02 Introduction to the History of Journalism – pre 1690
Summary
TLDRThis video explores the origins of journalism, tracing its roots to the Roman Empire's Acta Diurna and China's Dibao. It highlights the transformative impact of Johannes Gutenberg's printing press in 1454, which democratized news dissemination. Despite advancements, governments continued to censor and control the press, as seen with corantos in the 1620s and the Oxford Gazette in 1665. The video also touches on John Milton's advocacy for press freedom and the first newspaper in the Americas, Public Occurrences, which faced immediate censorship. The narrative sets the stage for the evolution of journalism from government control towards freedom of the press.
Takeaways
- 📜 The first instance of public news dissemination dates back to the Roman Empire around 130 BCE with the 'Acta Diurna', carved in stone and displayed in public places.
- 📰 In China, a similar practice of disseminating government news called 'Dibao' was used to inform local governors and the public about important events.
- 🔠 Johannes Gutenberg's invention of the printing press in 1454 revolutionized the way news was distributed by making text reproduction quicker and more accessible.
- 📖 The first book printed using the printing press was a Bible in 1455, marking a significant milestone in the history of printed media.
- 📜 Despite the technological advancements, governments continued to control and censor the content of newspapers to propagate their own narratives.
- 📰 The 'Corantos' of the 1620s in Europe were single-page newsletters that were censored by governments to prevent the spread of information they deemed unfavorable.
- 🗣️ John Milton's 'Areopagitica' in 1644 advocated for press freedom, emphasizing the importance of allowing people to report news without government interference.
- 📰 The 'Oxford Gazette', established in 1665, is recognized as the oldest newspaper printed in English and played a role in informing the public about significant events like the Great Fire of London.
- 🌴 'Public Occurrences', published in Boston in 1690, was the first newspaper in the Americas but was censored and only had one edition published.
- 🚫 Early journalism was characterized by government control and censorship of newspapers, limiting the information available to the public.
- 🔍 The script promises to explore the subsequent history of journalism and the steps towards a free press, independent of government control, in the next video.
Q & A
What was the first time people received news in a public format?
-The first time people received news in a public format was during the Roman Empire around 130 BCE with the 'Acta Diurna,' which were daily events carved into stone and displayed in public places.
What was the Chinese equivalent to the Roman 'Acta Diurna'?
-The Chinese equivalent to the Roman 'Acta Diurna' were 'dibao,' which were government reports sent to local governors who then shared some information with the local people.
Who was the inventor of the printing press, and in what year did he start using it?
-Johannes Gutenberg was the inventor of the printing press, and he started using it in 1454.
What significant book did Gutenberg print a year after he started using the printing press?
-Gutenberg printed a copy of the Bible a year after he started using the printing press, which was the first book printed in this manner.
How did the invention of the printing press change the way people received news?
-The invention of the printing press made it much quicker and cheaper to print texts, allowing almost anybody to do it, although governments still controlled what was written.
What were 'corantos' and how were they related to the early journalism in Europe?
-'Corantos' were single-page newsletters written in the 1620s in Europe, covering wars and other news, but they were censored by governments who wanted them to print only propaganda.
Who was John Milton, and what did he advocate for in his speech 'Areopagitica'?
-John Milton was a famous poet who, in his speech 'Areopagitica' published in 1644, called for the freedom of the press, advocating that people should be able to report the news without government interference.
What is the significance of the 'Oxford Gazette' in the history of English newspapers?
-The 'Oxford Gazette,' which began in 1665, is significant as it is the oldest newspaper printed in English, and many people learned about the Great Fire of London from it.
When was the first newspaper in the Americas published, and where was it published?
-The first newspaper in the Americas, 'Public Occurrences,' was published in Boston in 1690.
Why was the publication of 'Public Occurrences' in the Americas censored and resulted in only one edition?
-The publication of 'Public Occurrences' was censored immediately because the authorities did not like what was being printed, resulting in only one edition ever being published.
What was the general attitude of governments towards newspapers in the early history of journalism?
-In the early history of journalism, governments wanted to control the information that people received and censored newspapers when they did not like the content being printed.
Outlines
📰 Origins of Journalism and Early News Dissemination
This paragraph delves into the origins of journalism, tracing back to the Roman Empire around 130 BCE with the 'Acta Diurna', which were daily events inscribed on stone for public consumption. It highlights the Chinese government's use of 'dibao', government reports distributed to local governors and shared with the populace. The paragraph also discusses Johannes Gutenberg's invention of the printing press in 1454, which revolutionized news dissemination by making it quicker and more accessible. It touches on the early forms of censorship by governments in Europe during the 1620s through 'corantos', single-page newsletters, and John Milton's advocacy for press freedom in his 1644 speech 'Aeropagitica'. The paragraph concludes with the establishment of the 'Oxford Gazette' in 1665, the oldest English newspaper, and the censorship of the first newspaper in the Americas, 'Public Occurrences', published in 1690 in Boston.
🛡️ Government Control and the Fight for Press Freedom
The second paragraph focuses on the historical attempts by governments to control the information disseminated through newspapers, often through censorship. It sets the stage for the subsequent video, which will explore the evolution of the press towards becoming an independent entity, free from governmental control. The paragraph briefly mentions the continuation of the history of journalism post-1690, indicating a progression towards greater freedom of the press and the significance of this development in the field of journalism.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Journalism
💡Acta Diurna
💡Dibao
💡Johannes Gutenberg
💡Printing Press
💡Corantos
💡Censorship
💡John Milton
💡Oxford Gazette
💡Public Occurrences
💡Press Freedom
Highlights
The origin of journalism dates back to the Roman Empire with the Acta Diurna, carved into stone and displayed in public places.
In China, the government used 'dibao' to communicate with local governors and share information with the public.
Johannes Gutenberg's invention of the printing press in 1454 revolutionized the dissemination of news through mass-produced texts.
Gutenberg's first printed work was a Bible, marking a significant milestone in the history of printed media.
Governments initially controlled the content of newspapers, censoring information they deemed unfavorable.
Corantos, single-page newsletters, were written in the 1620s to report on wars and other news, but were heavily censored by governments.
John Milton's 'Areopagitica' advocated for press freedom, influencing modern journalism principles but not immediately changing government control.
The Oxford Gazette, established in 1665, is the oldest continuously printed newspaper in English.
The Great Fire of London was reported in the Oxford Gazette, demonstrating the newspaper's role in informing the public about significant events.
Public Occurrences, the first newspaper in the Americas, faced immediate censorship, resulting in only one published edition.
The early history of journalism was characterized by government control and censorship of newspapers.
The video promises to explore the steps towards a free press, independent of government control, in the subsequent episode.
The Acta Diurna and dibao exemplify early forms of public communication by governments to inform their citizens.
Gutenberg's printing press made printing texts quicker and more accessible, though governments continued to control the content.
Milton's 'Areopagitica' is a foundational text for press freedom, emphasizing the importance of unrestricted news reporting.
The Oxford Gazette's coverage of the Great Fire of London highlights the evolving role of newspapers in reporting current events.
The censorship of Public Occurrences in the Americas underscores the challenges faced by early newspapers in maintaining editorial independence.
Transcripts
welcome to unit one
the history of journalism
in this video we will look at the
origins that is the beginnings of
journalism and talk about the ways in
which journalism was originally used by
governments to send their messages to
the people
try to take notes on the dates and names
you hear
because this will help you play the game
that follows these videos
right
let's begin
the first time that people received the
news was back during the times of the
roman empire
in around
130
bce
before the year zero
the daily events
called acta diurna in latin were carved
into stone and put up in public places
such as a market square so that people
could read them
people could read about births and
deaths marriages and the results of
legal trials
around the same time in china a similar
thing was happening
the chinese government sent out messages
called dibao
meaning government report
to local governors people who were in
charge of an area
they then shared some of the information
with the local people
for over a thousand years
people got the news this way
until a german man
called johannes gutenberg
invented a machine that created many
pages of text
very quickly
the machine had small metal parts that
moved so that any text could be created
and then many identical copies made
he called this machine the printing
press in the year 1454
gutenberg began to use his printing
press
and a year later he printed a copy of
the bible
the first book printed like this
gutenberg's invention changed the way
that people got their news
it was now much quicker and cheaper to
print texts and almost anybody could do
it
however
governments still controlled what people
wrote
in europe in the 1620s
people wrote single-page newsletters
called corianthos
writing about wars and other interesting
news
however
governments censored them
meaning that they stopped people writing
about topics they didn't like
the governments wanted these coiantos
to only print propaganda
that is information that helped the
government
in england in 1644
john milton a famous poet
wrote and published arieo pagetica
this speech called for the freedom of
the press
meaning that people should be able to
report the news without government
trying to stop them
many of the ideas that milton wrote
about are very important to the modern
principles of journalism
but it didn't really change the way that
governments controlled information in
newspapers
at that time
in 1665 a newspaper called the oxford
gazette
began in england
the oldest newspaper printed in english
many people learned about the great fire
of london a year later by reading about
it in this newspaper
people can still read this newspaper
today
public occurrences
the first newspaper in the americas was
published in boston
in 1690
it contained only four pages
and was supposed to be published every
month
however it was censored immediately
and only one edition
was ever published
as we have seen in this video
in the early history of journalism
governments wanted to control the
information that people received
the authorities censored newspapers when
they did not like what was being printed
in the next video
we will look at the steps that allowed
the press to become free
not controlled by the government
in the next video we will look at the
history of journalism after 1690.
you
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Journalism & Backgrounds
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