SEGUNDO REINADO: o início do fim | RESUMO DE HISTÓRIA PARA O ENEM

Summary

The video script explores the political and social factors that led to the crisis of the Second Empire in Brazil and the eventual proclamation of the Republic in 1889. It discusses the abolitionist movement, the impact of the 1888 Golden Law ending slavery, and the division between coffee producers who supported the empire and those who favored republican ideals. It also delves into the conflict between Emperor Dom Pedro II and the Catholic Church over the Syllabus error, the rise of republican sentiment in Brazil, especially among military elites influenced by European positivism, and the broader global shift towards republicanism.

Takeaways

• 😀 The abolition of slavery in Brazil was a pivotal event in the decline of the Second Empire, culminating in the proclamation of the Republic in 1889.
• 😀 The abolitionists were divided into two groups: one supporting Dom Pedro II and the traditional slave-based economy, and the other advocating for republican ideals and using immigrant labor.
• 😀 The end of slavery in 1888 led to the loss of support from slave-owning landowners who had previously supported the monarchy, further weakening Dom Pedro II's rule.
• 😀 The Catholic Church became a significant force against the monarchy due to the conflict between Dom Pedro II and the Pope over the Syllabus of Errors, which forbade members of the Freemasonry from being Catholics.
• 😀 The growing republican ideals were influenced by the political climate in Europe and the Americas, with the United States and neighboring countries like Uruguay already being republics.
• 😀 The Republican Manifesto, issued in 1870 in São Paulo, articulated the desire to align Brazil with the republican nations of the Americas, emphasizing elections and republican government structures.
• 😀 The Brazilian military played a critical role in the republican movement, particularly after the War of Paraguay, where the army gained significant moral standing but felt neglected by Dom Pedro II.
• 😀 The introduction of positivism, a philosophy focused on order and progress, was adopted by the Brazilian military as a key ideological tool against the monarchy and as part of the broader republican agenda.
• 😀 The positivist ideals, symbolized by the phrase 'Order and Progress' on Brazil's flag, became central to the political and social movement that led to the downfall of the monarchy.
• 😀 The military, particularly through figures like Marshal Deodoro and Marshal Floriano, were key leaders in the transition from monarchy to republic, eventually leading to the proclamation of the Brazilian Republic in November 1889.

Q & A

What major event in 1888 significantly contributed to the crisis of the Second Reign in Brazil?

The abolition of slavery in 1888 through the Lei Áurea was a key event that contributed to the crisis. It led to a division among coffee growers, as some supported abolition and others, who relied on slave labor, did not.

How did the abolition of slavery impact the coffee industry in Brazil?

The abolition of slavery caused a split in the coffee industry. Some coffee growers, particularly those who had started using European immigrant labor, opposed Dom Pedro II and supported the Republic. On the other hand, those still dependent on slave labor, especially in regions like the Vale do Paraíba, felt alienated by the loss of slavery and withdrew their support for the monarchy.

Why did the Catholic Church become a significant opponent of Dom Pedro II?

The Catholic Church opposed Dom Pedro II due to a conflict arising from the Papal Bull 'Syllabus,' which prohibited Freemasons from being part of the Church. Dom Pedro II, being both Catholic and a Freemason, rejected the papal decree, further straining his relationship with the Church and leading to their support for the Republican movement.

What role did the Italian unification have in the political crisis in Brazil?

The Italian unification led to the Papal Bull 'Syllabus,' which had a direct impact in Brazil. The papal decree was seen as an attack on Freemasons, and as Dom Pedro II was both a Catholic and a Freemason, this created tension between the emperor and the Catholic Church, contributing to the political instability in Brazil.

How did the Republic movement in Brazil connect with other countries in the Americas?

The Republican movement in Brazil was inspired by republicanism in other American nations, particularly the United States. Intellectuals and political figures in Brazil were drawn to the idea of a republic, where elections and a different political structure were already in place, in contrast to the monarchical system of Brazil.

What was the Manifesto Republicano, and what did it signify?

The Manifesto Republicano, launched in the 1870s, was a declaration by a group of intellectuals and politicians who advocated for a republic in Brazil. It expressed a desire to align with other republican nations in the Americas, emphasizing that Brazil should also embrace a republican form of government.

How did the Brazilian military influence the movement toward the Republic?

The military, particularly after gaining prestige in the Paraguayan War, became increasingly disillusioned with Dom Pedro II. As the military adopted positivist ideas, which emphasized order as a foundation for progress, their support for the Republic grew, culminating in the military's role in the coup that deposed the emperor.

What is positivism, and how did it influence the Brazilian military?

Positivism, a philosophy developed by Auguste Comte, advocated for the establishment of order to achieve progress. This ideology, which became influential among Brazilian military officers, supported the idea of a structured society and was used to justify the overthrow of the monarchy in favor of a republican government.

Why did the Brazilian military's adoption of positivism contribute to the Proclamation of the Republic?

The military's adoption of positivism provided a philosophical basis for their opposition to the monarchy. By emphasizing the need for order and progress, the military saw the republican model as a better fit for Brazil's future. This, coupled with growing tensions with Dom Pedro II, led to their involvement in the coup that led to the Proclamation of the Republic in 1889.

What was the significance of the 'Ordem e Progresso' motto in Brazil's transition to a republic?

'Ordem e Progresso' ('Order and Progress') is a slogan derived from positivism, specifically from Auguste Comte’s philosophy. It became central to Brazil's republican identity, symbolizing the military's belief that a new political order based on republican principles would lead to societal progress and stability.