General Chemistry 1 - Matter and Its Properties
Summary
TLDRIn this introductory chemistry lesson, Jennifer Cenial outlines the fundamental concepts of matter, including its definition, properties, and classification. She distinguishes between physical and chemical properties, pure substances and mixtures, and explains the difference between elements, compounds, and their types. The lesson also covers the various states of matter and the changes they undergo, such as physical and chemical changes, providing a solid foundation for further studies in general chemistry.
Takeaways
- 📚 The course is an introduction to General Chemistry with Jennifer Cenial as the teacher.
- 🔍 The lesson starts with defining matter and its properties, which is a recap from junior high school science.
- 🌐 Matter is defined as anything that occupies space and has mass, distinguishing mass from weight where mass is the amount of substance and weight is the pull towards Earth's center.
- 📏 Matter has physical and chemical properties; physical properties can be observed without changing the substance, while chemical properties require a change in the substance's type.
- 🔑 Properties are also classified as extensive (dependent on the amount of matter) and intensive (dependent on the type of matter), with examples like boiling points and viscosity.
- 🧪 Pure substances have a definite composition and unique properties, and they can be elements (simplest form of substance) or compounds (made of molecules with two or more kinds of atoms).
- 🔬 Compounds can be ionic, covalent, or metallic, with different bonding mechanisms, and are further classified as organic (containing carbon) or inorganic (other elements).
- 🍋 Organic compounds include acids, bases, salts, and oxides, each with distinct properties and examples provided in the script.
- 🧴 Mixtures consist of two or more substances and can be homogeneous (uniform appearance) or heterogeneous (distinct portions with different properties).
- 🌀 Mixtures are also classified by particle size into solutions, colloids, gels, aerosols, emulsions, foams, and suspensions, each with a different dispersing phase and dispersion medium.
- 🔄 Changes in matter include physical changes (changes in physical properties without altering chemical composition) and chemical changes (permanent changes with new products and mass alteration).
- 🌡 States of matter discussed are solid, liquid, gas, and plasma, with plasma being less common on Earth but prevalent in space.
Q & A
What is the definition of matter according to the script?
-Matter is defined as anything that occupies space and has mass.
What is the difference between mass and weight as explained in the script?
-Mass refers to the amount of substance, while weight refers to the downward pull of an object towards the center of the Earth.
What are the two types of properties of matter mentioned in the script?
-The two types of properties of matter are physical properties and chemical properties.
How are physical properties different from chemical properties?
-Physical properties can be observed and measured without changing the substance, whereas chemical properties can only be observed by changing the type of the substance.
What are the examples of intensive properties given in the script?
-Examples of intensive properties include boiling points, freezing points, melting points, solubility, malleability, and viscosity.
What are pure substances and what are their characteristics?
-Pure substances possess a definite, fixed, and invariant composition with a unique set of properties, and they are made up of only one kind of matter.
What are the two classifications of pure substances mentioned in the script?
-The two classifications of pure substances are elements and compounds.
How are compounds different from elements?
-Compounds are substances made up of molecules with two or more kinds of atoms in definite proportions, whereas elements are the simplest form of substances that cannot be decomposed by simple chemical means.
What are the three types of chemical bonds mentioned in the script?
-The three types of chemical bonds mentioned are ionic, covalent, and metallic.
What is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds?
-Organic compounds contain carbon and are classified as organic, while compounds without carbon are classified as inorganic.
What are the two classifications of matter mentioned in the script?
-The two classifications of matter mentioned are pure substances and mixtures.
What are the two types of mixtures based on appearance?
-The two types of mixtures based on appearance are homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.
What are the four states of matter discussed in the script?
-The four states of matter discussed are solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
What is the difference between a physical change and a chemical change?
-A physical change involves changes in physical properties without altering the chemical composition of the substance, is reversible, and does not result in a change in mass. A chemical change involves a change in the chemical composition of the substance, results in the formation of new products, is permanent, and often involves a change in mass.
What are the examples of physical changes given in the script?
-Examples of physical changes include evaporation, condensation, melting, freezing, sublimation, and deposition.
What are the examples of chemical changes given in the script?
-Examples of chemical changes include burning, rusting, curdling, rancidification, digestion, photosynthesis, cooking, and fermentation.
Outlines
📚 Introduction to General Chemistry and Matter
Jennifer Cenial introduces the first topic of General Chemistry, which is an overview of matter and its properties. The lesson will define matter, distinguish between mass and weight, and explore the physical and chemical properties. It also covers extensive and intensive properties, and the classification of matter into pure substances and mixtures. Pure substances are further divided into elements and compounds, with a brief explanation of different types of elements and compounds, including organic and inorganic compounds. The importance of the pH scale is mentioned, and the video promises to cover more on the classification and properties of these substances in future lessons.
🧪 Classification of Matter and Changes
This section delves into the classification of matter, distinguishing between pure substances and mixtures. It explains the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures, and introduces various types of mixtures based on particle size, such as solutions, colloids, gels, aerosols, emulsions, and foams. The video script also covers separation techniques for mixtures, including filtration, distillation, magnetic separation, decantation, and sublimation. Additionally, it discusses the concepts of physical and chemical changes in matter, providing examples of each and explaining the differences between them in terms of permanence, reversibility, and the formation of new substances.
🌌 States of Matter and Conclusion
The final paragraph wraps up the discussion on matter by introducing the different states of matter: solids, liquids, gases, and plasma. It highlights plasma as the fourth state of matter, commonly found in outer space. The script serves as a recap of basic concepts needed for General Chemistry and invites viewers to ask questions or send personal messages for further clarification. The video concludes with an invitation to the next video and an encouragement for viewers to apply the knowledge gained in this session.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Matter
💡Mass
💡Weight
💡Physical Properties
💡Chemical Properties
💡Extensive Properties
💡Intensive Properties
💡Pure Substances
💡Mixtures
💡Chemical Changes
💡States of Matter
Highlights
Introduction to General Chemistry and its first topic, matter and its properties.
Definition of matter as anything that occupies space and has mass.
Differentiation between mass and weight, with mass being the amount of substance and weight the pull towards Earth's center.
Classification of matter's properties into physical and chemical properties.
Explanation of physical properties as observable without changing the substance.
Chemical properties as only observable through changes in the substance type.
Differentiation between extensive and intensive properties of matter.
Extensive properties depend on the amount of matter, such as height, weight, and volume.
Intensive properties are independent of the amount of matter and are used for identification.
Overview of the classification of matter into pure substances and mixtures.
Description of pure substances with definite composition and unique properties.
Elements as the simplest form of matter, undecomposable by simple chemical means.
Compounds as substances made of molecules with two or more kinds of atoms in definite proportions.
Classification of compounds based on bonding types: ionic, covalent, and metallic.
Organic and inorganic compounds differentiated by the presence of carbon.
Explanation of pH scale and its relation to acidity and alkalinity of compounds.
Mixtures composed of two or more substances, classified as homogeneous or heterogeneous.
Homogeneous mixtures with uniform appearance, heterogeneous with distinct portions.
Different particle sizes in mixtures leading to classifications like solutions, colloids, gels, aerosols, emulsions, and foams.
Separation techniques for mixtures including filtration, distillation, magnetic separation, decantation, and sublimation.
Physical and chemical changes in matter, with physical changes being reversible and chemical changes irreversible.
Examples of physical changes such as evaporation, condensation, melting, freezing, sublimation, and deposition.
Examples of chemical changes including burning, rusting, curdling, rancidification, digestion, photosynthesis, cooking, and fermentation.
Introduction to the states of matter: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
Plasma as the fourth state of matter, common in the universe but not on Earth.
Upcoming topics on measurements and application of mathematics in chemistry.
Transcripts
welcome to general chemistry one this is
jennifer cenial your teacher for this
subject
our first topic would be an introduction
about
matter and its properties okay so lesson
outline so first we're going to define
matter and identify its properties we'll
also be discussing classification of
matter
changes in matter and the states or
phases of matter
okay so this all this is already
discussed in your
junior high school science so this is
basically a recap of your concepts okay
so what is matter
so our usual definition of matter is it
is anything that occupies space and
has mass okay now what's the difference
of mass and weight so mass refers to the
amount of substance
while weight will refer to the downward
pull of object towards the center of the
earth
okay now for the properties of matter we
actually have two
two types you have the physical
properties and the chemical properties
okay so physical properties are
properties that can be observed
and measured without changing the
substance while the chemical properties
are properties that can only be observed
by changing the type of the substance
okay so another classification would be
the extensive
versus the intensive properties okay so
extensive properties
depends on the amount of matter so
example you have height weight
temperature
size shape volume and others while the
intensive properties
they depend on the type of matter not
the amount
okay so it is actually used to identify
a subset so examples of these are
boiling points
freezing points melting point solubility
malleability viscosity and others okay
now this flow chart is
um an overview or this actually
summarizes now the different types or
the different classification of matter
okay so generally
uh you have two types or two
classifications of matter we have the
pure substances and you have your
mixtures okay so let's have the pure
substances first
okay so pure substance actually possess
definite fixed and invariant composition
with the unique set of properties
so it so a pure substance is made up of
only one kind
of matter okay so your pure substances
could be
um your elements or your compounds so
the elements are the simplest form of
your substance and it cannot be
decomposed by simple chemical means
and these are the building blocks of
matter examples of your elements are
carbon
oxygen nitrogen hydrogen or
and others a periodic table okay
now compounds now examples of our
elements here
we have your silicon antimony and border
okay now different types of elements you
have your metals non-metals and
metalloids so this would be discussed in
another video
so next you have your compounds so
compounds are substances that are made
up of molecules with two or more kinds
of atoms in definite
proportions okay so example i have here
my favorite compound which is caffeine
okay so other common compounds you have
h2o or your
water okay so compounds can be
classified as
um according to their bonds so it could
be ionic covalent or metallic again this
would be
separately discussed in another chapter
but again
for ionic compounds um the bonding is
actually
by electron transfer for covalent
compounds you have
electrons sharing and then for metallic
compounds you have the interaction
between metallic
elements okay so according to their
composition
you now have two types you have the
organic and the inorganic compounds so
in
organic compounds latino my carbon they
are classified as organic while the
other elements you now have the
inorganic
compound so we have your acids your
bases salts and your
oxides oxides anything with oxygen in
another element
salts when you have combined your
positive and negative ions
your bases they usually contain a metal
with a hydroxyl group
and your acids they contain hydrogen and
they yield hydrogen ions in
water solution so an example of your
acid
is your vinegar acetic acid
soy citric acid in the past there are a
lot of um
acids commonly found in your household
okay so young basis
and then um example is your sodium
hydroxide
and a pump but different bases so kind
of check your book for the examples
okay now this is a ph scale so it would
tell you the acidity
and alkalinity of your compounds
okay so any examples you have a battery
acid
gastric fluid acid and chatter
so 7 is our the ph 7 is actually the
neutral
ph okay so we have here pure water
okay now let's go to the second
classification of matter which are your
mixtures
so mixtures are actually composed of two
or more substances so according to
appearance you have the homogeneous and
the heterogeneous
mixture so homogeneous they have uniform
appearance
well for heterogeneous you have two or
more distinct portions
so they have different properties and
composition
okay so i have here a set of yummy food
so
which are which amount these are
homogeneous and heterogeneous
okay so that's your assignment okay
now um classification of mixtures
according to
the particle size so you have now
solution so
it is usually um on the molecular size
so you have your solute and your solvent
then you have your colloids
so their size is actually ten thousand
astronomers so you have two
parts of this so solution maritime solid
and solvent for the colloid you have
your dispersing
face and the dispersion medium okay
so we have the solid gel so these are
the solids in liquid
the aerosols so these are the solid or
liquid and gas
you also have the emulsions and the
liquid in solid liquid
solid or liquid amine then you also have
your foam so these are the gas in a
solid or
liquid okay so your first face and
dimension is actually the dispersing
phase while the second
um phase is non-dimension or the
dispersion medium
okay so example for the gel the solid
and gel you
when you prepare your gelatin so there
are solid powder
so you put them in liquid so no
mixilla okay aerosol for example your
mama spray
okay so there's actually liquid the
bioma bottle somehow spray nothing for
example
insecticides yeah so there are liquid
particles in a
pressure gas or pressurized gas in a
container
so emulsion for example is your
mayonnaise okay and the compositional
mayonnaise
is a egg white and then you also have
your oil right so it's liquid and liquid
then your phone
shaving cream so there are gas and solid
i mean gas in liquid
okay now for suspension these are
mixtures with
um particle size larger than ten
thousand elsewhere
um example kind of suspension usually is
human medicine
for example paracetamol
paracetamol for kids
with the solution right or with the
fluid part
okay so there are some separation
techniques
for your mixture so bending filtration
so this is the separation of a solid
from a liquid
using a filtering membrane so
distillation separation of liquids
in homogeneous mixture then you have
your magnetic separations obviously
gagamite
magnets then you have decantation so
this is the separation of a solid from a
liquid in a heterogeneous
mixture based by gravity and last we
have your sublimation
so this is for the separation of your
volatile solid and
volatile solid from a non volatile
solid okay now changes in matter i know
you already
um knew this so just an overview or just
a recap we have your physical and
chemical changes so physical changes
these are the changes in physical
properties without changing its chemical
composition
value chemical so it's a change in its
chemical composition and constitution of
the substance
okay so it's a physical change no new
products form
it's temporary reversible and there's no
change in mass
chemical change there is new product
formed it is permanent
irreversible and there is a change in
mass
okay now examples of changes in matter
so in physical you have your
evaporation which is the change from
liquid to gas
condensation gas to liquid melting or
liquid fraction
this is change from solid to liquid
freezing or solidification
change in the liquid to solid you have
your sublimation on solid to gas and
glass you have our deposition
or the change from gas to solid so
example simul chemical changes
you have your burning rust and curdling
rancidification
digestion photosynthesis cooking
fermentation and
a lot more okay now
states of matter man probably younger
about the states of matter
so i hope so remembering
kindly send me a message okay so solid
so we have your solid liquid and your
gases and you also have your
plasma so it is said to be the fourth
state of matter it's not a common state
present on earth but it is most common
in
the outer space in the universe okay
now again as i mentioned this is just an
overview
of matter and its properties okay so
another topic related to matter
and its properties is actually um
measurements
and application of mathematics in
chemistry
okay so we'll have a separate video on
that so i hope
this brief video gave you um a recap of
the
basic concepts that you would be needing
in general chemistry one
okay so if you have questions comment
and
comment them down below or you may send
me a personal message
okay so i'll see you in my next video
i hope you learned something bye
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