Parallel structure | Syntax | Khan Academy
Summary
TLDR在这段视频中,三位主持人David、Rosie和Paige探讨了平行结构这一语法和风格上的概念。平行结构主要是指在句子中并列的词或词组应保持一致性,以增强语言的和谐性。他们通过例子说明了如何通过使用动名词、主动与被动语态、不定式与动名词以及其他形式的动词来保持句子的平行结构。此外,还讨论了在某些情况下为了强调或产生特定效果而故意打破平行结构的情况。最后,他们以幽默的方式提到了“垂直性”这一新概念,强调了平行结构的重要性,并以对Paige的告别结束了这段对话。
Takeaways
- 📚 平行结构是关于风格而非语法的考量,它要求句子中并列的元素在形式上保持一致。
- 🔍 “平行”这个词的拼写中,两个'l'字母在词中间并列,这个小发现让人印象深刻。
- 🏞️ 举例来说,爱好的列举如“我喜欢钓鱼、滑雪和攀岩”中,每个爱好都是动名词形式,保持了平行结构。
- ❌ 非平行结构的例子:“我喜欢钓鱼、滑雪,和去攀岩”,虽然语法正确,但风格上不协调。
- 🔄 确保句子的平行结构,需要注意动词的时态和语态(主动或被动)、不定式和其他动词形式是否一致。
- 🍰 通过改变句子结构,可以强调句子中的特定元素,比如将被动语态改为主动语态,以增加句子的活力。
- 🎣 动名词(如skiing)和不定式(如to ski)在形式上不同,应确保列表中的这些元素形式一致。
- 🔗 形容词短语与较长的词组在使用时要保持一致性,避免造成风格上的不协调。
- ⚠️ 有时为了特定的效果,可能会故意打破平行结构,如强调句子的最后元素。
- 📝 写作时,应意识到保持句子的和谐是一种普遍趋势,但也要灵活运用以达成特定目的。
- 📚 通过实际例子,可以更好地理解和应用平行结构,提高写作的清晰度和表达的效力。
- 🎉 在告别实习生Paige时,体现了团队的温暖和对她工作的认可。
Q & A
平行结构在语法上是什么?
-平行结构在语法上是一种风格上的考虑,它要求在句子中并列的词或词组在形式上保持一致。
如何正确拼写单词 'parallel'?
-单词 'parallel' 中的两个 'l' 字母位于单词的中间,并且彼此相邻。
平行结构在句子中如何体现?
-平行结构体现在当句子中出现一系列动词、名词或任何词组时,它们应该在形式上大致对齐。例如,'I love fishing, skiing, and rock climbing.' 中的 'fishing', 'skiing', 和 'rock climbing' 都是动名词形式,保持了平行结构。
如果不保持平行结构,句子会怎么样?
-如果不保持平行结构,句子在语法上可能仍然是正确的,但在风格上可能不够和谐。例如,'I love fishing, skiing, and to climb rocks.' 这句话虽然语法上没有问题,但与保持平行结构的句子相比,它在风格上不够协调。
在保持平行结构时,需要注意哪些方面?
-保持平行结构时需要注意动词的时态和语态是否一致,比如主动语态与被动语态;动词的非限定形式,如不定式 'to eat' 与动名词 'eating';以及形容词短语与较长短语的使用,确保它们在形式上保持一致。
如何通过改变句子结构来强调句子中的某个元素?
-可以通过打破平行结构来强调句子中的某个元素。例如,'sharks are large, damp, and not to be trifled with.' 中的最后一个短语比前面的形容词更长,通过这种结构上的改变,可以吸引读者对这个短语的注意。
为什么有时我们会故意打破平行结构?
-有时为了达到特定的修辞效果,比如强调句子中的最后一个元素,我们可能会故意打破平行结构。
在描述一个列表时,如何避免打破平行结构?
-在描述一个列表时,应确保列表中的所有项在语法形式上保持一致,比如使用相同类型的词(如都是形容词、动词的同一形式等)。
平行结构在写作中的重要性是什么?
-平行结构在写作中增强了句子的清晰度和流畅性,使得读者更容易理解和接受信息。它也是一种常见的修辞手法,能够提升文本的表达效果。
在句子 'The cake was baked, frosted, and I put sprinkles on it.' 中,为什么 'put' 不与 'baked' 和 'frosted' 形成平行结构?
-在这个例子中,'baked' 和 'frosted' 是被动语态的动词,而 'put' 是主动语态。为了形成平行结构,应使用 'sprinkled' 作为动词,与 'baked' 和 'frosted' 保持一致。
什么是动名词和不定式,它们在平行结构中如何使用?
-动名词是以 'ing' 结尾的动词形式,通常用作名词。不定式是 'to + 动词原形' 的结构,常用于表达目的或意图。在平行结构中,应保持这两种形式的一致性,例如 'skiing'(动名词)与 'to ski'(不定式)不应并列使用,除非为了特定的修辞目的。
在讨论平行结构的视频中,为什么提到 'perpendicularity' 这个词?
-提到 'perpendicularity' 这个词是为了幽默地说明与平行结构相对的概念,即完全不一致的结构。这只是为了增加讨论的趣味性,并非一个正式的术语。
Outlines
📚 平行结构的讨论
在第一段中,三位主持人通过对话介绍了平行结构的概念。他们讨论了平行结构不仅仅是语法问题,更关乎写作风格。平行结构要求在句子中列出的一系列词如动词或名词等,应保持一致性。例如,正确的平行结构是“我喜欢钓鱼、滑雪和攀岩”,而错误的平行结构是“我喜欢钓鱼、滑雪,和去攀岩”。此外,还提到了在平行结构中要注意主动语态与被动语态、不定式与动名词形式的一致性,以及形容词与短语的使用。最后,他们通过举例说明了如何正确使用平行结构,以及在特定情况下如何通过打破平行结构来强调句子的某个元素。
👋 Paige的告别
第二段是一段温馨的告别。视频中的主持人们表达了对Paige的思念之情,Paige也表达了她对他们的思念。这段对话显示了团队成员之间紧密的关系和相互之间的感情。
Mindmap
Keywords
💡平行结构
💡语法
💡动名词
💡主动语态与被动语态
💡不定式
💡形容词
💡修辞手法
💡句子的和谐
💡句式变化
💡风格
💡修辞效果
Highlights
平行结构不仅仅是语法的考量,更多是关于风格的问题。
平行结构意味着在句子中列出的一系列动词、名词或任何词组都应该大致对齐。
通过使用动名词(-ing形式的动词作为名词)来展示平行结构的例子。
即使语法上没有错误,风格上不和谐的平行结构也可能会影响句子的和谐性。
保持句子的平行结构需要注意动词的时态和语态是否一致,例如主动语态与被动语态。
不定式动词与其他形式的动词在平行结构中的使用,如'to eat'与'eating'。
形容词与更长的短语在描述时的平行结构,如'large, damp, and dangerous'与'large, damp, and not to be trifled with'。
有时为了特定的效果,可能会故意打破平行结构,以吸引对最后一个元素的注意。
通过打破平行结构,可以创造出一种特定的效果,如使用'perpendicular'(垂直的)这个词来形成对比。
平行结构的一般倾向是使句子更加和谐,但在需要时可以利用打破平行结构来强调。
通过实际例子展示了平行结构的正确使用,如'baked, frosted and sprinkled'。
提供了一个如何将被动语态转换为主动语态的例子,以保持平行结构。
讨论了平行结构在实际写作中的应用,以及如何通过编辑来改善句子的平行性。
强调了平行结构在提高句子清晰度和可读性方面的重要性。
通过一个幽默的对话展示了平行结构的概念,使学习过程更加生动有趣。
讨论了平行结构在语言风格和语法中的平衡,以及如何根据不同的写作目的来调整。
提供了一个关于如何识别和修正非平行结构的例子,以提高写作质量。
强调了在写作中保持平行结构是一种良好的风格习惯,但也指出了在某些情况下打破这种习惯的可能性。
Transcripts
- [Voiceover] Hello, grammarians.
Hello, Rosie.
Hello, Paige.
- [Voiceover] Hi, David.
- [Voiceover] Hi, David.
- [Voiceover] Today, all three of us
are gonna be talking about parallel structure.
And I've always had trouble spelling the word parallel,
but Rosie pointed out something
just before we started recording
that is blowing my mind.
Rosie, how do you spell parallel?
- [Voiceover] Well, it's fun because the two ls
that are together in the word are together
in the middle of the word.
- [Voiceover] Look at that, they're parallel!
That's all.
- [Voiceover] It's fun.
- [Voiceover] That's just, that's amazing.
Parallel structure is less a consideration of grammar,
it's really more about style, right.
Parallel structure basically means that when you're making
some kind of list in a sentence,
if you're using a series of verbs
or if you're using a series of nouns, any series of words,
they should all roughly line up with one another.
So let's say I was an outdoorsman
and I said, "I love fishing, skiing and rock climbing."
Now each one of these is a gerund, right,
it the ing form of a verb we're using as a noun.
And this sentence exhibits parallel structure,
but, you know, sometimes you'll see a sentence
that'll mess that up, right?
So let's say you were editing someone's personal statement,
an athlete's personal statement and they said,
"I love fishing, skiing, and to climb rocks."
Now, there's nothing grammatically incorrect
about this sentence, it makes sense,
it is legal in the way that it is composed,
but stylistically, it just doesn't harmonize.
So this is not parallel, but this is.
- [Voiceover] Some other things to look out for
to make sure you're making a sentence parallel
is if everything is active voice or passive voice,
infinitive verbs versus other forms of verbs,
like to eat versus eating,
and a string of individual modifiers like adjectives
versus larger phrases.
- [Voiceover] Let's put that into action.
Okay, so active versus passive voice.
- [Voiceover] So an example if we're not gonna have
parallel structure would be something like
the cake was baked, frosted, and I put sprinkles on it.
- [Voiceover] So what we're saying here is
that here is a passive thing that happened to the cake,
the cake was baked.
Here's another passive thing that happens to the cake,
the cake was frosted by someone else.
And then that someone else comes in and Paige says,
"I put sprinkles on it."
But, if we're going to assume that sprinkled is now a verb
that means to be covered in sugary cake decorations,
we would say the cake was baked, frosted, and sprinkled,
or decorated with sprinkles,
but I kind of like sprinkled.
So that's active versus passive.
We've already covered infinitive versus other verb forms,
so that's, you know, skiing,
well, that's to ski versus skiing,
so this is what we call an infinitive form,
and this is another form that's called a gerund.
So make sure to keep those separate in your lists.
And then lists of individual terms versus longer phrases.
So if you are describing something
with a string of adjectives,
be careful when you follow it up with a longer phrase.
- [Voiceover] For example, sharks are large,
damp, and dangerous.
Those are all just short, individual modifiers,
as opposed to sharks are large, damp,
and not to be trifled with.
- [Voiceover] And look, again, we're not saying
this is not a grammatical sentence.
It is.
And sometimes you may want to break parallel structure
in order to have some sort of particular effect.
If you are trying to draw attention to this last element,
then, yeah, you might want to break parallel structure,
but we want to make you aware
that there is just a sort of general tendency towards
making your sentences harmonious in this way.
Baked, frosted and sprinkled, large, damp, and dangerous,
you know, and then when you want to have access
to that ability, to really draw attention
to that last element, then you can say,
"Oh, you know what?
"I'm gonna make this perpendicular."
(girls chuckle)
Now, is perpendicularity,
is that a thing that I just made up right now?
Yes.
Are we going with it?
Maybe.
(girls chuckle)
- [Voiceover] Yeah, I like it.
- [Voiceover] Yeah.
- [Voiceover] It's not parallel.
- [Voiceover] It's not parallel.
- [Voiceover] It's not parallel.
- [Voiceover] Well, I suppose
that just about covers parallel structure.
So, for one last time with Paige,
you can learn anything, David out.
- [Voiceover] Rosie out.
- [Voiceover] Paige out.
- [Voiceover] You've been a wonderful intern,
Paige, we'll miss you.
- [Voiceover] We'll miss you.
- [Voiceover] Thank you, I'll miss you, too.
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