Pengantar Farmakologi Dasar - Part 1 I Sejarah dan Konsep Farmakologi I Cabang Ilmu Farmakologi

Summary

This video provides an insightful introduction to pharmacology, exploring its definition, historical evolution, sources of drugs, and various branches. It explains pharmacology as the science of drug interactions with living organisms, from ancient herbal remedies to modern synthetic and biotechnological drugs. Key historical figures like Galenus and Paracelsus are highlighted, along with the shift from empirical to experimental science. The video also covers the diverse branches of pharmacology, including pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and pharmacogenetics, illustrating the multifaceted nature of the field in modern medicine.

Takeaways

• 😀 Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems, focusing on the effects and fate of drugs in the body.
• 😀 The term 'pharmacology' comes from the Greek words 'pharmakon' (drug) and 'logos' (study or knowledge).
• 😀 Pharmacology includes the study of drug properties, effects, mechanisms of action, and processes like absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
• 😀 Early drug discovery was based on empirical knowledge of plant-based remedies, with compounds like ephedrine, morphine, and quinine being isolated from plants.
• 😀 In the 1950s, scientific advancements led to the discovery of more drugs from plants, such as vinblastine and paclitaxel, used in cancer treatment.
• 😀 Drugs come from various sources, including plants, animals (e.g., insulin), minerals (e.g., kaolin), microorganisms (e.g., penicillin), and synthetic chemicals (e.g., aspirin).
• 😀 The development of pharmacology as a scientific discipline began in ancient times, with figures like Dioscorides and Galen contributing foundational knowledge.
• 😀 The modern period of pharmacology, starting in the 18th century, emphasized experimental research and laid the groundwork for the development of pharmacology institutes.
• 😀 Key branches of pharmacology include pharmacodynamics (drug effects on the body), pharmacokinetics (body's effect on drugs), pharmacogenetics, toxicology, and pharmacovigilance.
• 😀 Drug development involves several stages, including preclinical testing (animal studies), clinical trials (human studies), and ongoing monitoring for safety and efficacy post-market.

Q & A

What is pharmacology?

Pharmacology is the science that studies the interactions between drugs and living organisms, focusing on how drugs affect the body and how the body processes drugs, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).

Where does the term 'pharmacology' come from?

The term 'pharmacology' originates from Greek, with 'pharmakon' meaning 'drug' and 'logos' meaning 'study' or 'knowledge'.

What was the main source of medicines in ancient times?

In ancient times, the main source of medicines was plants. People relied on empirical knowledge passed down through generations to identify plants with medicinal properties.

What are some examples of active compounds derived from plants?

Some examples include epinephrine from Ephedra, quinine from the cinchona tree, atropine from Atropa belladonna, morphine from Papaver somniferum, and digoxin from Digitalis lanata.

What is the significance of isolating active compounds from plants?

Isolating active compounds from plants allowed for the development of more effective and reliable medicines. It led to the creation of drugs with known active ingredients, which could be tested and standardized for use in medical treatments.

What are some modern sources of drugs besides plants?

Drugs today are derived from various sources including animals (e.g., insulin), minerals (e.g., kaolin), microorganisms (e.g., penicillin), chemical synthesis (e.g., aspirin), and biotechnology (e.g., interferons and recombinant proteins).

What are the two periods in the history of pharmacology?

The history of pharmacology can be divided into two periods: the ancient period, which was primarily based on empirical observations, and the modern period, which began in the 18th and 19th centuries and saw the rise of experimental pharmacology.

Who was the first to experiment with animals in pharmacology?

Johan Jacob Wepfer was the first to conduct animal experiments in pharmacology to confirm the actions and toxic effects of various substances.

What are some key branches of pharmacology?

Key branches of pharmacology include pharmacodynamics (the effects of drugs on the body), pharmacokinetics (the body's action on drugs), molecular pharmacology (mechanisms of drug action), pharmacotherapy (use of drugs to treat diseases), toxicology (the study of harmful effects of drugs), pharmacogenetics (the role of genetics in drug responses), and pharmacoepidemiology (the study of drug use and side effects in populations).

What is pharmacogenomics and how does it differ from pharmacogenetics?

Pharmacogenomics studies the impact of genetic variation across the entire genome on drug responses, while pharmacogenetics focuses on the effects of variation in specific genes on drug responses.