Why You Hate Your Life | Schopenhauer
Summary
TLDR这段视频脚本深入探讨了亚瑟·叔本华的悲观主义哲学,解释了为什么人类比动物更容易遭受痛苦。叔本华认为,人类之所以痛苦,是因为我们拥有思考和反思的能力,这使我们能够意识到生活的无意义和长期目标的失败。视频还讨论了如何通过接受痛苦的普遍性、培养感恩之心以及与他人共享痛苦来找到安慰和亲密感。最后,视频鼓励我们通过阅读叔本华的作品来更深入地理解他的哲学思想。
Takeaways
- 📚 亚瑟·叔本华是一位极端悲观主义哲学家,他的观点常常被误解为只带来痛苦和毁灭。
- 🧐 叔本华认为人类之所以比动物遭受更多痛苦,是因为我们具有思考和反思的能力。
- 🤔 人类总是担忧未来或评判过去,而动物则活在当下,只要基本需求得到满足,它们就感到满足。
- 🔄 叔本华认为,我们不是为幸福而生,而是有一种生存的意志和生命本能,这使我们不断追求和挣扎。
- 😌 幸福在叔本华看来是短暂的,它更像是缺乏痛苦的状态,而非一种积极的情感。
- 🙏 感恩可以被视为一种转化力量,能够将平淡无奇的情况转变为绝对的幸福。
- 🤯 叔本华认为,我们常常对自己撒谎,认为达到某个目标就会获得长久的幸福,但这通常不是真的。
- 🙌 通过接受生活中的痛苦是不可避免的,我们可以更好地准备面对它,而不是感到惊讶。
- 🧘♂️ 通过禁欲主义,我们可以学会控制自己的欲望,从而找到内心的平静和满足。
- 🤝 共享痛苦可以让人们团结在一起,因为我们都遭受着痛苦,这可以促进同情和互助。
- 🌟 尽管叔本华是一个悲观主义者,但他的思想中也包含了对人类同情和团结的乐观看法。
Q & A
亚瑟·叔本华是如何描述人类与动物在痛苦上的不同的?
-叔本华认为,人类之所以比动物遭受更多的痛苦,是因为人类具有思考和反思自己的独特能力。动物如叔本华所提到的狗罗茜,只要基本的生理需求得到满足,它们就能感到满足和幸福。而人类则常常担忧未来,回顾过去,并且不断地在精神上增加自己的痛苦。
为什么叔本华认为人类总是倾向于追求未来的目标,而不是享受现在?
-叔本华认为,人类从一开始就对生活充满了无限的可能性和希望,他们将生活的完整性和意义寄托于未来的伟大成就上。但随着年龄的增长,人们逐渐意识到只有少数目标能够实现,这导致了从对未来的恐惧到对过去的失望的转变,而忽视了享受现在的重要性。
叔本华如何解释人类生活中的痛苦比快乐更为显著?
-叔本华认为快乐很少被察觉,即使被察觉,也只是短暂的一刻。他将快乐视为缺乏痛苦的状态,即当我们的意愿不受阻碍,所有当前需求得到满足,所有愿望都在实现时的状态。大多数人在这种状态下并不感到狂喜或兴奋,而是没有痛苦,这与人们在需求未得到满足时所感受到的强烈痛苦形成了鲜明对比。
为什么叔本华认为幸福是一种缺乏痛苦的状态,而不是一种积极的情感?
-在叔本华看来,幸福并不是一种积极的情感,而是一种缺乏痛苦的状态。他认为,当人们的意愿不受阻碍,所有当前需求得到满足,所有愿望都在实现时,人们并不会感到狂喜或兴奋,而是没有痛苦。这种状态的不可见性是叔本华被认为是悲观主义者的原因之一。
在叔本华的哲学中,为什么人类总是对自己撒谎,认为实现某个目标就会获得长久的幸福?
-叔本华认为,这是一种人类自我欺骗的循环,我们不断地告诉自己,如果实现了某个目标,我们就会最终感到幸福和满足。但事实上,一旦最初的兴奋消退,我们就会回到起点,继续感到轻微的悲伤和不满。这是因为我们被设计成要不断地追求,而不是满足于现状。
为什么叔本华提倡通过感恩来转化生活中的不满?
-叔本华认为,感恩是一种能够将平淡或仅仅令人满意的情境转变为绝对幸福的炼金术。通过控制我们的期望和约束我们的意愿,使现实成为一个愉快的惊喜。这种观点与尼采在《快乐的科学》中提到的人类表达感恩的犹豫不决形成了对比。
叔本华如何解释人类在生活中的苦难可以带来人与人之间的亲密关系?
-叔本华认为,共享的痛苦可以使人们形成强烈的联系。当人们经历相同的痛苦时,他们会立即形成紧密的纽带。没有什么比共享的苦难更能将人们聚集在一起,因为我们都从根本上是受苦的存在。
在叔本华的哲学中,为什么他认为我们应该接受生活中的痛苦是不可避免的?
-叔本华认为,接受生活中的痛苦是不可避免的,可以让我们避免因世界观受到挑战而感到痛苦。他鼓励我们接受生活总是包含痛苦的事实,这样我们当然会悲伤,但不会惊讶。
叔本华是如何建议我们通过限制欲望来减轻痛苦的?
-叔本华建议我们从其他思想家如伊壁鸠鲁和佛陀那里吸取智慧,通过仔细的训练和对自己意愿的掌握来限制我们的欲望。这显然是一个庞大的话题,但《伊壁鸠鲁论幸福》和斯多葛哲学家爱比克泰德的作品是很好的起点。
叔本华的哲学如何帮助我们理解人类痛苦的普遍性,并鼓励我们对他人产生同情心?
-叔本华的哲学提醒我们,世界上没有一个人是不遭受痛苦的。认识到痛苦的普遍性应该鼓励我们对彼此产生深刻的同情心。他认为我们应该不是以先生或女士的身份相互问候,而是作为共同的受苦者,因为我们都在同一条破旧的船上,我们应该团结一致。
叔本华的哲学对于个人生活有哪些实际的建议或指导?
-叔本华的哲学鼓励我们接受生活中的痛苦,学习限制我们的欲望,并通过认识到痛苦的普遍性来培养对他人的同情心。他的哲学虽然初看似乎令人感到生活的无望,但实际上提供了如何在一个冷漠的世界中找到慰藉的见解。
Outlines
🤔 人类痛苦的根源
第一段概述了亚瑟·叔本华的悲观主义哲学,他认为世界是地狱,人类既是受折磨的灵魂也是恶魔。叔本华认为人类的痛苦源于我们独特的思考和反思能力,这使得我们比动物遭受更多的痛苦。与动物不同,人类会担忧未来、回顾过去,并且对自己的生活是否具有意义感到焦虑。叔本华提出,我们的痛苦是不可避免的,但认识到这一点可以帮助我们更好地应对生活。
😐 幸福的短暂与痛苦的持久
第二段深入探讨了为什么痛苦在我们的生活中比快乐更为显著。叔本华认为,幸福是缺乏痛苦的状态,而不是一种积极的情绪。当我们的需求得到满足,我们通常不会感到狂喜,而是简单地不感到痛苦。这与痛苦的强烈感受形成了鲜明对比。此外,叔本华还讨论了感恩的力量,认为通过感恩,人们可以将平凡的情况转变为幸福的状态。
🚶♂️ 人生的挣扎与目标的虚幻
第三段讨论了人类如何通过设定目标来欺骗自己,认为达成某个目标就能获得长久的幸福。叔本华指出,这种满足感是短暂的,我们很快会回到不满和渴望的状态。他认为,接受这一现实可以帮助我们开始理解并克制我们的意志,从而找到内心的平静。此外,他还提出了禁欲主义作为一种生活方式,通过拒绝物质欲望来寻找内在的宁静。
👥 共同的痛苦与同情的力量
第四段强调了共同痛苦的力量,说明人们在分享痛苦时能够建立深厚的联系。叔本华认为,认识到所有人都在某种程度上遭受痛苦,可以激发我们对他人的同情和理解。他提倡我们应该像对待同病相怜的人一样对待彼此,通过共享痛苦来建立社区和团结。此外,他还鼓励我们接受生活中的痛苦,并将其作为与他人建立联系的桥梁。
Mindmap
Keywords
💡悲观主义
💡痛苦
💡快乐
💡意志
💡反思
💡感恩
💡苦难共同体
💡自我超越
💡欲望
💡同情
💡人生目标
Highlights
亚瑟·叔本华是著名的悲观主义哲学家,他认为人类的痛苦是不可避免的,并且提供了关于为什么我们受苦以及如何应对这一残酷事实的深刻见解。
与动物相比,人类因为具有思考和反思的能力,总是遭受更多的痛苦。
叔本华认为,人类的痛苦源于我们对未来的担忧、对过去的评判以及对他人伤害的怨恨。
叔本华提出,人类的主要驱动力是生命意志,这是一种内在的、持续存在的欲望,而不仅仅是追求幸福。
幸福在叔本华看来,是一种缺乏痛苦的状态,而不是一种积极的情绪。
叔本华认为,痛苦比快乐更为显著,因为痛苦是强烈的,而幸福往往不为人所注意。
感恩可以作为一种转化工具,将平淡或令人满意的情境转变为绝对的幸福。
佛教中的一则寓言说明了通过控制期望和抑制意志,可以将不愉快的情况转变为愉快的情境。
叔本华认为,我们总是对自己撒谎,认为达到某个目标就会获得长久的幸福,但这通常不是真的。
接受我们生活中不可避免的痛苦,可以帮助我们更好地准备面对它,而不是感到惊讶。
通过学习和实践,我们可以学会限制我们的欲望,从而减轻不幸福的感觉。
叔本华提倡通过内省和自我斗争来找到平静和满足,而不是仅仅接受生活的现状。
共享痛苦可以加强人与人之间的联系,因为共同的苦难可以带来共鸣和团结。
叔本华认为,我们应该将彼此视为共同的受苦者,而不是先生或女士,以培养更深的同情和团结。
哲学应该与生活相联系,叔本华的悲观主义提供了接受痛苦、限制欲望和通过同情团结在一起的实用见解。
叔本华的哲学提醒我们,每个人都在以自己的方式受苦,我们应该对他人展现慈善、耐心、宽容和仁慈。
Transcripts
the world is hell and men are on the one
hand the tormented souls and on the
other the devils in it this is the
radical and somewhat depressing view of
Arthur schopenhauer the ultimate
pessimist he is often dismissed by many
as bringing only misery and destruction
in his wake and people use this to shy
away from his philosophy altogether but
if you stay a little longer it becomes
clear that shophow has deep insights not
just into why we suffer but also how
suffering is ultimately inescapable and
how we should react to this harsh truth
in this video we'll learn why pain is
more powerful than pleasure why humans
suffer more than animals and how we can
turn the horrors of life into shared
comfort and intimacy with our fellow man
as always remember that I cannot
represent shopen how's philosophy in all
of its Rich detail here and I encourage
you to read him for yourself to get all
of the fine flavors of his thinking but
without further Ado let's get started
one the downsides of thinking have you
ever looked at a dog they seem almost
constantly Serene and content with their
lot in life unless something actively
awful is happening to them like they're
starving or their leg has been chopped
off or they're completely abandoned they
are just chilled I've often sat back and
compared what it takes for your average
person to be happy with what it takes
for my dog Rosie to be happy and humans
don't come off well in the comparison if
I made someone Live Like My Dog they
would find it miserable and meaningless
but Rosie somehow seems to be in
complete heaven and shophow can tell us
why for shopen Hower humans are always
going to suffer far more than animals
because we have the unique ability to
think and reflect about ourselves and
the world lucky Rosie just does not have
the capacity to consider all the
questions a human does she cannot wonder
whether her life is meaningless she
cannot set long-term goals and then fail
to achieve them she cannot fall short of
an ideal that she has crafted for
herself or she has as the here and now
and provided all her physical needs are
met she is perfectly content with that
compare that with your average person we
are constantly worried about the future
or judging the past we wonder whether we
will ever get what we want out of life
we worry that no one will ever love us
we hold on to the bitterness caused by
other people who have wronged us at
every turn our minds compound and
multiply the suffering in our lives and
this starts young and only gets worse
with age when we are just beginning Our
Lives we have a world of possibilities
we can put our hopes in making our lives
seem complete and meaningful by striving
to achieve great things we pile all of
our hopes about existence onto a later
date but as we age we realize that only
a tiny fraction of our goals will ever
come to pass and we're lucky if we even
get that much in shopen how's view we go
straight from Fear of the future to
disappointment in the past and we don't
take a single moment to enjoy the
present and this makes a certain sort of
sense schopenhauer doesn't think that we
are built for happiness he thinks one of
our primary driving forces is a will to
life and inate desire to continue to
exist dwelling in a mindful presence
does nothing to further this goal we
would be much better off constantly
striving constantly struggling and
constantly suffering to protect both
ourselves and our Offspring it's a sort
of Darwin pessimism but it's not all bad
news there is a small consolation in
this view it is tempting when we feel
awful or miserable or inadequate to
paint this as a problem with us we are
defective in some way or our mind is
broken or we are uniquely unhappy people
but Shar andhow reassures us that this
is not the case firstly he points out
that our suffering emanates from
something really quite beautiful about
us our ability to think consider and
reflect and secondly he reminds us that
everyone else is in the same boat it may
seem like you're the only unhappy person
in the world but whenever silence Falls
whenever we give into rumination and
reflection most of us will suffer in
some way even if this suffering is
necessary it still hurts and whatever
pain you're in you are never even for a
second alone we will revisit this point
about a community of suffering in detail
later but why is it that suffering seems
so much more prominent than pleasure in
most of our Lives well shophow has
another wonderful insight to gift us
here if you want more on floss opy and
the art of learning subscribe to my
email list the link is in the
description two the transparency of
Happiness my granddad says you don't
know when the good old days were until
they're long behind you this is a
feeling many of us can relate to it
seems like we don't know just how good a
situation is until it has passed into
our rearview mirrors but why is
happiness so difficult to notice when
it's there why do we only recognize
Bliss when it has slipped through our
grasp and we are stuck wishing to relive
those golden times and promising that we
would appreciate them if they ever came
around again the reason for shophow is
that happiness is very rarely visible
and if it is it's only ever for a moment
this is because shophow views happiness
as less of a positive emotion and more
like a lack of suffering he thinks
happiness is just what happens when our
Wills are unimpeded when all our present
needs are met and all our desires are
being fulfilled but far from being
ecstatic or excited at this most people
just react by not being in pain they are
not actively suffering yay but this is
hardly a counterbalance to the kind of
intense suffering people people feel
when their needs are not met this
invisibility of happiness is one of the
reasons schopenhauer is considered a
pessimist he thinks we are fundamentally
more suited to suffering than to Joy and
again his justification for this view is
found in his concept of the will to life
what sort of function would happiness or
contentment serve for our survival if we
were naturally contented beings we would
let ourselves get eaten by a bear while
we were pondering the intricate layers
of our joy for shophow it would just be
nonsensical for our natural state to be
happiness to quote a famous Australian
comedian content homoerectus was eaten
by the saber-tooth tiger shophow
sometimes gives the impression that it's
a lost cause to try and turn this
passive state of Happiness into an
active one but call me a naive Optimist
I think there is hope there the answer
for me can be found in gratitude one of
the great admirers and fiercest critics
of schopenhauer was friedi ner and in
his great work the gay science he speaks
of the reluctance humans have to Express
gratitude they see it as a mark of their
dependency on other people but I think
this is nothing to be ashamed of
gratitude is like a form of Alchemy it
can transform a dull or merely
satisfactory situation into one of
absolute Bliss and it does this in
schopenhauer's Language by reing in our
Wills so that reality exceeds our
expectations in early Buddhism many of
the monks that went to spread the word
of the new religion were insulted beaten
and killed and in one ancient Fable a
monk who is about to embark on a journey
of preaching is asked what he will do if
the people there insult him and he says
he will be grateful that they don't hit
him then he is asked what if they hit
him and he responds he'll be grateful
that they don't hit him with sticks but
what if they hit him with sticks then he
will be grateful that they did not hit
him with stones and so on and so forth
you get the idea thus the monk
transforms a potentially unpleasant
situation into a pleasant one by
controlling his expectations and
reigning in his will so that reality is
a pleasant surprise but I would add a
little word of caution here it is very
easy to preach gratitude as if it is the
ultimate single answer to Life's
problems but there are times where too
much gratitude could lead us astray
should we be grateful for an abusive
partner or a job that we hate and yearn
to leave or injustices that we could
actually change in the real world it
seems intuitively we want to answer no
and shophow can tell us why happiness is
not a motivating emotion it is a sign
that everything is fine how it is if
things are not fine then gratitude may
not be the solution it is here that we
must appeal to the wisdom of suffering
but if our lives are to some extent
doomed to suffering then why do we even
go on the answer for schopenhauer is an
eternal trick that we play with
ourselves a trick that will be familiar
to us all three the happiness lie have
you ever had a friend who just will not
tell the truth they seem committed to
making promises that they will never
fulfill every time you believe them and
every time it turns out they were
talking nonsense you were left wondering
why you even have them around but
they've been in your life forever so you
just put up with it this is how shop
andh Hower views our relationship with
life itself each time we set a goal we
tell ourselves an extraordinary lie we
say that if we achieve this thing we
will finally be happy and contented but
this is not the case how many times have
you said that if only you hit this
Milestone had this partner got this
promotion then life would be easy and
yet every time as soon as the initial
High has worn off you are right back to
where you started slightly sad and
discontented wondering if long-term
happiness is forever out of your reach
you are not unusual or broken according
to shophow this is a perfectly normal
part of the human experience we are
designed to play this trick on ourselves
over and over again until we finally die
and he again appeals to this idea that
satisfaction stagnates if we knew the
truth that nothing we strive for will
make us happy in the long term then we
would cease to do anything so we make
endless vows to ourselves that this will
be the one this will be the thing that
transports us from the mundane and the
dull to the Transcendent and the sublime
but it will never be the one it just
won't and for schopenhauer once we can
accept this we can work on slowly
unpacking and deconstructing the will to
life in his terms we can begin to
embrace asceticism the athetic is a
figure in almost all the major world
relig religions they are the monk the
priest The Hermit they are the person
that looks at the lot on offer for them
in life and says no I'd rather not they
deny their will to life and this is how
they slowly find peace this is not so
they can end life itself but rather so
they can withdraw from having to
constantly nourish their dissatisfaction
with reality they disengage from their
struggle with the world and embrace an
inner struggle instead one where they
set their own will against the will to
life schopenhauer does not pretend that
this will be easy as I said just trading
in one struggle for another but he says
that it is possible to find some peace
after the wrestling match is done once
we have subdued our own will mastered
our desires and managed to constrain
them to a reasonable sphere of influence
we can find a small bit of Stillness and
contentment in our lives and in some
ways this is a recommendation you see
echoing throughout history controlling
our desires and slowly mastering not
only what we do but what we want is a
Doctrine preached by everyone from SIA
and epicurus to the Buddha and Christ
and schopenhauer gives his unique spin
on the idea here by painting it not just
as a passive process of accepting life
as it comes but as an active fight
against a mind whose default setting is
suffering and a fight that we must be
constantly ready to undertake a new at
any moment but this idealized atic ISM
seems only attainable for a select few
people most of us do not have the luxury
to give everything up and hand over our
lives to spiritual aesthetic Pursuits so
what do we do well schopenhauer has his
own Bittersweet consolation for us four
a community of suffering you will rarely
find humans get closer than we do
talking about our pain put two people in
a room who have suffered from the same
illness or dated the same unpleasant
character and they will almost
immediately form a strong bond nothing
brings people together quite like shared
suffering and shophow gives us the life
affirming idea that we always have
shared pain to bond over because we are
all fundamentally beings who suffer one
of the worst things we can think when
going through a horrible situation is I
am alone no one else is feeling like
this it can bring a limited form of
comfort by making us feel special but it
only does this by making us feel
especially hard done by often a key
factor in what makes pain a bait is
connection feeling like others
understand us and are willing to lend a
helping hand I remember when I was at my
lowest I had isolated myself from all
the people closest to me and I was at
the bottom of a self-destructive spiral
the only thing that took me out of it
was finally reconnecting with some good
friends the difference between suffering
alone and suffering together was greater
than I could ever express made me feel
less hopeless more powerful and it put
me on the path to fixing my situation to
finally getting my life back on track
this was only possible because of the
empathy and kindness shown to me by
others and this experience made me
Kinder it made me more willing to go out
and help people just as I had been
helped according to schopenhauer this is
only natural at the end of his great
essay on the suffering of the world he
says that our shared suffering should
ideally make us see other men in a true
light and remind us of what are the most
necessary of all things tolerance
patience forbearance and charity which
each of us needs and which each of us
therefore owes this is one of my
favorite passages in all of 19th century
philosophy and it is because it at once
shows the depth of schopenhauer's
pessimism and the Sparks of his vibrant
optimism on the one hand we are all in
desperate need of one another we all
need charity from others because we are
helpless beings floundering amidst an
uncaring World doomed to the torture of
our own minds but on the other hand this
compels us to help one another we are
fellow Travelers on the same road paved
with hot coals in such a situation who
can fail to show deep empathy kindness
and compassion to one's fellow human
beings I've noticed a slight tendency in
the modern age to pretend that other
people somehow have it easy that if only
we had the opportunities afforded to
others that we would be happy we would
finally be complete but shophow reminds
us that there is not a single person on
the planet who is not suffering
certainly some of us are more fortunate
than others and there are some who have
the rough end of the stick in almost
every aspect of their life but this need
didn't blind us to the fact that every
person in the world has their own
struggles their own pain their own
unique brand of suffering and just as we
stand in need of the charity and
sympathy of those around us they stand
in need of ours whether we give it to
them is our decision but it would be
hypocritical of us to expect kindness
that we will not extend to others but
there is one final question I always
like to ask of philosophies like shopen
Howers and that is what do we do with
them five what to do next it is easy to
look at philosophers like schopenhauer
and ask what on Earth we're going to do
with this information and one of my
strongest held beliefs is that
philosophy should be useful it should
connect with your life in some way with
shopen Hower this is notoriously
difficult because at first glance he
seems like such an extreme pessimist he
talks of the inescapability of suffering
the invisibility of happiness and the
dishonesty at the core of Our Lives how
can someone like this help us won't he
just make us feel like our lives are
pointless well call me naive but I think
there are many insights in his pessimism
and some hints on how to find solace in
a cold World firstly it encourages us to
accept that life is going to have a lot
of pain in it I remember when I was
about 16 a friend of mine went through a
breakup and because he was also 16 it
seemed like the end of the world to him
in a moment of misery induced Clarity he
said I did not know I could hurt this
much what an awful thing to learn it
seemed like the pain of having his
worldview challenged was almost as bad
as his heartbreak schopenhauer allows us
to avoid such situations by showing how
life was always going to consist of
suffering we will certainly be sad but
we won't be surprised secondly
schopenhauer's figure of the aesthetic
provides some hope for us all of
alleviating the cycle of needs and wants
that traps Us in unhappiness we can take
a little bit of wisdom from other
thinkers like epicurus and the Buddha
and learn to limit our wants through
careful training and Mastery of our own
will obviously this is a huge topic and
I can't go into detail about it here but
the book on happiness by epicurus is a
good place to start as well as the work
of stoic philosopher epic tetus lastly
shopen how are morphs suffering into
something that can bring people together
so often when we are hurting we want to
rage against the world and wallow in our
own misery convinced that our suffering
is unique kard talks of this sort of
behavior as an advanced form of Despair
shopan how warns us against doing this
he thinks that a recognition of the
sheer ubiquitousness of suffering should
encourage a deep empathy for one another
he says we should not greet each other
as Sir or Madam but instead as fellow
sufferer we are all in the same battered
boat and we ought to stick together if
we're going to make the best of it what
a beautiful thought from one of the most
pessimistic philosophers in history as
always I encourage you to read shophow
for yourself a good place to start is
his essay on the suffering of the world
you could read his magnumopus the world
as willing representation but it is
incredibly long so it's a bit of a
difficult place to start if you do go
out and read shophow let me know what
you took from his extraordinary
philosophy if you want more videos on
philosophical misery then check out this
one to see how dosi can make your life
infinitely worse and stick around for
more on thinking to improve your life
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