#11 Python Tutorial for Beginners | Operators in Python

Summary

In this Python tutorial, Ivan Vetti explores various operators including arithmetic, assignment, relational, and logical. He demonstrates arithmetic operations with variables and shows how to use assignment shortcuts like '+=' for incrementing values. Relational operators are explained with examples comparing variables, using symbols like '<', '>', '==', and '!='. Logical operators 'and', 'or', and 'not' are also covered, illustrating how to combine conditions using truth tables. The video serves as a foundational guide for more complex coding in future tutorials.

Takeaways

• 😀 The video series on Python continues with a focus on various types of operators.
• 🔢 Arithmetic operators such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are covered, demonstrating how to perform basic mathematical operations using variables.
• ➕ Assignment operators are explained, showing how to assign values to variables and how to use shorthand operators like `+=` for incrementing values.
• 🔄 The concept of unary operators is introduced, with an example of negation using the minus sign to reverse the sign of a number.
• 🔗 Relational operators like `less than`, `greater than`, `equal to`, and `not equal to` are discussed, illustrating how to compare values.
• 🔀 Logical operators `and`, `or`, and `not` are explained, showing how to combine multiple conditions in decision-making.
• 📊 A truth table is used to demonstrate the behavior of logical operators, helping to understand how true and false values interact.
• 💻 The video emphasizes that understanding these operators is foundational for writing more complex Python code in the future.
• 🎥 The presenter, Ivan, engages viewers by encouraging them to follow along with the series for more advanced topics.
• 📝 The video serves as an educational resource, aiming to build a strong base for viewers to tackle more complex programming concepts.

Q & A

What are the different types of operators discussed in the video?

The video discusses arithmetic operators, assignment operators, relational operators, logical operators, and unary operators.

What is the purpose of arithmetic operators in Python?

Arithmetic operators in Python are used to perform mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and modulus.

How does the assignment operator work in Python?

The assignment operator in Python is represented by the '=' symbol, which is used to assign a value to a variable.

What is the shortcut for adding a value to a variable in Python?

In Python, the shortcut for adding a value to a variable is using the '+=' operator, which increments the variable by the specified value.

Can you assign values to multiple variables in a single line in Python?

Yes, in Python, you can assign values to multiple variables in a single line using a comma-separated list of variables and values.

What is a unary operator and how is it used in Python?

A unary operator is an operator that takes only one operand. In Python, the unary operator '-' is used to negate a value, making it negative.

What are relational operators and how are they used to compare values?

Relational operators are used to compare two values and determine their relationship. They include operators like '<' for less than, '>' for greater than, '==' for equality, and '!=' for inequality.

What is the logical operator 'and' used for in Python?

The logical operator 'and' is used in Python to combine two conditions, and the result is true only if both conditions are true.

How does the logical operator 'or' differ from 'and' in Python?

The logical operator 'or' in Python returns true if at least one of the conditions is true, unlike 'and' which requires both conditions to be true.

What is the purpose of the logical operator 'not' in Python?

The logical operator 'not' in Python is used to reverse the boolean value of an expression, turning true to false and vice versa.

Outlines

00:00

🐍 Python Basics: Understanding Operators

In this segment, Ivan introduces various operators in Python, starting with arithmetic operators like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. He demonstrates these using variables X and Y set to 2 and 3, respectively. Ivan then moves on to assignment operators, explaining how to assign values to variables and how to use shorthand operators like '+=' for incrementing values. He also covers the concept of unary operators with the example of negation using the '-' sign. The paragraph is a foundational lesson on how to manipulate and compare data using Python's built-in operators.

05:01

🔍 Deep Dive into Relational and Logical Operators

This part of the video script delves into relational operators, explaining how to compare values using '<', '>', '==', '!=', '<=', and '>='. Ivan uses variables a and b with values 5 and 6 to illustrate these comparisons, showing how boolean values of 'True' and 'False' are returned based on the comparison results. The paragraph then transitions into logical operators, discussing how to combine multiple conditions using 'and', 'or', and 'not'. Ivan explains the concept using truth tables and provides examples to demonstrate how these operators work in practice, emphasizing their importance in programming for creating complex conditional statements.

10:02

🎓 Wrapping Up: Foundation for Advanced Python Concepts

In the concluding paragraph, Ivan summarizes the importance of understanding basic operators as a foundation for more advanced Python programming. He encourages viewers to stay engaged for future videos that will build upon these basics, promising to cover more complex coding concepts and patterns. Ivan invites viewers to share their thoughts in the comments and thanks them for watching, hinting at more informative and enjoyable content to come in the series.

Keywords

💡Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform mathematical calculations. In the video, these operators include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They are fundamental in programming for manipulating numerical values. For instance, the script mentions 'X plus Y' and 'X divided by Y' to illustrate how to add and divide two variables, respectively.

💡Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables. The video explains that the equal sign (=) is the basic assignment operator, as seen in 'X equals 8'. It also introduces shorthand operators like 'X plus equals 2', which increments the value of X by 2, demonstrating a more efficient way to update variable values.

💡Unary Operator

A unary operator is an operator that takes only one operand. The video discusses the negation concept using the unary operator, which is the minus sign. For example, 'n equals minus n' is used to negate the value of n, turning a positive number into a negative one, which is a straightforward application of the unary operator.

💡Relational Operators

Relational operators are used to compare two values. The script covers operators like 'less than' and 'greater than', and also 'less than or equal to' and 'not equal to'. These operators return a Boolean value (True or False) based on the comparison. For instance, 'a is less than B' is used to check if the value of a is smaller than B.

💡Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to combine multiple conditions. The video introduces 'and', 'or', and 'not' as logical operators. These operators are crucial for complex decision-making in programming. For example, 'a less than 8 and B less than 5' combines two conditions using the 'and' operator to ensure both must be true for the overall condition to be true.

💡Modulus Operator

The modulus operator is used to find the remainder of a division operation. While not explicitly detailed in the script, it is mentioned in passing as one of the arithmetic operators. It's used in scenarios where you need to find out how many times one number is divisible by another without carrying over.

💡Boolean Values

Boolean values are used to represent logical values, either True or False. The video script refers to these when discussing relational and logical operators, which often result in a Boolean outcome. For example, 'a is less than B' evaluates to True or False based on the values of a and B.

💡Truth Table

A truth table is a tool used in logic to map out all possible logical combinations of a set of inputs and their corresponding outputs. The video briefly mentions a truth table in the context of explaining how logical operators like 'and', 'or', and 'not' work, helping to visualize the outcomes of combining conditions.

💡Increment

Incrementing is the process of increasing a variable's value by a certain amount, often by one. The video uses 'X plus equals 2' as an example of incrementing the value of X by 2, which is a common operation in programming for iterating through loops or counting.

💡Negation

Negation is the act of inverting or reversing a statement. In programming, this is often used to reverse the sign of a number or to logically negate a Boolean value. The script demonstrates this with 'n equals minus n', changing the sign of n from positive to negative.

Highlights

Introduction to working with operators in Python.

Explanation of arithmetic operators: addition, subtraction, division, and modulus.

Demonstration of how to perform arithmetic operations with variables.

Introduction to assignment operators and their usage.

Example of incrementing a variable using a shortcut operator.

Explanation of how to perform compound assignments with multiplication and division.

Assignment of multiple variables in a single line of code.

Introduction to unary operators and their use in negating values.

Explanation of relational operators for comparing values.

Example of using 'less than' and 'greater than' operators.

Usage of 'equal to' and 'not equal to' operators for value comparison.

Combining relational operators to check for 'less than or equal to' and 'greater than or equal to'.

Introduction to logical operators and their role in combining conditions.

Explanation of the 'and' logical operator and its truth table.

Usage of the 'or' logical operator and its truth table.

Demonstration of the 'not' logical operator for negating conditions.

Emphasis on the importance of understanding logical operators for future programming concepts.

Encouragement for viewers to engage with the series and look forward to more complex coding topics.

Transcripts

[Music]

welcome back aliens my name is Ivan

vetti and let's continue with this

series on Python so till this point we

have covered a lot of stuff right we

know how to work with ible now we know

how to perform certain operations and in

this video we'll try to work with

operators now one of some of the

operators we have used white we have

worked with arithmetic operators which

is your addition subtraction division

right now we also have some more

operators which we are going to say in

this video so we'll talk about automatic

operators assignment operators

relational operators and logical

operators and we have one obvious unary

operator so let's start with automatic

in fact we have seen automatic right we

have worked with addition subtraction

they are very simple right so in fact we

have done that before

so I'll be using some variables here

let's say X equal to 2 and Y is equal to

3 so we got 2 variables and down to

perform certain operations and you can

do that right we have done that before

so you can say X plus y you can say X

minus y X multiplied by Y I guess I just

pressed full by mistake and then when

you say X divided by Y even that works

you can see record the output so this is

how you work with automatic operators we

have also seen how to use modulus now

next one is assignment and now you know

like how assignment works we can simply

say X equal to 8 and that's your

assignment operator so any way you use

equal to symbol

that's assignment but then let's try to

do something else what if I say I can

add two numbers like X equal to X plus 2

so what I am doing here is I am adding

the value X itself with 2 so which means

if my x value is let's say 2 plus 2

which is 4 right actually I get that's

what I am expecting here so if I say X

we got 4 now the same operation you can

do in a shortcut way you know we love

shortcuts so here also we have some

shortcuts which is if you want to do a

same thing you can say X I want to

increment okay what is increment

enhancing the values so you will say X

plus I want to increment myself with 2

so you can say X plus equal to 2 so you

are incrementing yourself by 2 and now

if I say X you can see because the value

which is set so which is so X was 4

initially

and then I'm incrementing by two again

so which we got six so instead of saying

X equal to X plus two we can say X plus

equal to two the same thing can be done

with subtraction division multiplication

let's try

so we'll say X multiplied equal to three

so what we are doing is we are

multiplying X by itself so X is six now

and when you say 6 into 3 we got 18 is

that yes that's right okay so this thing

is working you can do short and s but

you can try division and subtraction by

yourself can we do assignment like this

let's say we have two variables here a

and B I want to assign value let's say

five and six to a and B so we can write

in two lines all right we can say a

equal to 5 and B equal to 6 all you can

do that in one line you can say a comma

B is equal to 5 comma 6 so you can do

assignment in one line itself so if I

say enter there is no error if I try to

fetch the value of a which is 5 if you

want to try to try to fetch the value of

B which is 6 so yes you can assign the

values in one line for two variables so

that's about assignment operator now

with this let's move towards the next

operator which is a unary operator

now when I say unity operator it means

one right so we have binary coin set

which is to unity is 1 now how do you

work with unity operator on which one we

can use so let's say we have this

concept of negation right example if I

have a value which is 7 if I were to

negate it so what I will do is I will

use a variable which is n is equal to 7

so we got n as 7 now we can also use so

now we can negate it with the help of

minus n so when you say minus n so if I

if I say the value of NH to the 7 right

so what you can do is if you want to

assign the negative value you can say n

is equal to minus n and if I say enter

and if I print the value of n now which

is minus 7 so you can you know put a

negative sign just by giving a unit

operator which is - so that's your basic

operators assignment and unity the next

two operators which we have is or two

kinds of operators which we have is

logical operators and relational

operators they start with rational first

now what is relational now in fact we

have tons one of the thing before right

in one of this one of the video where we

can compare two numbers or we can

compare two stuff so smaller great

right or compel equal to so let's try

here so there again we'll go for two

variables here which is a and B which we

have done before and of course the value

of a is five and the value of B is six

so can I do this I want to check if a is

less than B so you can say a is less

than B and answer is yes right because a

is 5 and B is 6 so when I say enter now

it says true and if you remember we have

done that in boolean so it returns our

true and false so if we when you use

this angular symbol it's less than we

can also use greater than symbol right

now what if the value of a and B of

course they are not same so how do you

check for these say comparison if they

are same in because if we cannot use

single or single equal to because single

equal to means you are assigning it we

are not assigning here we are comparing

it so in that case you will be using

double equal to and then you will say B

and you can see the got false and of

course right a is 5 and B is 6 so of

course it will give you false now in

that case what you will do is you will

say let's change the value of a I will

say a is also 6

so now B is 6 a is 6 let's perform the

same same operation I will say a is

equal to equal to B and you can see we

got true now that same light so it will

give you true I want to check if a is

less than or equal to B can they do both

the same time less than and equal to yes

we can so we can say a less than equal

to B so we can use this symbol in fact

in maths we also have a symbol right so

the same way we have in programming we

can just put less than and equal to the

same thing will be done for greater than

equal to of course it's not greater

unless it's equal to so it will compare

either less or equal to and you can see

it works now we can also also check if

they are not equal now how do we check

not equal let's say something else and

be something else and I want to check if

there are if they're not equal in that

case you will use not equal to B so not

is explanation so in programming

remember this thing whenever you see

exclamation that's that's are not simple

so we got a not equal to B if I say

enter you can see we got false why false

is because your a is equal to P right so

when you say not equal to it it doesn't

make sense it it is false but yes the

value of a or b is let's say

7.now so we have a and B with different

values if I perform the same operation a

not equal to B you can see record true

right so this are called as relational

because you are trying to relate to

different values the next set we have is

logical operators

so before understanding what logical

operators are you to understand the

concept of true and false and relation

between so if you have two conditions

and if you want to come and if you want

to combine those two conditions now it

can be based on and or it can be based

on all or it can be not so basically we

have three operators here and all and

not now let's say we have two conditions

one is related to a or we can say if a

let me explain this shell once so let's

again start with variables we can say

here we got two variables will say a is

equal to 5 and B is equal to let's say 4

we got 2 variables okay and individually

I want to check their preference example

if a is less than 8 and I also want to

check B should not be greater than 5 how

do I check both and I want to make sure

that a should be less than 8 and B

should be less than 5

in that case you need to rewrite two

conditions one is a less than 8 and B is

less than 5 so we have two conditions

here what should I put in between so in

that case you can use a logical

operators which is and so I want to

compare I want to check both right so I

would say and and you can see we got

true because both are true now what if I

say I want to check if a is less than 8

and B is less than 2 what do you think

what is the output is it true or false

see now the first condition is true

right

and second is false because B is not

less than 2 in that case you will think

okay one exploit should give you true

but unfortunately get false

now why it's the case because for to

understand that we have a table here now

this table is also called a truth table

you can represent true with one and

Falls with zero this is how it looks

like so when you have let's say we have

x and y so X represents one condition

output and while present second an

output will compare this so if X is zero

and Y is 0 because both are false now in

that case the output would

be false right which is zero in this

case if x is 0 and Y is 1 in that case

you will get again false so you have to

make sure both are true

then only you will get true and you can

see the last one now so when you have

the last or when you have 1 and 1 then

you will get 1 so if both events are

true then only you will get true that's

the property of and so the same thing

can be done for all we also have odd now

this is how your all to table looks like

now in all what we have is so we have

the same table if you get at least one

condition true the resultant condition

will also be true right so in this case

if I if it is the same thing but not

with and with odd you can see the first

condition is true second is false in

that case you will get true so because

at least one is true so both the output

will be true so that's how your and and

all works we can also use and not here

now it is not not basically reverses

your output example let's see if I say X

is equal to true because that's a

resultant thing right okay my bad so if

I say X is equal to true so we got a

true value right and if I print X we've

got true but if I want to negate it what

I will do is I will use not X in that

case you will say you've got false right

so you can remove the operation you can

reverse a thing with with the help of

not in fact you can say X equal to

naught X now so the value of x is false

so initially the value of x was true now

you are making it false so that's how

you can use not now this is a logical

operation ok so when you have conditions

and if you want to compare two

conditions that's where we use logical

operators and all or not I can you will

be using this a lot in the further

videos when we talk about you know

different loop patterns we want to plane

something and then we will do somehow

missing stuff in that amazing stuff

we'll be using all these things just to

remind that whatever we are doing now is

just a foundation for you so that you

can work on complex codes right so be

with me we will have amazing fun in

future videos so I hope you are enjoying

this series let me know in the comments

section and that's a thanks for watching

everyone bye

you