WHAT IS POP CULTURE? [AUDIO]

Shiela Guinal
4 Jan 202120:41

Summary

TLDRThis lesson delves into the concept of pop culture as mass culture, tracing its roots back to historical debates and the Roman Empire's 'bread and circuses.' It discusses the evolution of pop culture from being seen as inferior to its modern interpretation as widely liked by many. Key themes include the origins of pop culture, the impact of commercialization, and its ideological role in society. The script raises questions about whether pop culture is a genuine expression of the masses or a tool for social control, and how it interacts with political regimes and mass media.

Takeaways

  • 🌐 Pop culture is a mass culture that has evolved over time and is not a contemporary phenomenon, with roots traced back to the 16th and 17th centuries.
  • 🎪 The term 'bread and circuses' from the Roman Empire describes extravagant entertainment used to divert attention from social issues, reflecting early forms of mass culture.
  • 🏙️ Modern pop culture is often associated with national consciousness, as seen in the Philippines where beauty pageants contribute to a sense of national identity.
  • 🔄 The perception of 'popular' has shifted from being seen from the elite's perspective to that of the common people, indicating a cultural shift in what is considered popular.
  • 📚 Early definitions of popular culture were often associated with inferior or low-quality works, contrasting with 'quality' literature or journalism.
  • 🎭 Pop culture can be seen as a deliberate attempt to win favor, with examples such as pop journalism being viewed as less intellectually rigorous than its democratic counterpart.
  • 🤔 The script raises questions about the origins of pop culture, whether it emerges from the people or is imposed from above as a form of social control.
  • 💰 The influence of commercialization and industrialization on pop culture is highlighted, questioning whether profitability takes precedence over quality and artistry.
  • 🛍️ The mass production of pop culture raises concerns about whether popular products are genuinely desired by the public or are manufactured to create a sense of need.
  • 🧠 The ideological role of pop culture is examined, questioning whether it serves to indoctrinate people with values that maintain the dominance of the privileged.
  • 🚫 The script discusses the potential dangers of mass media in transmitting and inculcating official ideologies, such as those seen in fascist regimes, and the risk of mass propaganda.

Q & A

  • What is the definition of pop culture according to the script?

    -Pop culture is defined as mass culture, which has evolved from being associated with inferior or vulgar works to being well-liked by many people and is often a reflection of national consciousness.

  • How does the script trace the origins of debates over mass culture?

    -The script traces the origins of debates over mass culture back to the writings of Pascal and Montaign in the 16th and 17th centuries, and even further to the 'bread and circuses' of the Roman Empire.

  • What is the term 'bread and circuses' used to describe in the context of the script?

    -The term 'bread and circuses' refers to extravagant and expensive events or entertainment provided by the Roman Empire to divert attention from discontent and issues among the common people.

  • How is pop culture associated with national consciousness, as per the script?

    -Pop culture is associated with national consciousness through examples like the Philippines, where the success of Filipinas in beauty pageants is tied to a sense of Filipino identity and pride.

  • What shift in perspective regarding the term 'popular' occurred in the 18th and 19th centuries according to the script?

    -The shift in perspective was that 'popular' began to be seen from the point of view of the common people rather than the rich, elite, or upper class, indicating that the definition of popular was coming from the masses themselves.

  • What are the two older meanings of 'popular' culture mentioned in the script?

    -The two older meanings of 'popular' culture are: 1) inferior or vulgar kinds of works, such as popular literature compared to quality press, and 2) works that deliberately set out to win favor, such as pop journalism versus democratic journalism.

  • What are the three related themes to consider when discussing the development of the idea of pop culture?

    -The three themes are: 1) determining what or who defines popular culture, 2) the influence of commercialization and industrialization on popular culture, and 3) the ideological role of popular culture in society.

  • What questions should be asked regarding the source of pop culture?

    -Questions to ask include whether pop culture emerges from the people as an autonomous expression of their interests and experiences, or if it is imposed from above as a form of social control, and whether it arises from the lower class, the upper class, or a combination of both.

  • How does commercialization and industrialization influence the quality of popular culture?

    -Commercialization and industrialization may lead to a focus on profitability and marketability over quality, artistry, integrity, and intellectual challenge, raising questions about the true popularity and value of mass-produced cultural products.

  • What role does modern mass media play in the context of pop culture and political regimes?

    -Modern mass media can be used for mass propaganda by political regimes, transmitting and inculcating official ideologies, and potentially repressing alternative ideas or opposition if there are no countervailing political organizations.

  • How did the concept of mass society influence the perception of mass media and mass culture in capitalist societies?

    -The concept of mass society led to fears and anxieties among intellectuals about the rise of mass culture, which in turn informed debates and discussions about the role and impact of mass media and culture in society.

Outlines

00:00

🎪 Origins and Debates of Pop Culture

This paragraph delves into the historical roots of pop culture, tracing debates back to the 16th and 17th centuries with references to Pascal and Montan. It discusses the emergence of pop culture during the rise of the market economy and its relation to the 'bread and circuses' of the Roman Empire, which served to distract the populace from social issues. The modern concept of pop culture is tied to national consciousness, exemplified by the Filipino pride in beauty pageants. The paragraph also highlights a shift in perspective during the 18th and 19th centuries, where 'popular' began to be seen from the viewpoint of the masses rather than the elite, and touches on the early meanings of 'popular' as inferior or deliberately favor-winning, such as in the comparison between 'Twilight' and 'The Great Gatsby'.

05:01

🤔 The Source and Influence of Pop Culture

The second paragraph explores the origins of pop culture, questioning whether it arises autonomously from the people or is imposed by those in power as a form of social control. It examines the influence of commercialization and industrialization on the quality and integrity of cultural products, pondering whether profitability takes precedence over artistry. The paragraph also contemplates whether popular culture is genuinely desired by the masses or manufactured by capitalists to create a sense of need. Lastly, it raises the question of whether mass-produced pop culture can maintain its quality and intellectual value.

10:05

🏛 The Ideological Role of Pop Culture

This paragraph examines the ideological role of pop culture, questioning whether it serves to indoctrinate people with ideas and values that ensure the continued dominance of the privileged. It explores whether pop culture is a form of rebellion or if it reinforces the status quo. The discussion includes the role of modern mass media in propagating official ideologies and the potential dangers of mass media's ability to control and broadcast messages to large audiences. The paragraph also touches on historical examples, such as the Nazi regime's use of culture and art for propaganda, and the fear of commercialization and mass media's potential for repression.

15:06

📻 The Impact of Mass Media on Pop Culture

The fourth paragraph discusses the impact of mass media on pop culture, focusing on how modern media like cinema, radio, and the internet have been used for mass propaganda by political regimes. It highlights the concerns about the commercialization of culture and the potential for media to transmit and inculcate official ideologies, such as fascist ideologies characterized by authoritarian control. The paragraph also addresses the role of mass media in the absence of countervailing political organizations, leading to mass propaganda and repression, as illustrated by the Nazi regime's control over cultural and artistic expressions during the 1936 Berlin Olympics.

20:06

🌐 The Continued Dominance of American Pop Culture

In the final paragraph, the discussion turns to the continued dominance of American pop culture and its impact on mass culture. It raises questions about the nature of mass culture and reflects on the historical and ongoing influence of American pop culture globally. The paragraph suggests that despite the emergence of new cultural phenomena, such as the Beatles and One Direction, the overarching influence of American pop culture persists, indicating a complex interplay between cultural dominance and global reception.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Pop Culture

Pop culture, short for popular culture, refers to the ideas, perspectives, attitudes, and cultural objects that are widely consumed by the general public. In the video, pop culture is discussed as a mass culture that has evolved over time and is deeply intertwined with commercialization and media. It is exemplified by phenomena like beauty pageants in the Philippines, linking national identity with pop culture figures.

💡Mass Media

Mass media is the means of communication that reaches a large audience, such as television, radio, cinema, and the internet. The script discusses the role of mass media in the propagation of pop culture and its potential for both commercialization and ideological influence, such as during the rise of fascism in the 1930s.

💡Commercialization

Commercialization is the process by which culture and art become products that are produced and sold for profit. The video script addresses the impact of commercialization on pop culture, questioning whether profitability takes precedence over quality and artistry, and how it shapes the cultural products we consume.

💡Ideological Role

The ideological role of pop culture pertains to the way it can influence people's beliefs, values, and behaviors. The script explores whether pop culture serves to reinforce the dominance of the privileged or if it can act as a form of resistance or rebellion against prevailing social orders.

💡Market Economy

A market economy is an economic system in which the production and distribution of goods are determined by supply and demand, with minimal government intervention. The video script traces the origins of pop culture debates back to the rise of the market economy, suggesting a historical context for the commodification of culture.

💡Folk Culture

Folk culture refers to the traditional beliefs, customs, and practices of a community that are passed down through generations. The script contrasts folk culture with modern pop culture, indicating a shift from culture as an organic expression of a community to one that is mass-produced and widely disseminated.

💡National Consciousness

National consciousness is the awareness and identification of one's own nation and its cultural identity. The video uses the example of Filipino beauty pageant winners to illustrate how pop culture can become a part of national consciousness, reflecting a country's pride and identity on the global stage.

💡Industrialization

Industrialization is the period of social and economic change that follows the development of the ability to use machinery to produce goods on a large scale. The script discusses how industrialization has transformed the production of cultural goods, making them commodities that can be mass-produced and sold for profit.

💡Cultural Products

Cultural products are items that have cultural significance or are used to express cultural values and ideas. The video script examines the transformation of cultural products into commodities in the context of pop culture, raising questions about the balance between commercial viability and artistic integrity.

💡Social Control

Social control refers to the mechanisms by which society influences and directs individual behavior to conform to societal norms and values. The script suggests that pop culture could be a tool of social control, potentially used by those in power to shape the attitudes and behaviors of the masses.

💡Mass Propaganda

Mass propaganda is the dissemination of information, ideas, or rumors to influence the attitudes of a large group of people, often for political purposes. The video discusses the role of mass media in propagating ideologies, such as during the Nazi regime in Germany, where cultural and artistic expressions were used to promote and sustain fascist ideologies.

Highlights

Pop culture is defined as mass culture, emerging from the commercialization of culture and leisure.

Debate over mass culture dates back to the 16th and 17th centuries, traced to writings of Pascal and Montan.

The term 'bread and circuses' from the Roman Empire refers to extravagant entertainment to divert public attention from discontent.

Modern pop culture is associated with national consciousness, exemplified by Filipinos' pride in beauty pageants.

The shift in perspective in the 18th and 19th centuries saw 'popular' as defined by the masses rather than the elite.

Early meanings of 'popular' were associated with inferior or vulgar works, contrasting with 'quality' literature.

Pop culture was also viewed as a deliberate attempt to win favor, such as pop journalism versus democratic journalism.

Today, 'popular' is understood as well-liked by many, distinct from past definitions focusing on inferiority or deliberate favor-winning.

Three key themes in the development of pop culture include determining what constitutes pop culture, its sources, and reasons behind its production.

Questions about whether pop culture emerges autonomously from the people or is imposed as a form of social control are central to its study.

The influence of commercialization and industrialization on pop culture raises concerns about the precedence of profitability over quality.

The ideological role of pop culture is examined, questioning whether it indoctrinates people to accept dominant ideas and values.

Turning points in pop culture from the 1920s to 1930s include the advent of cinema, radio, and the rise of fascism.

Modern mass media's role in transmitting and inculcating official ideologies, such as fascist ideologies, is highlighted.

The potential for mass media to serve as a tool for mass propaganda in the absence of countervailing political organizations is discussed.

The concept of mass society has been a significant perspective on the role of mass media and culture in modern capitalist societies.

The dominance of American pop culture and its impact on global mass culture, from the Beatles to contemporary artists, is noted.

Transcripts

play00:00

welcome to lesson 1.1

play00:03

introduction to pop culture

play00:06

pop culture is mass culture

play00:10

the rise of mass media commercialization

play00:13

of culture and leisure gave birth to

play00:16

many issues

play00:18

interests and debates but

play00:21

these issues interests and debates

play00:25

are not very contemporary they have

play00:27

actually started way back

play00:29

years ago and this debate is

play00:32

not new anymore if we talk about debates

play00:35

over mass culture

play00:37

in fact according to lavendal

play00:40

he has traced arguments back to the

play00:42

writings of pascal and montan in the

play00:44

16th

play00:45

and 17th centuries it has emerged

play00:49

during the rise of market economy

play00:53

and it has always been with us

play00:57

he traced it and related to the bread

play00:59

and circuses

play01:01

during the time of the roman empire this

play01:03

bread and circuses

play01:05

is a term to refer to a very extravagant

play01:08

and expensive event or entertainment

play01:12

as provided by the roman empire in order

play01:16

to divert the attention or to cover up

play01:19

some discontent and issues

play01:22

us and the satisfaction felt

play01:26

by the common people in the empire

play01:31

and it has also been traced

play01:35

way back in the late 18th century

play01:39

and the modern idea of pop culture is

play01:41

always associated with a national

play01:43

consciousness

play01:44

wherein popular culture is

play01:47

turned into a national culture

play01:50

for example in the philippines the

play01:53

weaning of

play01:55

beauty pageants by filipinas in

play01:59

prestigious

play02:00

and popular beauty pageants such as miss

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universe

play02:03

a lot of filipinos would always

play02:05

associate there being a filipino

play02:08

the consciousness of being a filipino

play02:12

to the popularity of these filipinas

play02:15

who won in beauty pageants

play02:20

so issues about mass culture

play02:24

is not just today it has started

play02:27

way back however

play02:31

there was this shift in perspective in

play02:33

the 18th

play02:34

and 19th century popular meant

play02:38

being seen from the point of view of the

play02:41

people

play02:42

rather than being seen from the point of

play02:45

view of

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the rich the elite or the upper class

play02:50

so the definition of popular is already

play02:53

coming from the masses

play02:54

or the common people however

play02:58

its early and earlier sense have

play03:01

remained

play03:02

popular culture was not identified by

play03:05

the people

play03:06

but by others there were two

play03:10

older meanings the first one is

play03:15

inferior kinds of vulgar such as popular

play03:18

literature

play03:20

popular press versus quality press

play03:24

such as for example if we compare

play03:27

the popular literature twilight and the

play03:31

quality

play03:32

kind of literature the great gatsby

play03:36

they would always associate popular

play03:39

culture to inferior kinds of work

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such as popular literature

play03:47

second it works deliberately

play03:51

setting out to win favor so they would

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always associate

play03:55

pop culture as a way to deliberately

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set out to win faber such as

play04:04

pop journalism versus democratic

play04:06

journalism or popular entertainment

play04:09

[Music]

play04:12

journalism about popular people popular

play04:16

events social events or

play04:19

popular gatherings are always being

play04:21

frowned upon by some people

play04:24

or being looked down by some people as

play04:26

something an intellectual or of

play04:28

lower there's discourse as compared to

play04:32

journalisms that are actually

play04:36

discussing social issues or serious

play04:40

issues for that matter

play04:43

however today the modern sense

play04:46

of popular culture or

play04:49

popular means well liked

play04:52

by many people so the recent sense of

play04:56

popular culture

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as the culture actually made by people

play05:01

for themselves is different from all of

play05:03

these

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it is often displaced to the past as

play05:07

folk culture

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but it is also an important modern

play05:10

emphasis

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so we have already departed from the

play05:14

traditional definition of

play05:16

pop culture although some

play05:19

ideas about it remain but

play05:22

it has evolved already into this

play05:25

definition

play05:26

which is well liked by many people

play05:30

but if we talk about pop culture we have

play05:33

to consider

play05:36

various concepts or themes

play05:39

such as these three related themes

play05:42

that we have to consider if we talk

play05:44

about the development

play05:46

of the idea of pop culture what are

play05:49

these three

play05:51

first we have to know

play05:55

what or who determines popular culture

play06:00

we have to ask where does

play06:03

pop culture come from

play06:06

who provides pop culture who is the

play06:09

source

play06:10

and why why do they

play06:13

produce these popular cultural products

play06:19

we have to ask and reflect on certain

play06:21

questions

play06:22

such as does popular culture emerge

play06:27

from the people themselves as an

play06:30

autonomous expression of their interests

play06:32

and modes of experience

play06:36

do you think it comes from the people

play06:37

themselves because they just wanted to

play06:39

express

play06:40

their ideas what they are interested

play06:44

and what their experiences are or

play06:47

is it imposed from above

play06:51

from someone in power from someone in

play06:53

authority

play06:55

as a type of social control

play06:58

do they produce popular culture in order

play07:01

to control the minds

play07:04

of others or of the common people

play07:09

another is this popular culture rise up

play07:12

from the people below from the lower

play07:15

class

play07:16

from the masses or does it come from the

play07:19

elites

play07:19

on high or from

play07:22

the educated ones or is it

play07:26

rather a question of an interaction

play07:29

between the two

play07:32

so where does pop culture come from from

play07:34

below

play07:36

from the lower class from the upper

play07:38

class

play07:39

or is it a combination of both an

play07:43

interaction a product of the interaction

play07:46

of the lower class and

play07:48

the upper class so we have to consider

play07:51

these things

play07:52

when we discuss or talk about pop

play07:56

culture

play07:57

another the influence of

play08:01

commercialization

play08:02

and industrialization upon popular

play08:05

culture

play08:08

we have to ask these questions does the

play08:11

emergence of

play08:12

culture in commodity forms mean

play08:15

that the criteria of profitability and

play08:18

marketability

play08:19

take precedence over quality artistry

play08:23

integrity and intellectual challenge

play08:28

so do we prefer profit

play08:34

and trading over the quality artistry

play08:37

integrity and intellectual aspect of a

play08:39

particular product

play08:43

thus the increasingly universal market

play08:46

for pop culture

play08:47

ensure that it is truly popular

play08:51

because it makes available commodities

play08:55

people actually want are the popular

play08:58

products that you know today

play09:00

anything that you can think of anything

play09:01

that is popular

play09:04

is it produced or is it increasingly

play09:06

becoming popular because

play09:08

this is what the people really wanted

play09:13

do we really want these popular products

play09:15

around us

play09:18

or is it something that

play09:22

the capitalists are providing us

play09:25

and making us feel that we want it

play09:29

or we need it

play09:33

another question is what wins out when

play09:36

popular culture is manufactured

play09:38

industrially

play09:39

and sold according to the criteria of

play09:42

marketability and profitability

play09:45

what wins is it commerce or quality

play09:49

is it trading is it the buying or

play09:51

selling

play09:52

or the durability

play09:56

the quality of the product what wins

play10:01

when popular culture is manufactured

play10:04

when there is a mass production of

play10:07

popular culture

play10:09

so we have to consider these questions

play10:12

and lastly

play10:14

we have to look at the ideological role

play10:16

of popular culture

play10:18

we have to ask ourselves is popular

play10:21

culture there

play10:23

to indoctrinate the people to get them

play10:26

to accept

play10:27

and adhere to ideas and values which

play10:30

ensure the continued dominance of those

play10:32

in more privileged positions

play10:34

who this exercise power over them

play10:39

so are we given

play10:42

this popular culture are are these

play10:45

being imposed upon us in order for us to

play10:48

accept these

play10:49

and adhere to these ideas and values

play10:53

just so the dominant

play10:56

idea of those who are in power

play11:00

is being sustained

play11:06

what do you think so that they can

play11:08

continue to exert their dominance over

play11:12

us

play11:15

is popular culture about rebellion and

play11:18

opposition to the prevailing social

play11:20

order

play11:21

or status quo but what is the status quo

play11:24

anyway

play11:25

what is the prevailing social order

play11:27

anyway

play11:30

why is pop culture somehow a form of a

play11:33

rebellion or opposition

play11:35

or is it even a rebellion or an

play11:40

opposition

play11:42

does pop culture express in however

play11:46

an imperceptible subtle and rudimentary

play11:48

manner

play11:50

resistance to those in power is pop

play11:53

culture a resistance

play11:54

to those in power is pop culture

play11:58

as a version of dominant ways of

play12:00

thinking and acting

play12:02

does it undermine those who are in power

play12:07

does it question those who are in power

play12:12

so we have to consider these questions

play12:15

when we discuss or think or talk about

play12:18

pop culture why

play12:22

pop culture has a role to play in the

play12:25

society

play12:29

it was born because something

play12:34

is present in the society that has to be

play12:36

addressed

play12:37

it was not just born out of nothing

play12:40

it it gave rise it includes plenty of

play12:45

issues it includes plenty of

play12:48

ideological ideas it includes

play12:52

trading commerce profitability

play12:56

market so it does not come out of

play12:59

nowhere

play13:00

it has certain value

play13:04

the existence of pop culture and our

play13:06

society

play13:07

means something and we have to locate

play13:10

and point that out

play13:14

but of course there are also turning

play13:16

points if we talk about pop culture

play13:20

in the 1920s to 1930s the turning points

play13:23

in the study and evaluation of pop

play13:25

culture

play13:27

started in the coming of cinema

play13:30

radio mass production and consumption

play13:34

of culture the rise of fascism

play13:37

and the maturing of liberal democracies

play13:40

in western societies

play13:42

these ideas set the agendas

play13:46

of debates

play13:51

culture became infinitely reproducible

play13:54

via industrial production according to

play13:57

benjamin

play13:58

it posed problems for traditional ideas

play14:02

so the birth of popular culture

play14:04

threatened traditional ideas

play14:07

about the role particularly about the

play14:08

role of culture and art in society

play14:11

so there were changes in the positioning

play14:14

of culture and art in society

play14:17

when pop culture was born

play14:22

cultural products from cars to films

play14:26

became commercial products

play14:29

again these are originally cultural

play14:32

products

play14:33

but because of mass production

play14:37

industrialization they became commercial

play14:40

products

play14:41

but if we think about it if we go back

play14:44

to

play14:45

the birth of cinema radio if you think

play14:48

about it

play14:49

it will lead us into asking

play14:52

what is the role of modern mass media

play14:56

if we talk about pop culture

play15:01

well modern mass media such as the

play15:04

popular press

play15:05

cinema and radio they tend to fuel

play15:09

fears about the commercialization of

play15:12

culture

play15:14

and also they raised concerns about the

play15:17

potential

play15:18

they conferred upon the political

play15:20

regimes of

play15:22

for mass propaganda you know popular

play15:25

press

play15:26

the cinema radio and of course

play15:29

television

play15:30

today we have the internet we have the

play15:31

social media

play15:33

they were being used by political

play15:36

regimes

play15:38

for mass propaganda

play15:42

and also there was a fear about

play15:46

the commercialization of culture because

play15:48

of these

play15:50

media aside from that

play15:57

this modern mass media transmits

play16:00

and inculcates the official ideology

play16:04

what are these ideologies example

play16:06

fascist ideologies

play16:08

what do you mean by fascist ideologies

play16:11

those

play16:11

are those which are authoritarian

play16:15

dictatorial powers those

play16:18

that suppress us or silences

play16:22

the regime that suppresses or silences

play16:24

the opposition

play16:26

forcibly suppressing them

play16:29

because they could be controlled

play16:31

centrally

play16:32

and broadcast to the population at large

play16:35

the thing about

play16:36

mass media is that there could only be

play16:39

one person one journalist

play16:41

one broadcaster in one

play16:46

tv station or radio station or

play16:49

newspaper for example but let's take

play16:53

for example television one person

play16:56

one tv station and that person

play17:00

could broadcast could transmit and could

play17:03

inculcate

play17:05

certain ideologies to

play17:09

millions of filipinos that's how it

play17:12

works

play17:12

that's why this is dangerous

play17:17

and that is one of the role that modern

play17:20

mass media

play17:22

play if we talk about pop culture

play17:25

and its relation to political regimes

play17:30

another is that the absence of

play17:32

countervailing political organizations

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if nobody questions if nobody

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opposes if nobody counters

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a certain ideology or a certain idea

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mass media

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becomes a mass propaganda and it becomes

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mass repression for example

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in the 1930s in nazi

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regime in germany they established

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official nazi ideology in

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all areas of culture and art

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and they eradicate alternative political

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and aesthetic ideologies just like

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during the olympics in berlin in 1936

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everything all the cultural

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and artistic displays were all

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emblems or are all symbols of the nazi

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why the aim was to enlist the help of

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intellectuals

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writers novelists poets painters

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sculptors musicians academicians

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architects etc

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those who are educated or who are

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equipped with

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talents they were used by the nazi to

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ensure

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that the nazi ideology prevailed as nazi

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aesthetics

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so there was only nazi poster

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nothing else nazi paintings

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nazi sculptures

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nazi music everything

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is inspired by the nazi ideology the

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concept of mass society has formed one

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important perspective

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on the role of mass media and mass

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culture in modern capitalist societies

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such as in the uk i mean the popularity

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of the beatles

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in hollywood being the source of

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many films

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it has been the fears and anxieties of

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intellectuals

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in society such as britain and america

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about the rise of what they have seen as

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a mass society and a mass culture

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which have served to organize and inform

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the debates about these developments

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but even that after the beatles there

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was there

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was still one direction and if you think

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about it there is still a continued

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dominance of

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american pop culture until today

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in the past and until today it has never

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actually stopped

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but if we think about it if we talk

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about

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pop culture as mass culture

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it leads us into asking

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what is mass culture anyway

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Related Tags
Pop CultureMass MediaCommercializationNational IdentityCultural DebatesHistorical ContextMarket EconomyRoman EmpireMedia InfluenceIdeological RoleCultural Rebellion