rights the dtive principles
are
non-justiciable however though not
accountable in a court of law the
directive principles of State policy are
important yard sticks to judge the
performance of the government and they
can be measured during the
elections the next important highlight
is the idea of welfare state which is
ingrained in the directive principles of
State
policy another highlight of this
Federation which is India is the strong
centralizing tendency in the Federation
power is distribut Ed between the center
and the states there is a detailed
distribution of powers between the
center and the states through the
seventh schedule of the
Constitution however despite this grant
of lawmaking and administrative powers
to States one can discern a very strong
centralizing tendency in the
Constitution there is a distribution of
financial powers between the center and
the states as well however this state of
affairs acquires a unitary character
with the Declaration of emergency this
is a unique highlight of the federal
system in India another significant
highlight is universal adult suffrage a
uniform adult suffrage system has been
introduced in India every man or woman
above the age of 18 years has been
endured with the right to elect
representatives for the legislatures
this right is unqualified without
reference to sex property taxation or
the like
a significant highlight of the Indian
Federation is that there is an
independent Judiciary an independent and
impartial Judiciary has been established
in India to resolve disputes it is a
custodian of the rights of the people it
also acts as an Arbiter of disputes
between the constituent units of India
in the context of India being Federal in
character another significant highlight
is a single citizenship even though we
are a federal state and the power is
divided between the center and the
States the Constitution provides only
for a single citizenship there is no
concept of dual or state
citizenship another significant
highlight of the Indian constitution is
the incorporation of fundamental duties
we are among a few countries in the
world to incorporate the idea of
fundamental duties into the Constitution
it prescribes the duties that are
expected of the citizens the violation
of which can entail legal consequences
the fundamental Duties are enshrined in
part 4 a article 51a of the Indian
constitution thank
[Music]
you
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