How Amsterdam Built A Dystopia

Hoog
22 Dec 202315:45

Summary

TLDREl guion del video explora el complejo pasado de la Bajesdorp, un vecindario en Ámsterdam conocido por su arquitectura futurista y su rol como experimento fallido de planificación urbana. Creado en los años 60 como un proyecto de vivienda de alta densidad, prometía espacios verdes y una vida separada de la industria. Sin embargo, la falta de atracción para familias medias, el aislamiento y la criminalidad llevaron a su deterioro. Años más tarde, la implementación de políticas de integración y la reducción de edificios alzados ayudaron a transformarlo en un lugar más habitable, aunque aún simboliza los riesgos de la planificación utópica.

Takeaways

  • 🏙️ El Bmer es un barrio de Ámsterdam conocido por su arquitectura de edificios de concreto y su diseño de parque urbano, que contrasta con el resto de la ciudad.
  • 📈 Durante los años 60, los edificios altos eran una excepción en Holanda, pero se construyeron en un periodo de producción de viviendas masiva después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial.
  • 🏗️ El grupo CIAM, formado por líderes en planificación urbana y arquitectura, creía en la división artificial de la vida, trabajo, recreación y transporte en la construcción de ciudades.
  • 🌐 Amsterdam en los 60's enfrentó un conflicto con el gobierno nacional y otro municipio por el control del Bmer, que finalmente se les otorgó.
  • 🏡 El Bmer estaba diseñado para atraer a familias de clase media holandesas con espacios amplios y privacidad, pero no logró su objetivo.
  • 🚗 El diseño incluía una red de transporte innovadora con carriles separados para peatones, ciclistas y vehículos, incluyendo un metro elevado.
  • 🏢 Muchos de los apartamentos en el Bmer permanecieron vacíos, lo que provocó retrasos en la construcción y un estigma negativo en torno al barrio.
  • 🔍 La falta de habitantes y los altos precios resultaron en una tasa de rotación alta y dificultades para mantener las instalaciones públicas prometidas.
  • 🌳 El diseño original del Bmer, con sus pasadizos y garajes subterráneos, contribuyó a problemas de seguridad y criminalidad.
  • 🌐 En la década de 1970, el Bmer se convirtió en el lugar de refugio para migrantes de Suramérica, lo que agravó la situación del barrio.
  • 🏚️ A finales de la década de 1990, se demolieron la mayoría de los edificios altos originales y se reorganizó el espacio para crear una densidad más baja y espacios más seguros.
  • 📚 El Bmer sigue siendo un ejemplo de los riesgos de la planificación urbana utópica y centralizada.

Q & A

  • ¿Qué hace que el Bmeer se destaque de otros barrios de Ámsterdam?

    -El Bmeer se destaca por sus edificaciones de concreto dispuestas como panal, su abundante espacio verde e incluso un metro elevado, lo que le da un aspecto diferente al del resto de la ciudad.

  • ¿Cuál fue el propósito original del Bmeer en su diseño?

    -El Bmeer fue concebido como la 'ciudad del futuro', una utopía en Ámsterdam, con el objetivo de ser el proyecto de vivienda más grande de la historia del país.

  • ¿Qué rol jugaron los arquitectos y planificadores urbanos en la creación del Bmeer?

    -Los arquitectos y planificadores urbanos creían que había llegado la hora de construir ciudades de forma top-down artificialmente, siguiendo un modelo que separaba la vivienda, el trabajo, la recreación y el transporte.

  • ¿Por qué el Bmeer no logró atraer a las familias medias como se esperaba?

    -El Bmeer no logró atraer a las familias medias debido a que muchos se sintieron intimidados por las grandes construcciones altas y optaron por suburbios más familiares y reconocibles.

  • ¿Qué impacto tuvo el derrumbe de un avión de carga en el Bmeer en 1992?

    -El derrumbe del avión de carga en 1992 fue el peor desastre aéreo en suelo holandés y dejó a los residentes con más preguntas que respuestas, sintiéndose más marginados que aceptados, lo que aumentó la presión para demoler algunas de las construcciones altas.

  • ¿Cómo se transformó el Bmeer después de la crisis de vacancia y la negativa de los residentes?

    -Después de la crisis, el Bmeer se transformó con la demolición de casi el 2/3 de las construcciones originales y se densificó con edificaciones más bajas. Los pasadizos bajo las construcciones fueron eliminados o ampliados, y los espacios de almacenamiento en la planta baja se convirtieron en espacios de trabajo y nuevas viviendas.

  • ¿Qué simboliza el Bmeer en el contexto de la planificación urbana?

    -El Bmeer simboliza los peligros del planificación urbana utópica y maestra, mostrando cómo un proyecto bien intencionado puede no cumplir con las expectativas y generar problemas inesperados.

  • ¿Qué estrategias se implementaron para mejorar la percepción negativa del Bmeer?

    -Se implementaron estrategias como la conversión de espacios de almacenamiento en la planta baja en espacios habitables y la creación de jardines privados en la fachada de la planta baja, transformando la responsabilidad colectiva en espacios de propiedad privada.

  • ¿Cómo se describe la relación entre el espacio verde y las edificaciones altas en el Bmeer?

    -El espacio verde se integró en el diseño del Bmeer para proporcionar acceso igualitario a aire limpio, con edificaciones altas que dejaban espacios abiertos para parques y áreas recreativas.

  • ¿Qué problemas surgieron con el sistema de transporte innovador del Bmeer?

    -El sistema de transporte, que incluía carriles dedicados para ciclistas y peatones,分开道路 para vehículos personales y autobuses, y una línea de metro elevada, resultó en áreas de preocupación y dificultades de mantenimiento, como los pasadizos bajo las edificaciones.

  • ¿Cómo cambió la percepción del público sobre el Bmeer a lo largo del tiempo?

    -La percepción del público sobre el Bmeer cambió de ser un proyecto de vivienda innovador y deseado a un lugar con altos índices de crimen y pobreza, lo que llevó a su estigmatización y a la implementación de políticas de distribución para dispersar a los recién llegados a otras partes de la ciudad.

Outlines

00:00

🏙️ El fracaso de la planificación urbana utópica

El primer párrafo introduce el distrito de Bmer en Ámsterdam, una vez considerado el futuro de las ciudades y un proyecto de vivienda masivo. Se describe cómo, en los años 60, la demanda de viviendas llevó a la construcción de rascacielos como una solución a nivel europeo, y cómo el grupo CIAM proponía una nueva forma de ciudades con separación de vivienda, trabajo y transporte. Sin embargo, el Bmer, que implementó estos principios, terminó siendo visto como un fracaso en la planificación urbana, con sus rascacielos y su diseño que no se adaptó a las necesidades de la comunidad.

05:00

🏡 La promesa de un nuevo estilo de vida

El segundo párrafo narra las expectativas y la planificación detallada del Bmer, con el objetivo de atraer familias de clase media neerlandesa. Se resaltan las características de las viviendas, como espacios más amplios y privacidad, y cómo la planificación 'desde arriba' pretendía crear un espacio con luz y verdes. También se menciona el sistema de transporte innovador, pero se señala que estas ambiciones no se materializaron como se esperaba, ya que las personas no se sintieron atraídas por el diseño alienante de los rascacielos y optaron por suburbios más tradicionales.

10:02

📉 La caída del sueño urbano

Este párrafo explica cómo el Bmer se convirtió en un símbolo de fracaso y cómo la falta de interés de los residentes por las viviendas nuevas, sumado a la alta rotación de inquilinos y las demora en la construcción, llevaron a una espiral de problemas. La planificación incorrecta y los altos precios resultaron en un bajo rendimiento económico y un estigma que lo asociaba con la pobreza y la delincuencia. La llegada de migrantes de Suramérica, que buscaban refugio, exacerbó la situación, ya que el Bmer se convirtió en un lugar relegado para los menos favorecidos.

15:03

🛠️ La transformación del Bmer

El cuarto y último párrafo describe los cambios realizados en el Bmer a partir de los noventa, en respuesta a la crisis y el estigma asociados al distrito. Se detalla cómo se demolieron la mayoría de los rascacielos y se reemplazaron por edificaciones más bajas, y se modificaron los espacios comunes para promover una mayor interacción comunitaria. Las galerías bajo las construcciones fueron adaptadas o eliminadas, y los espacios de almacenamiento en la planta baja se convirtieron en áreas de trabajo y viviendas, con jardines privados en la fachada. El Bmer sigue sirviendo como un ejemplo de los riesgos de la planificación urbana idealista.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Balmer

El Balmer es un barrio en Ámsterdam conocido por su arquitectura de bloques de concreto en forma de panal y su espacio verde. En el video, se presenta como un ejemplo de un fracaso en la planificación urbana y un intento fallido de crear una 'utopía'. Se menciona cómo el Balmer, que alguna vez fue el mayor proyecto de vivienda de la historia de los Países Bajos, terminó siendo su mayor demolición.

💡Planificación urbana

La planificación urbana se refiere a la gestión y diseño de áreas urbanas para mejorar la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos. En el video, se discute cómo la planificación urbana en el Balmer, influenciada por el grupo CIAM, intentó separar áreas de vivienda, trabajo y recreación, pero terminó por crear un ambiente segregado y poco atractivo.

💡CIAM

CIAM (Conferencia Internacional de Arquitectos Modernos) es un grupo de líderes en planificación urbana y arquitectura que propuso modelos para la creación de ciudades futuras. En el video, se menciona cómo sus principios, como la separación de las funciones de la ciudad y el uso de edificios altos para crear espacios verdes, fueron aplicados en el Balmer con resultados negativos.

💡Arquitectura de bloques de concreto

La arquitectura de bloques de concreto se refiere a la construcción de edificios usando este material, que es resistente y duradero. En el Balmer, esta arquitectura se asocia con la monotonía y la falta de privacidad, lo que contribuyó a la percepción negativa del barrio.

💡Edificios altos

Los edificios altos son estructuras de gran altura que se construyeron en el Balmer con el objetivo de albergar a una gran cantidad de personas. Sin embargo, el video señala que muchos hogares se sintieron intimidados por estas construcciones y optaron por suburbios más tradicionales.

💡Utopía

Una utopía es una comunidad o sociedad idealizada con la vida perfecta. El video describe cómo el Balmer fue concebido como una 'ciudad del futuro', pero en la práctica, sus problemas de planificación y segregación lo convirtieron en un símbolo de un fracaso utópico.

💡Zona de vivienda

En el contexto del video, la zona de vivienda se refiere a las áreas del Balmer destinadas exclusivamente a la vivienda. La separación de estas zonas de las áreas de trabajo y recreación fue una de las estrategias de planificación que, según el video, contribuyó al aislamiento del barrio.

💡Transporte

El transporte en el Balmer incluía un sistema de tres niveles, con carriles dedicados para ciclistas y peatones, carreteras separadas para vehículos personales y autobuses, y una línea de metro elevada. Aunque se proyectó como innovador, el video sugiere que este sistema no funcionó como se esperaba y contribuyó a la segregación del barrio.

💡Pobreza

La pobreza se menciona en el video como un resultado de la falta de atractivo del Balmer y de las políticas de vivienda que llevaron a que se convirtiera en un área stigmatizada y subprivilegiada. La pobreza también generó un ciclo auto-realizante de crimen y falta de seguridad.

💡Remodelación

La remodelación se refiere a los cambios realizados en el Balmer después de que se reconoció que el plan original no era viable. El video menciona la destrucción de la mitad de los edificios originales y la construcción de edificaciones más bajas, así como la eliminación de pasadizos y la conversión de espacios de almacenamiento en espacios habitables.

💡Estigma

El estigma se refiere a la percepción negativa y el prejuicio que rodearon al Balmer, lo que dificultó su atractivo para los residentes y contribuyó a su imagen como un área de clase trabajadora y migrantes. El video destaca cómo este estigma persiste y sigue siendo un problema en la percepción pública del barrio.

Highlights

The Belmer in Amsterdam was once envisioned as the city of the future, a utopian neighborhood with a unique architectural design.

The Belmer's concrete buildings are arranged like honeycombs, with lots of green space and a raised Metro, reflecting a different look from the city's traditional architecture.

The neighborhood was a product of the high-rise housing boom in the '60s, part of an era where urban planners experimented with new types of living spaces.

CIAM, a group of leading urban planners, believed in dividing living, working, and recreation spaces, which influenced the Belmer's design.

Amsterdam's city government fought for the Belmer, believing it would revolutionize urban living with its spacious apartments and green spaces.

The Belmer was designed with a focus on space, greenery, and light, offering middle-class families an upgraded living experience.

The neighborhood's design included innovative transportation systems with separate roads for cyclists, pedestrians, and vehicles, including an elevated metro line.

The Belmer's failure to attract its intended middle-class residents led to high vacancy rates and a negative stigma, becoming an underprivileged area.

The neighborhood's design flaws, such as dark alleys and parking garages, contributed to a rise in crime and a decrease in safety.

The Belmer became a refuge for migrants from Suriname, leading to overcrowding and further strain on public facilities.

The city's distribution policies attempted to alleviate the concentration of migrants in the Belmer by spreading them throughout Amsterdam.

The Belmer's spacious design, intended for privacy, resulted in a lack of 'eyes on the street,' contributing to social issues.

High turnover rates and vacancies indicated the Belmer's failure as a desirable living space, becoming a place people aimed to leave.

A 1992 plane crash into the Belmer further damaged the neighborhood's reputation and motivated the demolition of some high-rises.

Renovations in the 1990s transformed the Belmer, including the removal of underground hallways and conversion of ground floors into private gardens.

The Belmer serves as a cautionary tale for utopian master planning, illustrating the risks of top-down urban design.

The video features an intro and outro song by Glow and research assistance from various contributors, including the B Museum and Andreas.

Transcripts

play00:00

part of this video was sponsored by

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Squarespace this is the bmer it's a

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neighborhood in Amsterdam compared to

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the city's canals briak architecture and

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six-story tall buildings the belmer

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looks

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different its concrete buildings are

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arranged like Honeycombs there's lots of

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green space and even a raised Metro it

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looks strange but a few decades ago it

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looked even stranger this is not just

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any ordinary City neighborhood Once Upon

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a Time the belmer was the city of the

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future a City built in a park a Utopia

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in

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Amsterdam one day it was the country's

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largest housing project in history

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another day it became its largest

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demolished one in a time where the

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netherland's urban planning is

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borderline fetishized the belmer is

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considered by some its biggest urban

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planning

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failure what is the Balmer

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the Netherlands is not known for

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high-rise buildings its people are tall

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enough so there's not much need for

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compensation in the' 60s though there

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was an exception y high-rise Estates

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dominated the building in this era these

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years proed to be the time of peak

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housing production in the Netherlands

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and many other European countries after

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the second world war there weren't many

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homes but there were lots of people who

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needed them all across Europe new

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high-rise neighborhoods developed these

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neighborhoods became experiments in new

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types of living Architects and planners

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believe the time of organic bottomup

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cities was over it was now the time to

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build them top down artificially c.i.

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a.m is a group of the world's most

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leading urban planners and Architects we

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have designed the cities of the future

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the population is too dense within the

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historic nuclei of cities structures

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built along Transportation routes and

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around their intersections are

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detrimental to habitation the ratio

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between the size of a population and the

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land area that it occupies can be

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entirely changed by the height of

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buildings high buildings set apart from

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one another must free the ground members

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of CM believe that the design of cities

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should divide living working Recreation

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and transportation this is the model we

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have created for a perfect City

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high-rise buildings give room for Green

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Space among large populations zoning

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separates housing work Recreation and

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travel efficient but separated

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Transportation connects the different

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zones of the city

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uniform and standardized buildings give

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equal access to sunlight large green

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spaces give equal access to clean air CM

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was influential but there were few

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places in the world that applied their

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principles precisely one of the few

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places that did was

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[Music]

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Amsterdam SP for

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amsterd for

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for and for

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[Music]

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amstd in the 60s Amsterdam had just

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finished the construction of four new

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neighborhoods slir star held and oorp

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these neighborhoods were supposed to

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increase the housing Supply

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but they weren't enough Amsterdam wanted

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more so the city picked a fight with the

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national government and a different

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municipality Amsterdam wanted the belir

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in its East but the municipality it

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belonged to

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disagreed the other municipality wanted

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to merge with two others to make an

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entirely new on-edge government that

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could hold the red Amsterdam at Bay the

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fear was that if Amsterdam grew too

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large the distance between the

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representatives and the represented

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would be too far

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this conflict led to the belmer question

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a multi- hour long debate at the

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national level on whether the belmer

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should go to

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Amsterdam in one reality Amsterdam lost

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the belmer remained in the hands of the

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original municipality and the city today

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would have looked quite different but in

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this reality Amsterdam won the bmer is

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the city of the future as opposed to

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those cramped polluting streets in the

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center we've built a city in a park

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residential homes are separated from

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industry but you can easily get to your

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work by using raised roads separated

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from pedestrian walkways all a working

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man needs to do is leave his apartment

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walk to the parking garage connected to

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his high-rise and get into his car he

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can do all of this without getting hit

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by a single drop of rain our traditional

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European cities are cramped messy and

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polluting we've designed a place that

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gives you all the benefits of density

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without the penalties all the positives

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of Rural Life without the negatives

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after that long fight with the national

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government the mayor of Amsterdam and

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the rest of the city council were almost

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in complete agreement the belmer was not

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just some buildings that would change

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Amsterdam it would change cities

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forever

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the's buildings Road networks bike paths

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bus lines and parking garages were all

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strictly set from above the goal was

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space green and light a key difference

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between bmer apartments and your

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traditional Amsterdam one is the amount

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of room our Apartments can have three

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bedrooms a living room storage and a

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kitchen Old City Center Apartments

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sometimes don't even have their own

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bathroom our apartments are an upgrade

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by using using concrete and steel we've

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been able to stack up large apartments

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for middle class families we have all

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the benefits of a dense wealthy

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neighborhood but with the empty space of

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a rural one from the start the belmer

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was meant to attract middleclass Dutch

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families it was supposed to unlock a new

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system of living spacious rooms with

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semi-public spaces and recreational

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facilities all without sacrificing

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nature

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on the grounds you could find running

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tracks many parks to run and play around

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in ideal for a

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[Music]

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domain the buildings were 11 stories the

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ground floor was used as storage space

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this was supposed to give each resident

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in the belmer an equal amount of privacy

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different housing corporations were

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responsible for different groups of

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buildings leading to to slight

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variations in the monotonous uniform

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design the hexagonal arrangement of the

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buildings was meant to give each

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building an equal amount of sunlight

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inside were communal areas and interior

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streets that could be used by the

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building's residents discover our

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Innovative three- tiered transportation

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system dedicated roads for cyclists and

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pedestrians separate roads for personal

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cars buses and trucks an elevated metro

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line between the apartments connects you

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to the Heart of the City to further

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streamline movement in the neighborhood

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we've constructed alleys under the

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building so that you can bike and walk

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beneath them there you can find a stray

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junkie who is illegally occupying one of

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the apartments a lot of middle class

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people do do do not want to live in the

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B bmer our apartments are empty our

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construction has been delayed our Metro

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isn't finished yet so the bmer is

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separated and alone the planners planned

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incorrectly the bmer did not attract the

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amount of people that were expected many

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households were turned off by the large

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alienating

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high-rises so they left for recognizable

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suburbs instead the beur flats had to

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compete with semidetached houses in

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several rapidly developing small towns

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surrounding Amsterdam like fand and

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almir why the [ __ ] would anyone go to

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[Music]

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per

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if you get an apartment now that the

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housing corporations are desperate to

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rent it will definitely be worth it in

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the future just make sure you don't

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spend too much time in the parking

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garages under the trees and in the

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Alleyways beneath the buildings the

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prices in the belmer were too high to

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justify moving to such a radically new

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place people were less enthusiastic than

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the planners had

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thought

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vacancies led to delayed rents and high

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turnover rates the neighborhood

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spiraled the public amenities that were

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promised became too expensive without

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money flowing in from paying

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residents

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the parking garages which were supposed

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to be such an Innovative addition became

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instead areas of

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[Music]

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concern the alleys beneath the buildings

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and the interior streets became

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increasingly difficult to

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maintain

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a place that was intended to attract

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middle class families just didn't it

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attracted poverty

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instead the bellmer's design and

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negative stigma created a

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self-fulfilling cycle the nature alleys

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and parking garages helped criminals get

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away with crime and made people feel

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unsafe poverty reduced its

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attractiveness separating the

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neighborhood even more in 1975 Serama a

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former Dutch Colony became independent

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people fled to the Netherlands to escape

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the power vacuum that was developing in

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their country but when they came to the

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Netherlands they were welcomed with a

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cold

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hand could

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in

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in in and in

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ut no better place to put this new group

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of people than where the existing

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residents didn't want to go anyway the

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belmer became known for its poor and

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stigmatized migrant population

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[Music]

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[Music]

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inip Hoover one of the buildings about

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90% of its tenants had a ceremon

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background migrant families tended to be

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larger which led to overcrowding and

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also increased pressure on the public

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facilities that were already

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weakened the bmer ghettoized it turned

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into to an isolated stigmatized

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underprivileged urban area in the' 70s

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the city pursued distribution policies

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spreading out new incoming ceremony

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migrants to other parts of the city what

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a pretentious video essay way of saying

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that entire groups of people were banned

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you're not seeing the bigger picture

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it's not our fault that other

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competitive housing developed or even

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that multiple housing corporations

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fragmented and delayed Construction in

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Amsterdam Center there's always eyes on

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the street in the beur we just didn't

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have enough eyes when there's lots of

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people there's social control it becomes

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harder to litter when you feel like

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there's other people holding you

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accountable however the bellmer's

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advertised spaciousness and privacy

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became its biggest

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[Music]

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enemy not enough people meant not enough

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eyes on the street not enough eyes on

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the street me that the bmer had more

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crime hyper Focus Fus on the crime and

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then people don't want to go outside not

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enough people go outside and then

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suddenly you have more crime then we

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[Music]

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could turn over rates showed that the

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bmer wasn't working it was not a place

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to live in but a place to work your way

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out of

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[Music]

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the Amsterdam City government have been

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slow and waffled around ways to tackle

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the negative stigma for years in the 9s

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they were forced to in 1992 a 747 L all

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cargo plane crashed into the belmer to

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this day it is the largest flight

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disaster on Dutch soil for the residents

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the crash left more questions than

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answers and left them feeling more

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neglected than accepted

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it fueled motivation to demolish some of

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the high-rises almost 2/3 of the

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original buildings were destroyed in

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their place the neighborhood was

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densified with low

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[Music]

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Rises

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is

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it fa what it

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is the original plan that made the

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belmer special was modified hallways

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underneath the buildings were removed or

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made larger the ground floors which were

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meant to be storage spaces were

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converted into workspaces and new

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dwellings the front of the ground floors

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were converted into private Gardens

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turning public Collective responsibility

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into isolated plots of private ownership

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today the belmer is still used as a

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poster child for the dangers of utopian

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Master

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planning thank you glow for the intro

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and outro song for Vis with help with

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the research lar for the footage as well

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as the B Museum Andreas and S for help

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with the

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modeling

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Ähnliche Tags
BelmerAmsterdamUrbanismoFracturaUtopíaPlanificaciónArquitecturaViviendaMigrantesCrisis
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