INDONESIA MENUJU MASA ORDE BARU | Sejarah Indonesia

Dinasti Ranti

25 Oct 202013:57

Summary

TLDRThis video delves into the history of Indonesia during the New Order era (1967-1998), examining key events that led to the regime's rise. It discusses the transition of power from President Soekarno to President Soeharto without an election, focusing on events like the G30S PKI, the Tritura demands, Supersemar, and the eventual dual leadership crisis. The video also touches on Indonesia's political, economic, and social crises during the late years of Soekarno's rule, which set the stage for Soeharto's ascent to power and the establishment of the New Order.

Takeaways

🇮🇩 The video discusses Indonesian history during the New Order era, which lasted from 1967 to 1998.
🕵️‍♂️ The transition from President Soekarno to President Soeharto did not occur through an election, but was marked by significant political shifts.
🔴 The birth of the New Order was influenced by events such as the G30S PKI coup attempt, the Supersemar decree, and the dualism of national leadership.
🗓️ The G30S PKI event on September 30, 1965, was a pivotal moment that led to political instability and a decline in trust in President Soekarno's government.
🛑 The political crisis was compounded by economic and social crises, with high inflation and scarcity of basic goods leading to widespread poverty and hunger.
🏗️ Despite the economic hardships, the government pursued grand projects like the Monas and Gelora Bung Karno stadium, further angering the populace.
📢 The formation of the Pancasila Front on October 26, 1965, represented a collective demand for the dissolution of the PKI and a more just handling of the G30S PKI incident.
🚫 The issuance of the Supersemar decree effectively marked the beginning of the New Order era, as it granted Soeharto authority to restore political and government stability.
🏆 Soeharto's popularity grew as he took actions in line with the people's demands, such as disbanding the PKI and addressing economic issues.
🌐 The dualism of leadership led to political conflict and societal division, with supporters of both Soekarno and Soeharto causing tension within the nation.
🏆 Soeharto's eventual rise to power, following Soekarno's resignation, marked the official start of the New Order period in Indonesia.

Q & A

What events led to the rise of the New Order era in Indonesia?
-The rise of the New Order era was driven by a series of events, including the G30S PKI incident, political instability during Sukarno's presidency, and widespread economic and social crises. Key events included the assassination of military leaders by the PKI, demands from students and the public for reforms, and the issuance of the Supersemar letter, which handed power to Suharto.
What was the G30S PKI event, and why was it significant?
-The G30S PKI event refers to the attempted coup on September 30, 1965, by the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI). In this incident, seven high-ranking military officers were assassinated. This event led to widespread anti-communist sentiment and was a key factor in the decline of Sukarno’s leadership and the eventual rise of Suharto.
What role did the Supersemar letter play in Indonesia's political transition?
-The Supersemar letter, issued on March 11, 1966, gave Suharto the authority to take necessary measures to restore order and government stability. It marked a pivotal moment in Indonesia’s political transition, effectively transferring power from Sukarno to Suharto and signaling the beginning of the New Order.
Why did public trust in President Sukarno decline after the G30S PKI incident?
-Public trust in President Sukarno declined due to his failure to address the public’s demands for the disbandment of the PKI, his support for controversial policies, and his inability to resolve the economic crisis. The PKI's role in the G30S PKI incident further damaged his reputation.
What was the Tritura, and what demands did it include?
-The Tritura, or 'Three People's Demands,' was a set of demands presented by student and civil groups in response to the G30S PKI incident. It called for the disbandment of the PKI, the removal of G30S PKI sympathizers from the cabinet, and the reduction of soaring prices.
How did the Indonesian economy contribute to the rise of the New Order?
-During the late Sukarno era, Indonesia experienced severe economic issues, including hyperinflation of up to 600%, scarcity of basic goods, and widespread poverty. These economic hardships, combined with political instability, fueled public dissatisfaction and created conditions favorable for the rise of the New Order under Suharto.
Who were the revolution heroes mentioned in the script, and what happened to them?
-The revolution heroes were seven high-ranking military officers assassinated during the G30S PKI event. They were Letjen Ahmad Yani, Mayjen R. Soeprapto, Mayjen Harjono, Brigjen Soetojo, Brigjen D.I. Panjaitan, Mayjen S. Parman, and Lettu P.A. Tendean. Their deaths played a key role in the backlash against the PKI and the rise of Suharto.
What was Sukarno's response to the Tritura and the public demonstrations?
-Sukarno responded to the Tritura by restructuring his cabinet, known as the 'Cabinet of 100 Ministers,' but he did not fully meet the public's demands, especially regarding the disbandment of the PKI. His reluctance to act decisively led to further political instability and loss of public confidence.
What were the key outcomes of the issuance of Supersemar?
-The key outcomes of the Supersemar were Suharto’s immediate decision to disband the PKI and his consolidation of power. The letter gave Suharto legal authority to suppress communist activities, leading to the eventual decline of Sukarno’s influence and the beginning of the New Order.
What was the significance of Sukarno’s 'Nawaksara' speech, and how was it received?
-Sukarno's 'Nawaksara' speech, delivered in June 1966, was intended as his explanation for handling the G30S PKI event and the political crisis. However, it was rejected by the MPRS, further diminishing his standing and contributing to the dual leadership situation between him and Suharto.

Outlines

00:00

📜 Overview of the New Order Era in Indonesia

This paragraph introduces the New Order period in Indonesia, covering the transition from President Soekarno to President Soeharto without elections. It highlights the events that led to the New Order's birth, such as the G30S PKI movement, Tritura (Three People's Demands), and the Supersemar letter. The paragraph explains how Indonesia faced various crises under Guided Democracy and how the political instability and bloodshed shaped the events of 1965.

05:00

🛑 The People's Demands and the Tritura Movement

In this section, the focus is on the people's response to the G30S PKI events, particularly the role of the Kesatuan Aksi Mahasiswa Indonesia (KAMI) and other groups in forming the Pancasila Front. The demonstrators presented three demands known as Tritura, which included the dissolution of the PKI, cleansing the cabinet of those involved in the G30S PKI, and lowering prices. The failure of President Soekarno to meet these demands led to growing unrest and protests, culminating in violent clashes with the military and the eventual dissolution of KAMI.

10:03

✉️ The Birth of Supersemar and the Shift in Power

This paragraph describes the crucial moment when President Soekarno, facing intense political pressure, issued the Supersemar letter on March 11, 1966. The letter granted General Soeharto, as commander of the Indonesian Armed Forces, the authority to restore order. Soeharto used this mandate to dissolve the PKI and take decisive actions against those involved in the G30S PKI. This marked the beginning of his rise to power and the eventual establishment of the New Order.

🎖️ The Decline of Soekarno and the Rise of Soeharto

The paragraph highlights the declining influence of President Soekarno as his refusal to dissolve the PKI led to public disillusionment. Meanwhile, General Soeharto gained popularity and authority following the issuance of Supersemar. The political tension between Soekarno’s supporters and Soeharto's growing influence resulted in a dual leadership crisis, with Soeharto receiving increasing support from military leaders and the general public.

⚖️ Soekarno’s Resignation and Soeharto’s Ascendancy

This paragraph details the final political developments leading to Soekarno’s official resignation in February 1967, as he succumbed to pressure to end the dual leadership crisis. In March 1967, the MPRS formally withdrew its mandate from Soekarno and appointed Soeharto as the acting president of Indonesia. This signified the start of the New Order period, characterized by Soeharto's control of the government and his efforts to stabilize the nation's economy and politics.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Orde Baru

The Orde Baru, or 'New Order,' refers to the political era in Indonesia from 1967 to 1998, marked by President Suharto's rule. It followed the fall of President Sukarno and was characterized by a strong military influence, political suppression, and economic reform. In the video, the Orde Baru is discussed as a response to the chaos of the previous political era and the G30S PKI crisis.

💡G30S PKI

The G30S PKI refers to the attempted coup by the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) on September 30, 1965, which led to the assassination of several Indonesian military leaders. This event is portrayed as a critical turning point leading to the downfall of President Sukarno and the rise of Suharto. The video explains that this incident heightened political instability and set the stage for the birth of the New Order.

💡Supersemar

Supersemar, short for 'Surat Perintah Sebelas Maret,' was a letter issued by President Sukarno on March 11, 1966, granting Suharto authority to restore order in Indonesia. The video identifies this as a key moment in the transfer of power, as it enabled Suharto to take decisive actions, such as banning the PKI, and eventually led to the establishment of the New Order.

💡Tritura

Tritura, or 'Tri Tuntutan Rakyat,' refers to the three demands made by Indonesian students and civil society in January 1966: the dissolution of the PKI, the removal of government officials involved in the G30S PKI, and the reduction of prices. The video discusses how these demands, which symbolized the people's dissatisfaction with Sukarno's government, played a pivotal role in the political transition to Suharto's regime.

💡Nasakom

Nasakom stands for 'Nationalism, Religion, and Communism,' a political concept promoted by President Sukarno to unite Indonesia’s major political factions. In the video, Nasakom is portrayed as a controversial policy that contributed to political instability, as it strengthened the position of the Communist Party (PKI) and led to conflicts with the military, particularly the Indonesian Army.

💡Pahlawan Revolusi

The Pahlawan Revolusi, or 'Heroes of the Revolution,' refers to the seven high-ranking Indonesian Army officers who were killed during the G30S PKI coup attempt. Their deaths were used to symbolize the heroism of the military in defending the nation from communism. The video mentions their assassination as a tragic event that galvanized public support for Suharto's anti-communist measures.

💡Front Pancasila

The Front Pancasila was a coalition of students, workers, and other groups who organized mass protests demanding the dissolution of the PKI and other political reforms. According to the video, this group played a significant role in the demonstrations that led to the weakening of Sukarno's presidency and the eventual rise of Suharto.

💡Inflation Crisis

The inflation crisis in Indonesia during the 1960s, which saw inflation reach up to 600%, severely affected the economy, leading to widespread poverty and dissatisfaction with Sukarno's leadership. The video discusses how this economic turmoil, alongside political instability, fueled public anger and demonstrations that ultimately contributed to the fall of Sukarno.

💡Cakrabirawa

Cakrabirawa was an elite military unit established by Sukarno to protect the president and his administration. In the video, Cakrabirawa is depicted as a force that clashed with demonstrators during protests against Sukarno’s government, which further escalated tensions and contributed to the political crisis leading to the Orde Baru.

💡Dualisme Kepemimpinan

Dualisme Kepemimpinan, or 'dual leadership,' refers to the period of political uncertainty when both Sukarno and Suharto held significant power, leading to confusion and divided loyalties among government officials and the public. The video describes how this power struggle intensified Indonesia's political crisis, eventually leading to Sukarno's resignation and Suharto's full assumption of power.

Highlights

The video introduces Indonesia's New Order era, spanning from 1967 to 1998, highlighting its political, economic, and social impacts.

The New Order era emerged as a result of political instability, economic crisis, and social unrest during the Guided Democracy period under President Soekarno.

The transition of power from President Soekarno to President Soeharto did not occur through a general election but through key events, including the G30S/PKI, Tritura, and Supersemar.

The G30S/PKI incident, occurring on September 30, 1965, was a major catalyst leading to the fall of President Soekarno and the rise of the New Order under Soeharto.

During the G30S/PKI incident, seven key TNI Army figures were killed and buried in Lubang Buaya, Jakarta, later remembered as 'Revolution Heroes.'

Post-G30S/PKI, Indonesia faced severe economic issues, with inflation soaring up to 600%, leading to a rise in prices and shortages of essential goods, causing widespread poverty and hunger.

In response to the economic crisis and public dissatisfaction, President Soekarno's government pursued grandiose projects like the Monas Tower and the Gelora Bung Karno Stadium, further alienating the people.

The 'Tritura' (Three People's Demands) emerged, led by students and other civil groups, calling for the dissolution of the PKI, the removal of G30S/PKI-affiliated ministers, and a reduction in prices.

The confrontation between protesters and the military resulted in the death of a student, Arif Rahman Hakim, which escalated the political tensions and public discontent with Soekarno.

Soekarno's issuance of the 'Supersemar' (March 11 Order) to Soeharto marked a pivotal moment, granting Soeharto authority to restore order, which he used to ban the PKI and consolidate power.

The issuance of the Supersemar led to the arrest of 15 government ministers linked to the G30S/PKI, solidifying Soeharto's control and popularity.

Dualism in national leadership emerged as Soeharto gained prominence while Soekarno's position weakened, leading to a split between their respective supporters.

Soekarno's inability to address the demands for dissolving the PKI and handling the economic crisis resulted in his declining popularity and credibility.

On February 22, 1967, under pressure from military leaders and to avoid further national disintegration, President Soekarno agreed to step down, transferring power to Soeharto.

Soeharto was officially appointed as President of Indonesia on March 12, 1967, marking the beginning of the New Order era and ending Soekarno's rule.