SEJARAH AKUNTANSI

Summary

The history of accounting traces its origins back to ancient civilizations like Babylon, Egypt, China, and Greece. However, it was in 1494, with Luca Pacioli’s publication of *Summa Arithmetica*, where double-entry bookkeeping emerged. Initially used in Europe, this system evolved into the Anglo-Saxon method, adopted widely after the Industrial Revolution, particularly in the United States. In Indonesia, accounting practices shifted from the continental system to the Anglo-Saxon method post-1960, influenced by Dutch and Japanese occupations, as well as the World Bank's requirements. This transformation helped standardize accounting practices globally.

Takeaways

• 😀 Accounting has been practiced since around 3000 BC in various civilizations like Babylonian, Egyptian, Chinese, and Greek.
• 😀 Early accounting was not systematic, but it evolved in Italy with Venetian traders in the 15th century.
• 😀 In 1494, Luca Pacioli published 'Summa the aritmetica', which included a section on double-entry bookkeeping for entrepreneurs.
• 😀 Pacioli is considered the father of world accounting due to his contributions to the system of double-entry bookkeeping.
• 😀 The double-entry system uses debits and credits and involves three key books: memorandums, journals, and ledgers.
• 😀 Initially, European countries used the continental bookkeeping system developed by Pacioli.
• 😀 The Industrial Revolution led to the transition from the continental system to the Anglo-Saxon system of accounting.
• 😀 The Anglo-Saxon accounting system became widespread in the United States and globally after 1642.
• 😀 Accounting in Indonesia began during the Dutch colonial period, influenced by Dutch entrepreneurs and their need for financial recording.
• 😀 Indonesia used the continental system until the 1960s, after which it adopted the Anglo-Saxon system due to its practicality and efficiency.
• 😀 The World Bank played a role in encouraging the adoption of the Anglo-Saxon system in Indonesia, as it required financial reports in this format.

Q & A

What is the significance of Luca Pacioli's 1494 publication in accounting history?

Luca Pacioli's 1494 publication 'Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni et proportionalita' is significant because it introduced double-entry bookkeeping, which became a fundamental method for recording financial transactions, laying the foundation for modern accounting practices.

What is double-entry bookkeeping, and why is it important?

Double-entry bookkeeping is a system where every financial transaction is recorded in two accounts: one as a debit and the other as a credit. This system ensures the accuracy and balance of financial records, which is crucial for reliable financial reporting.

How did Luca Pacioli contribute to the development of accounting?

Luca Pacioli is considered the father of accounting due to his publication that described double-entry bookkeeping. He aimed to help traders by providing a systematic way of recording their financial transactions, ensuring better management of assets and liabilities.

What was the accounting system used before Luca Pacioli's contribution?

Before Pacioli's contribution, various civilizations, including the Babylonians, Egyptians, Chinese, and Greeks, had basic recording systems. However, these were not as systematic or complete as the double-entry bookkeeping system Pacioli later described.

What system replaced the continental system during the industrial revolution?

The industrial revolution led to the replacement of the continental bookkeeping system with the Anglo-Saxon system. The latter was seen as more efficient and practical for the growing business environment, particularly in the United States.

What role did the industrial revolution play in the development of accounting?

The industrial revolution necessitated more accurate and systematic financial recording as businesses grew in scale and complexity. This prompted the adoption of the Anglo-Saxon accounting system, which was seen as better suited to the needs of industrial businesses.

How did accounting evolve in Indonesia?

In Indonesia, accounting practices evolved through the use of the continental system, initially under Dutch colonial influence. After independence, Indonesia gradually adopted the Anglo-Saxon system due to its practicality and the influence of international institutions like the World Bank.

Why did Indonesia shift from the continental system to the Anglo-Saxon system after 1960?

Indonesia shifted to the Anglo-Saxon system after 1960 due to its perceived efficiency and practicality. Additionally, the World Bank, which was providing loans to Indonesia, required financial reports to follow the Anglo-Saxon system.

What is the role of the World Bank in Indonesia's accounting transition?

The World Bank played a significant role by requiring Indonesia to adopt the Anglo-Saxon accounting system for its financial reporting when it began distributing loans to the country. This influenced Indonesia's shift to this more widely used and practical system.

How did the Japanese occupation affect Indonesia's accounting system?

During the Japanese occupation, Indonesia continued to use the continental system for bookkeeping, primarily because many businesses still employed Dutch workers who were familiar with the system, despite the changing political landscape.