SEJARAH KOPERASI

Summary

This transcript traces the evolution of cooperatives, starting from their origins in 18th-century England with the establishment of the Rochdale Cooperative in 1844. It explores their spread across Europe, America, and Asia, including Indonesia, where cooperatives played a critical role in addressing economic challenges, particularly during the colonial and post-independence eras. The script highlights key figures, historical milestones, and the pivotal role of cooperatives in social welfare. It concludes with the global recognition of cooperatives as a solution to economic inequality, emphasizing their relevance in the modern world and the future of global economies.

Takeaways

• 🌍 Cooperatives originated in 18th century England as mutual aid organizations and later evolved into economic institutions to protect members from exploitative trade practices.
• 🏛️ The Rochdale Cooperative, founded in 1844 by Charles Howard, became a model for modern cooperatives, spreading across England and influencing global cooperative movements.
• 🇫🇷 In France, cooperatives emerged after the French Revolution to alleviate poverty, supported by figures like Charles Fourier and Ferdinand Hai, and now have millions of members and workers.
• 🇩🇪 Germany also adopted cooperative models, with pioneers initiating savings and loan cooperatives for farmers and communities.
• 🇮🇩 In Indonesia, cooperative practices existed historically in local communities, emphasizing mutual aid before formal cooperatives were established in the late 19th century.
• 🏦 The first institutionalized cooperative in Indonesia was a savings and loan bank for civil servants in Purwokerto (1896), reflecting the cooperative principles of mutual assistance and shared progress.
• 📜 Post-independence, Indonesian leaders like Soekarno and Hatta emphasized cooperatives as a means to achieve economic justice, reflected in Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution.
• ⚖️ Indonesia has developed a legal framework for cooperatives through successive laws: Law No. 79 of 1958, Law No. 14 of 1965, and Law No. 12 of 1967, ensuring cooperative principles are implemented nationwide.
• 🌐 Cooperatives have gained global recognition through the International Cooperative Alliance and the United Nations, seen as ideal socio-economic organizations combining welfare and social capital.
• 💡 Modern cooperatives worldwide, including in Japan, Turkey, Malaysia, and Africa, demonstrate the ability to improve community welfare, economic stability, and poverty alleviation.
• 📈 The reform era in Indonesia (post-1998) emphasized financial consolidation, technology adoption, and revitalization of cooperative congresses to strengthen the cooperative movement.
• 🤝 Cooperatives uniquely position members as producers, consumers, owners, and service users simultaneously, promoting shared prosperity and social cohesion.

Q & A

What is the historical origin of cooperatives, and where did they first develop?

The concept of cooperatives dates back to the 18th century, with the first cooperative organization, the Friendly Society of Sex, founded in 1793 in England. This early organization aimed to protect members from middlemen and exploitative pricing, marking the beginning of cooperatives as mutual help organizations.

How did cooperatives evolve in England during the Industrial Revolution?

During the Industrial Revolution, basic necessities became more expensive, and poor-quality goods were prevalent. Cooperatives, starting with the Rochdale Cooperative in 1844, were created to counteract these issues, offering better quality goods and fair prices. This movement spread across England and led to the formation of the Cooperative Social Society in 1862.

What were the contributions of Charles Fourier and GP-Pro to cooperative thought?

Before the formal establishment of cooperatives, thinkers like Charles Fourier and GP-Pro proposed the idea of economic organizations aimed at improving the lives of workers. Their philosophical ideas laid the foundation for the cooperative movement, which later gained traction as a response to industrial capitalism.

How did cooperatives spread beyond England to other regions, including France and Germany?

The success of cooperatives in England inspired their spread to other regions. In France, figures like Charles Fourier and Ferdinand Leleux helped foster cooperative growth, leading to a large cooperative network by 2016. Similarly, in Germany, pioneers like F12 Yuri and Hejhouse promoted savings and loan cooperatives, further extending the cooperative movement in Europe.

What role did cooperatives play in Indonesia's pre-colonial and colonial periods?

Before formal cooperatives arrived from Europe, Indonesia had long-standing traditions of mutual cooperation, such as the Wajo, Soppeng, Bone, and Mandar communities. In the early 20th century, figures from the Budi Utomo movement, along with other national figures, established consumption and small industry cooperatives to help address economic hardships during colonial rule.

What was the significance of the Purwokerto cooperative initiative?

In 1896, the Patih of Purwokerto, R Aria Wirjaatmadja, established a savings and loan initiative for civil servants to counter high-interest loans from moneylenders. This early cooperative initiative laid the groundwork for the cooperative movement in Indonesia, promoting mutual assistance and collective economic improvement.

How did the Japanese occupation affect the cooperative movement in Indonesia?

During the Japanese occupation in 1942, the Japanese established the Kumiyai cooperative, which differed from previous cooperatives in Indonesia. While traditional cooperatives aimed to aid the lower class, the Kumiyai cooperative primarily served Japan's wartime needs, such as food and weapons, rather than supporting the local population.

What role did cooperatives play in post-independence Indonesia?

Following Indonesia's independence, the founders of the nation, such as Soekarno and Hatta, emphasized cooperatives as key to economic justice and prosperity. They believed that cooperatives, as a form of mutual aid, were essential in overcoming the economic challenges posed by colonialism and capitalism.

What were the key cooperative policies and laws in Indonesia from 1950 to 1998?

Between 1950 and 1998, cooperatives in Indonesia saw rapid growth. In 1958, Law No. 79 was passed, followed by Law No. 14 in 1965, which defined the principles of cooperatives. The government also established cooperative training centers and credit guarantee institutions to support cooperative development. However, in the 1960s and 70s, cooperatives became more centralized and aligned with national development goals.

How did the 1998 reform era impact Indonesian cooperatives?

The reform era that began in 1998 spurred financial consolidation and the adoption of information technology within Indonesian cooperatives. It also led to significant constitutional amendments and a renewed focus on cooperatives as a means of improving economic welfare, culminating in the third Indonesian Cooperative Congress in 2017.