Metode dan Etika Penelitian Antropologi Etnografi (1)

Summary

In this lecture on anthropological research methods, the speaker introduces the discipline of anthropology and its foundational principles. The focus is on how anthropologists conduct research to answer questions about human social and cultural life, emphasizing the importance of empirical facts and rational analysis. The lecture traces the historical development of knowledge, from myths and legends to philosophy and empirical science, highlighting anthropology as a field that seeks to understand human society through structured, evidence-based inquiry. The speaker also discusses the relationship between anthropology and other disciplines, especially in terms of methodology.

Takeaways

• 😀 Anthropology is a discipline that seeks to understand human life, particularly social and cultural aspects, by addressing questions about human existence and relationships.
• 😀 The pursuit of knowledge through science began with human curiosity and an attempt to explain the world through myths and legends.
• 😀 The development of philosophy was an attempt to answer human questions using logic and reasoning, evolving into scientific knowledge which relies on rational thinking.
• 😀 Anthropology aims to answer questions about human life by studying cultural, social, and familial relationships that are shaped by human interaction.
• 😀 Anthropology differs from biology as it focuses on humans as supra-organic beings, looking at both physical and non-physical aspects of human existence, such as social relationships.
• 😀 Anthropology, as a branch of human sciences, strives to understand and answer questions about human social and cultural life by adhering to scientific principles.
• 😀 Anthropology research must be based on empirical facts, meaning observations that can be verified through human senses or instruments.
• 😀 The second principle of anthropology is rational thinking, where collected facts must be organized and analyzed in a logical and coherent manner.
• 😀 The scientific method in anthropology follows two main principles: empiricism (using observable facts) and rationalism (using reasoning and logic).
• 😀 The aim of anthropological research is to build valid answers to research questions by using empirical evidence and logical analysis, ensuring that findings are grounded in reality.

Q & A

What is the main focus of the lecture presented by Pujosedi?

The main focus of the lecture is to explore how anthropology works as a scientific discipline and to discuss the research methods used in anthropology. The speaker emphasizes the relationship between anthropology, human behavior, and social institutions.

How does anthropology differ from other scientific disciplines?

Anthropology differs from other scientific disciplines in that it studies humans not only as biological organisms but also as supraorganic beings, exploring their social and cultural behaviors, relationships, and the consequences of human interactions.

What role does curiosity play in the development of knowledge according to the lecture?

Curiosity plays a central role in the development of knowledge. The speaker explains that humans have always had a natural desire to understand the world around them, which led to the creation of myths, legends, philosophy, and eventually science as methods to satisfy that curiosity.

What was the early method used to answer questions about the world before the development of philosophy and science?

Before the development of philosophy and science, humans relied on myths, legends, and storytelling to explain natural phenomena, such as the origins of mountains, rivers, and weather patterns.

How did philosophy contribute to the scientific process, according to the lecture?

Philosophy contributed to the scientific process by introducing rational thinking as a way to answer questions. This approach, based on logic and reason, laid the foundation for the emergence of scientific inquiry.

What does anthropology aim to understand about human life?

Anthropology aims to understand human social and cultural life, including aspects like kinship systems, language differences, and changes in economic activities over time, by exploring the everyday practices and relationships that shape human existence.

What are the two fundamental principles that anthropological research must follow?

The two fundamental principles in anthropological research are: 1) The research must be based on empirical facts that can be observed or measured, and 2) These facts must be organized, explained, and analyzed using rational, logical reasoning.

What is meant by 'empirical facts' in the context of anthropology?

Empirical facts refer to data that can be observed directly through the senses or through instruments. In anthropology, this means gathering evidence from real-life observations and experiences to answer research questions.

How does rational analysis contribute to anthropological research?

Rational analysis contributes to anthropological research by helping researchers organize and interpret the empirical data they collect. This process ensures that the conclusions drawn from the data are logical, coherent, and scientifically valid.

What debate is mentioned regarding the methods of anthropology and other scientific disciplines?

The debate mentioned is whether the methods used in anthropology should be the same as those used in the natural sciences. While there may be differences in approach, the speaker believes that anthropology must still adhere to the same scientific standards, particularly in using empirical data and rational thought.