How to Make a Genetically Modified Plant

National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science
29 Dec 201710:26

Summary

TLDRThe video outlines the process of creating genetically modified plants, or transgenic plants, by introducing specific genes to enhance desirable traits. Key components include DNA for the desired trait, a promoter sequence, and a selection marker for identifying transformed cells. Two primary methods for DNA introduction are discussed: the gene gun, which fires DNA-coated particles into plant cells, and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, utilizing the natural DNA transfer ability of *Agrobacterium tumefaciens*. Once integrated, transformed cells are cultured under sterile conditions to regenerate full plants, allowing for the testing of new traits.

Takeaways

  • 🌱 Genetically modified plants (GM plants) are created by adding specific genes to alter particular traits.
  • 🧬 GM plants are also known as transgenic plants, and they can improve various features such as disease resistance and nutritional value.
  • 🔍 Key components for creating GM plants include DNA for the desired trait, a plant-specific promoter, a selection method, and a method for DNA transfer.
  • 💡 The most commonly used promoter for GM plants is the CaMV35S derived from the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus.
  • 🔫 A gene gun can be used to introduce DNA into plant cells by firing DNA-coated gold particles at them.
  • 🌳 Agrobacterium tumefaciens naturally transfers DNA into plant cells, facilitating the creation of transgenic plants with less cellular damage.
  • 🦠 The Transfer DNA (T DNA) in Agrobacterium contains genes that induce tumor formation in plants and must be modified for GM purposes.
  • 🍚 Examples of genetic modifications include Golden Rice for vitamin A deficiency and Bt corn for pest resistance.
  • 🌾 Once DNA is integrated into a plant's genome, the plant is considered transformed, and it can be regenerated under sterile conditions.
  • 🔬 The regeneration process involves using antibiotic selection to ensure that only transformed cells grow, along with plant hormones to develop into whole plants.

Q & A

  • What are genetically modified plants?

    -Genetically modified plants, also known as transgenic plants, are created by adding specific genes to alter particular traits of the plants.

  • What components are needed to create a genetically modified plant?

    -To create a genetically modified plant, you need DNA for the desired trait, a plant-specific promoter, a selectable marker (such as an antibiotic resistance gene), and a method to introduce the DNA into the plant.

  • What is the role of the promoter in genetically modified plants?

    -The promoter is a sequence that initiates the transcription of the DNA into RNA, ensuring that the desired trait is expressed in the plant.

  • How does a selectable marker work in the genetic modification process?

    -A selectable marker, such as an antibiotic resistance gene, allows for the identification of cells that have successfully integrated the DNA by permitting only those cells to grow in a selective medium.

  • What are the two common methods for introducing DNA into plant cells?

    -The two common methods for introducing DNA into plant cells are the gene gun method, which fires DNA-coated gold particles into the cells, and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, which uses a bacterium to transfer DNA into the plant.

  • What is a gene gun, and how does it work?

    -A gene gun is a device that fires DNA-coated gold particles at plant cells. The force of the impact allows the particles to penetrate the cell wall and membrane, aiming to deliver the DNA into the nucleus.

  • What is the significance of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens in genetic modification?

    -Agrobacterium tumefaciens naturally transfers DNA into plant cells, making it a valuable tool for genetic modification. It induces tumor formation in infected plants, and this mechanism is harnessed to introduce desired genes without damaging the plant cells.

  • How is a transgenic plant generated from transformed cells?

    -Transformed cells are cultured under sterile conditions with antibiotics and plant hormones, promoting growth and differentiation into a complete plant. Only the cells that successfully integrated the new DNA will survive.

  • What are some examples of traits that can be modified in genetically modified plants?

    -Examples include disease resistance (e.g., Sunspot papayas against the Papaya Ringspot Virus), insect resistance (e.g., Bt corn), enhanced nutritional value (e.g., Golden Rice for vitamin A deficiency), and herbicide resistance.

  • What precautions are taken when using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation?

    -In this method, harmful genes are removed from the Ti plasmid before introducing the desired trait, ensuring that only beneficial modifications are transferred to the plant.

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Ähnliche Tags
Genetic ModificationTransgenic PlantsPlant BiologyAgricultural ScienceCrop ImprovementSustainable FarmingBiotechnologyPlant GeneticsFood SecurityInnovation
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