Cover Crops - Dr. Al Orgeron
Summary
TLDRこのスクリプトでは、カバークロップの重要性とその実践方法について議論されています。特に、台風などの大雨による土壌の流失を防ぐために、砂糖畑においてカバークロップを効果的に使用することが最も重要な時期だと示唆されています。また、草や雑草と同様に、カバークロップが畑に植えられた際には競合しないように、車輪の溝に植えることが最適であるとされています。さらに、異なる除草剤がカバークロップの成長に与える影響についても分析されており、最適な除草剤の選択やカバークロップの植え替え時期の重要性が強調されています。
Takeaways
- 🌱 覆盖作物是防止土壤流失的关键,特别是在甘蔗种植后不久的时期。
- 🛡️ 覆盖作物与甘蔗作物之间不应直接竞争,应种植在轮作沟中以避免影响甘蔗产量。
- 🌿 杂草定义为任何生长在错误地方的植物,覆盖作物如果与甘蔗竞争,就会变成杂草。
- 💡 通过轮作沟种植覆盖作物是一种实用的解决方案,可以减少与甘蔗的直接竞争。
- 🚫 使用草甘膦等除草剂时,需要考虑对覆盖作物的影响,避免杀死有益的覆盖作物。
- 🔬 在圣加布里埃尔进行的实验中,研究了多种覆盖作物种类对不同除草剂的耐受性。
- 📊 除草剂对覆盖作物的影响各不相同,有些对某些作物有很高的杀灭率,如草甘膦对大多数作物。
- 🌾 红三叶草对甘蔗中使用的除草剂方案非常敏感,不适合与这些除草剂一起使用。
- 📅 种植覆盖作物的最佳时间是9月中旬到10月中旬,以确保有足够的生长时间。
- 🌱 覆盖作物可以显著增加土壤中的生物量,提高土壤健康和养分含量。
- 🔄 覆盖作物的种植和适时终止可以改善土壤微生物群落的多样性,减少病原体。
Q & A
カバークロップの重要性は何ですか?
-カバークロップは土壌の流出を防ぐために重要です。特に降雨が多い時期には、土壌が流出してしまう可能性があります。
カバークロップを広範囲に播種する方法の問題点は何ですか?
-広範囲に播種すると、カバークロップが作物と競合し、作物の収量が減少する可能性があります。
カバークロップを車輪の溝に植えることの利点は何ですか?
-車輪の溝に植えることで、カバークロップが直接作物と競合するのを避けることができます。
カバークロップに対する除草剤の影響はどのようなものですか?
-除草剤によってカバークロップが枯れてしまうことがあります。特に、メトリビュージンはカバークロップに対して非常に影響が大きいです。
カバークロップの播種タイミングはいつが理想的ですか?
-理想的な播種タイミングは9月中旬から10月中旬です。
カバークロップの早期終了が重要な理由は何ですか?
-カバークロップの早期終了は、作物が雑草として競合するのを防ぐためです。
ダイコンラディッシュとオーストリアンウィニーピーの組み合わせの利点は何ですか?
-ダイコンラディッシュは深い根で土壌の圧縮を解消し、オーストリアンウィニーピーは窒素を固定することで、土壌の栄養バランスを改善します。
カバークロップの播種方法として最も効果的な方法は何ですか?
-カバークロップをドリル播種する方法が最も効果的です。
カバークロップを使用することで得られる窒素量はどのくらいですか?
-適切なタイミングでカバークロップを使用すると、60単位以上の窒素を固定することができます。
カバークロップが土壌の微生物群に与える影響は何ですか?
-カバークロップは土壌の微生物群を多様化させ、病原菌の選択を防ぎます。これにより、健康な微生物コミュニティが形成されます。
Outlines
🌱 カバークロップの重要性と栽培方法
第1段落では、カバークロップの重要性とその栽培方法について説明しています。カバークロップは、特に大雨後に土壌の流失を防ぐために重要な役割を果たします。カバークロップは、間伐された甘蔗と直接競合しないように、車輪の溝に植えることが最適だとされています。また、様々なカバークロップ種と、甘蔗用除草剤の相性が調査され、メトロブシンなどの除草剤はカバークロップに適していないことがわかっています。カバークロップの適切な栽培時期や、除草剤の半減期についても触れられています。
📅 カバークロップの植え付け時期と管理
第2段落では、カバークロップの植え付け時期とその後の管理方法が議論されています。カバークロップは、早期に終了する必要があり、1月下旬から2月上旬が最適な時期であることが強調されています。遅い終了は、甘蔗の生育に悪影響を及ぼす可能性があるためです。また、カバークロップの植え付け方法や、土壌との接触が良好であることが良好な生育に必要であることも指摘されています。さらに、カバークロップの種を選ぶ際には、除草剤との相性を考慮する必要があるとされています。
🌾 カバークロップの効果と土壌管理
第3段落では、カバークロップが土壌に与える影響と、それに伴う管理上の課題について説明しています。カバークロップは、土壌のバイオマスを増加させ、様々な栄養素を固定する効果があります。また、カバークロップの適切な植え付け時期は、10月1日からの中頃が最適であることが示されています。さらに、カバークロップの種を選定する際には、大豆や Fav Bean などの窒素固定能力の高い植物を選ぶことが考えられます。しかし、実際には、これらの植物を効率的に植える方法が課題となっています。
🌿 カバークロップと土壌微生物群
第4段落では、カバークロップが土壌の微生物群に与える影響について述べています。カバークロップは、土壌中の微生物群の多様性を変え、病原体が繁殖する環境から健康で多様な環境へと変えることができるとされています。特に、広葉植物のクロバーは、土壌微生物群の改善に大きな役割を果たしていることが強調されています。
Mindmap
Keywords
💡カバークロップ
💡土壌保護
💡甘蔗
💡雑草
💡除草剤
💡微生物群
💡栄養素
💡植込み
💡種まき
💡輪作
Highlights
Cover crops are crucial for preventing soil loss, especially after cane planting.
The most critical time to establish cover crops is immediately after cane planting to avoid soil erosion.
Competition between cover crops and cane can lead to significant yield loss.
Broadcasting cover crops can result in them acting as weeds and competing with cane.
Planting cover crops in wheel furrows is a practical approach to avoid direct competition with cane.
Different herbicides have varying impacts on cover crops, with some being highly toxic.
Metrobusin, a popular herbicide in cane, can completely kill certain cover crops.
Prowl, another herbicide, shows more tolerance for cover crops except for red clover.
Timing is key for planting cover crops; ideally, they should be in by mid-October for best growth.
Termination of cover crops should be done early to prevent competition with cane.
Different cover crop species were tested for their compatibility with herbicides and their growth patterns.
The use of a mixture of Daikon radish and rapeseed on the row's edge is suggested for effective soil coverage.
Vining species like Austrian winnipi and hairy vetch are recommended for the center of the row for nitrogen fixation.
The importance of soil seed contact for better establishment of cover crops was emphasized.
The timing for planting cover crops is critical, with mid-September to mid-October being the optimal window.
High biomass production from cover crops can contribute significantly to soil health and nutrient availability.
The integration of cover crops can change the microbial community in the soil, promoting a healthier environment for cane growth.
Legume cover crops can fix nitrogen, offering a cost-effective alternative to synthetic fertilizers.
Transcripts
all right guys well um we'll talk about
cover crops a little bit uh right now
and from a king's perspective this is
the perfect backdrop you know this cane
was planted a couple days ago it's
packed but if we get a deluge rain guess
what soul is going out in that ditch
there's no doubt about it uh some work
done by Dr Saleem said this is the the
most critical time to try to prevent
soil loss
um so one of the Dynamics that we have
to manage is
having a cover crop and having a king
crop uh you know a weed is any plant
growing out of place
and the last thing we want to do is give
up cane yield
so uh some of our initial work
we said what is the easiest approach we
broadcast cover crop C on a fatal feel
like this
well
lo and behold cover crop came up with
the cane it looked beautiful
but what it did is it competed as a weed
uh we lost in the neighborhood of five
tons of cane we definitely don't want to
do that
so we started rethinking how can we
approach this and to me the the most
practical approach is trying to to plant
it in the wheel furrows where where
these cover crops are not competing
directly with the cane uh but Mr Carr
brings up a good point you know
one of our biggest problem with grass
weeds in a grass can crop and we use a
lot of different pre-emerged herbicides
so if you look at this sheet that was
handed out we did some work in St
Gabriel last year we looked at uh
several different cover crop species
rape red clover Daikon radish hairy
vetch winter pea and Sun hemp and then
we took some of the popular herbicide
programs we use in cane to look at the
impact they would have on them so we
drill seeded these cover crops uh after
we they would drill seated we came back
and we replicated and put these
herbicide treatments so we looked at
asthma tolichlor that that's a generic
dual product called streless2
metrobusin very very popular herbicide
that we use in cane uh tri-core uh is
the trade name pandemethylene another
old uh standard herbicide that we use in
cane prowl and the last one was
chromosome or command so like I said
these uh different herbicides have have
different activities uh they all have
grass activities but some of these have
activities on broadleaf crops so the
last thing we want to do is plant a
cover crop and kill it with the
herbicide uh that that we put out to
protect the cane from grasses
um like I said metrobusiness is a very
very popular herbicide and if you look
across that column where metrobusin is
you see a lot of hundreds and and
uh killing a hundred percent of what we
planted
so if you're gonna cover crop metrobusin
is not the best herbicide uh to use on
your cane uh
if you go one spot down and look at
prowl the pin the methylin
um it was a whole lot more tolerant on
most of the cover crops with the
exception of red clover red clover or
all the Clover species really don't like
any of these herbicide programs uh that
we use in cane so one of the things that
we've looked at in the past is okay
um planter King
even if you want to use metabuse and
give it about six weeks that's kind of
the break point you've got to give it
about six weeks so if you come back here
in mid-october and plant those cover
crops a lot of times that herbicide
breaks down that Half-Life we get a lot
of rain God knows it was 92 degrees so
so uh the microbial uh degradation is
rocking and rolling right now on our
saws so uh they don't last forever
that's why we have to to apply multiple
times we have to put out grass
herbicides
but but it's trying to to grow these
cover crops in a way that is beneficial
to the soil but not a a negative impact
on that cover crop so if you flip that
sheet over to the back page
um some of the initial work we did in uh
the New Iberia area with Ricky Gosling
uh we we had a just a a very um
diverse group of uh cover crops
including uh winnipee Harry vetch uh and
some radish it established well
uh it ended up taking over the whole row
at the end of the winter
so we looked at termination timings
so
when we terminated that crop with a
brass which is 240 in dicamba and and
our metrobusin like we typically put in
the spring it did a beautiful job every
time we went to terminate it it did its
job
but but if you look at this sheet uh
look at the January 5th the 25th
terminations versus the February 16th
versus the March h
so you know these are uh three weeks
apart boom boom boom if you look at that
stock population what do you see you see
a constant decrease in the number of
sugarcane stalks per acre so it can
compete as a weed so the moral of the
story we have to terminate early
so early uh February or late January is
when you want to be targeting this we
don't want to be doing this in March
even though the cane is not not as
established as you'd like we got to give
it time for that that biomass to die
break down and let that King crop come
and be vigorous and you can see that
same relationship with stalk height uh
you know our tallest stock height is
when we terminated earliest and it
decreases as we go down so
um I think we got some good options here
uh but you know it's a balance game life
is a balanced game it's a balanced game
um
ideally if if I had to do it and I had
unlimited resources what I really have
been lacking is going with a Daikon
radish and reef on the hip of the row
and I'd love to plant like an Austrian
winnipee and a hairy vet down the center
of the road because those are Vining
species so you have a a legumus uh
species in the middle fixing some
nitrogen then you have deep rooted uh
crops where it'll break some of that
soil compaction and let some percolation
but it won't encroach them to the cane
so that that's kind of
if I got a dream up an ideal situation
that's what I'd love to do so with that
any questions can you say that one more
time
so on the hip of the row either Daikon
radish with a mixture of rape
and down the center of the wheel Furrow
I'd like to have a Vining one like a
Austrian winnipi and Harry vetch mix
that down that drill so you know I think
about how we plant soybeans on the top
of King beds with with three drills uh I
don't know how we do it in in this
arrangement with them all set I'm not
that smart I'm not a former so you don't
have a planner I have a single uh rope
planter is what I have that drills on
the top but I hadn't uh one of the
things that that I've noticed over my my
time
um you know just like with King that
that soil seed contact is so important
so anytime we've drilled the cover crops
we've gotten much better establishment
than if we broadcast and just leave it
to be now if we broadcast and tickle it
it's great but but but this on top of
the ground you better put even this
fresh even this fresh even this fresh
soil okay we did some work uh last year
with Ricky Ghostland blurry bear in
general in uh New Iberia and uh
side by side he came in with a
fertilizer card and just put a little
fertilizer with his cover crop and I
came and I broadcast it and uh oh God I
forget the name of the tool but
basically he he just reshape so this was
in a fallacy he just reshaped and where
I I'll just spread it he had probably
three times the amount of cover crop
that germinated than I did
so all right so Al let me ask a question
about the timing of the planting of a
cover crop what is in in a in a perfect
world you know this field was planted a
few days ago and sprayed with or will be
sprayed with
inside
so you got to wait six or eight six
eight weeks or six weeks six weeks wait
six weeks and so here's the the other
caveat you gotta understand
to get critical biomass these things
need to be in by by mid-october
because when you get into November
you're just not going to get the
vegetative growth okay I planted these
things as early as July and you say oh
they won't survive they will survive
every one of them survive but then you
got army worms and uh every other uh
insect pest you could you can imagine
The Sweet Spot to me is mid-september to
mid-october that that's where we've done
our our best had our best success uh
with this project and you are you gonna
get
you feel cough cough cough to grow with
getting enough vegetative growth
from sep let's let's round it you see
you said September 15th October 15th so
October 1st you planted this field and
uh and uh your recipe of clovers and
whatnot uh radishes uh I wouldn't plant
clover but I'd plant radishes
you plant that here October 1st and
October's is not a that's our driest
month of the year on average but you do
get a rain quickly after you plant it
let's assume all that and come January
uh how tall is your your green matter
out here your cover crop and is it a nut
does it have enough time to do
good do what you try and it absolutely
has enough and Mr Carl I don't have the
data with me but I'll send it to you but
um
with uh some of the work we did last
year and it's on our uh sugarcane
website uh what actually showed how much
biomass dry biomass and I want to say we
were talking almost two tons of uh no
that's
it was Elite at least a tone a dry
biomass and we calculated how much NP
and K that that we fixed and it was
pretty outrageous I mean it was better
than 60 units of nitrogen that we had uh
accumulated planting at the right time
uh
picked up some sulfur some zinc some
some of the Microsoft
macronutrients that we saw a big
contribution coming out from the mixes
of cover crop species that we've been
planting in the sugar model
okay so how wide a drill are you trying
to get planted if you if I got a plan
right here where you don't have any cane
right there right there and I'd like to
have one in the middle you want the P
Austin winter peas down here right here
because they're going to Bush they're
going to bind they're gonna be four or
five foot wide by the end of it
but you also want to get some seed right
here yeah all right yeah yeah
wow
the John Deere planter Engineers better
get after it
okay
because the spreader isn't going to work
if you just wanting some of these things
I mean I mean you'll have some germinate
but to me you need much higher seating
rates uh it's just not nearly as ideal
of a situation uh
you know
the the technology we have at the sugar
research station I inherited a a old
planet from Jimmy Flanagan it Brenda's
used that that planner and uh many
researchers and we plant anything from
corn and it's just a brush planner and
it doesn't have a whole lot of fine
tuning it's not like an air planter
where you can Precision plant seeds and
such so we tend to plant them a little
heavier than we would like to
um but I think with an airplane and a
good engineer you really can uh you know
uh
oh
a fava Bean a fava Bean is a great great
fixer nitrogen but all the research I've
done this is they're using garlic plants
to plant fava beans but I was like man
this would be an ideal
but but again you you got to have a way
to to practically do it in in a very
efficient way but I think that'd be
another good fit for a legume cover crop
um and you know you brought up the the
aspect of the high nitrogen prices and
y'all were talking about that I actually
have some growers in North Louisiana
that's really interested in this because
you know if you can pick up 20 pounds of
nitrogen with a legume and terminate it
at a timely standpoint So within a uh
two to three weeks you start releasing
the nutrients
that these cover crops pick up after you
terminate them so if you could
theoretically do it in in a uh
especially if your cover crops are not
competing which you can if you can uh
control uh what's in in the wheel Farrow
uh a little bit later and and have that
nitrogen available for the plant that's
a cost savings
so that that's some of the kind of
thought process we're planting uh of
course I'm in the northern part of the
cane bout but we are able to plant
soybeans and make pretty consistently
high yields
and uh one of the reasons driving that
is
and how the old school was uh that the
number was 15 units of nitrogen you
going to uh get from planting the
soybean crop and
um so that's 15 bucks right there if
it's a dollar a unit
Dr fultz is the microbiologist but the
other thing you you do
is you never think about that that uh
microbial Community but when you plant a
cane crop after a cane crop after that
cane crop you start selecting a bacteria
and pathogens that that feed on the
roots of cane and and become negative
whenever we we incorporate cover crops
especially a broad leaf clover crop you
you change up that microbial community
in the soil you know old ground versus
new ground I mean yes there may be a
little bit more nutritious but really
with Dr Hoy found is that microbial
community in that old ground is very
selective as what lives on cane and it's
pathogenistic versus a a healthy
Community that's diverse
so that you know just another big
benefit of
cover crop
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