3 - History of Global State System
Summary
TLDRThis video script delves into the history of international relations, contrasting it with modern practices. It highlights the East Asian region's cenocentric regional order, where China was the center, and the Greek city-state system, which formed alliances against the Persian Empire. The Ottoman Empire's division of the world into spheres of war and peace is also discussed. The script emphasizes the Holy Roman Empire's influence on the Westphalian nation-state system, which emerged from the Thirty Years' War and the Treaty of Westphalia, establishing the principle of non-intervention in domestic affairs and co-equality among nations.
Takeaways
- 🌐 The history of international relations is divided into two periods: the pre-colonial era and the post-colonial era.
- 📚 The pre-colonial era is further divided into different civilizational groups with distinct approaches to international relations.
- 🇨🇳 In East Asia, the Chinese empire was considered the center of civilization, with a system known as the Tianxia or the sino-centric regional order.
- 🌏 The sino-centric order categorized regions into concentric circles with China at the center and 'barbarians' at the periphery.
- 🏰 The Greek city-state system was distinct from the modern nation-state system, with city-states forming alliances based on historical context rather than competition.
- 🕌 The Ottoman Empire viewed the world differently, distinguishing between the 'sphere of Islam' (Dar al-Islam) and the 'sphere of war' (Dar al-Harb).
- 🏛️ The Holy Roman Empire had a different structure from the Westphalian nation-state system, with a central authority having influence over subordinate kingdoms.
- 🔄 The Treaty of Westphalia marked a shift towards secularism and the concept of nation-states being co-equal and non-interventionist.
- 🗺️ Post-Westphalia, European nations established clear boundaries and territories, moving away from the free movement of people characteristic of agricultural societies.
- 🚀 European nations' expansion beyond their continent was partly driven by the need to sustain their operations and expeditions within Europe.
Q & A
What are the two periods the history of international relations is divided into according to the script?
-The history of international relations is divided into the 'previous failure period' and the 'posters valiant period'.
What is the term used to describe the division of the East Asian region before European colonization?
-The division of the East Asian region is called the 'cenocentric regional order' or 'confusion hierarchy'.
What does the term 'Tianxia' signify in the context of the Chinese empire?
-The term 'Tianxia' means 'all under heaven' and signifies that the Chinese empire considered itself as the center of the world.
How did the Chinese empire view nations that were geographically farther away?
-The Chinese empire viewed nations that were farther away as more 'barbaric', considering them less civilized.
What was the tributary state system imposed by the Chinese empire?
-The tributary state system was a system where as long as a kingdom gave annual tribute to the Chinese empire, it could govern itself without interference from China.
How did the Greek city-state system differ from the modern nation-state system?
-The Greek city-state system was characterized by alliances formed to address specific historical contexts, such as the threat from the Persian empire, rather than competition among equals.
What was the Ottoman empire's view on the division of the world?
-The Ottoman empire viewed the world as divided into 'Dar al-Islam' (sphere of peace) for Muslim nations and 'Dar al-Harb' (sphere of war) for non-Muslim nations.
How did the Holy Roman Empire differ from the Westphalian nation-state system?
-The Holy Roman Empire was an empire with a central authority that could intervene in the domestic affairs of subordinate kingdoms, unlike the Westphalian system which emphasized equality and non-interference among nation-states.
What was the significance of the Treaty of Westphalia in shaping the modern international relations?
-The Treaty of Westphalia established the principle of 'cuius regio, eius religio', granting religious freedom determined by the ruler, and recognized the sovereignty and equality of European nation-states, prohibiting interference in each other's domestic affairs.
What was the role of Martin Luther's protest in the development of the Westphalian nation-state system?
-Martin Luther's protest against the Pope's authority led to the politicization of religious dissent, contributing to the Thirty Years' War and ultimately the Treaty of Westphalia, which laid the foundations for the modern system of nation-states.
How did the concept of 'civilization' differ in the pre-colonial East Asian region compared to the West?
-In the pre-colonial East Asian region, civilization was perceived in concentric circles with China at the center, while in the West, the concept of civilization was more egalitarian and did not inherently rank nations based on their proximity to a perceived center.
Outlines
🌏 Historical Overview of International Relations
The video discusses the history of international relations, divided into two periods: the pre-colonial era and the post-colonial era. The presenter emphasizes the differences in international relations before European colonization. The East Asian region is highlighted, where China was at the center of a concentric regional order, known as the 'centric circus' or 'cenocentric regional order'. This system was based on the belief that China was the center of civilization, with other regions being considered more 'barbaric' the further they were from China. This system contrasts with the modern nation-state system, where nations are considered equal.
🏰 Diverse Systems of International Relations
The video script elaborates on various historical systems of international relations that differ from the modern Westphalian model. It covers the Greek city-state system, which was based on alliances formed in response to external threats, such as the Persian Empire. The Ottoman Empire's view of the world, divided into the 'sphere of war' and the 'sphere of peace', is also discussed, highlighting its religious basis for international relations. Additionally, the Holy Roman Empire's structure is examined, which was characterized by a central authority with influence over subordinate kingdoms and territories, contrasting with the decentralized Chinese empire.
📜 The Treaty of Westphalia and its Impact
The final paragraph delves into the Treaty of Westphalia, which marked a significant shift towards the modern nation-state system. The treaty emerged from the Thirty Years' War and established the principle of 'cuius regio, eius religio', allowing rulers to determine the religion of their territories. It also recognized the sovereignty and equality of European nation-states, prohibiting interference in each other's domestic affairs. The treaty led to the demarcation of national boundaries and the end of the free movement of people that was common in agricultural societies. This shift laid the groundwork for European nations' later expansion beyond their continent.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡International Relations
💡Cenocentric Regional Order
💡Tributary State System
💡Westphalian System
💡Greek City-State System
💡Ottoman Empire
💡Holy Roman Empire
💡Treaty of Westphalia
💡Civitas Maxima
💡European Colonizers
💡Secularism
Highlights
Introduction to the history of international relations divided into two periods: the pre-failure period and the post-colonial period.
Focus on the pre-colonial period to understand the differences in international relations before European colonizers arrived.
East Asian region's historical international relations characterized by multiple concentric circles with China at the center.
David Kang's concept of the 'cenocentric regional order' to describe East Asia's historical international relations.
The Chinese empire's belief in being the center of the world, known as 'Tianxia'.
The distinction between inner subjects, outer subjects, and tributary states in the East Asian region.
The tributary state system where kingdoms could rule autonomously as long as they paid tribute to the Chinese empire.
Greek city-states and their alliances formed in response to external threats, particularly the Persian Empire.
Differences between the Greek city-state system and the European Westphalian nation-state system.
The Ottoman Empire's view of the world divided into the 'Dar al-Islam' (sphere of peace) and the 'Dar al-Harb' (sphere of war).
The Holy Roman Empire's structure as an empire with a center and peripheries, differing from the Westphalian system.
The Treaty of Westphalia's implementation of the principle 'cuius regio, eius religio', determining the religion of a state by its ruler.
The Treaty of Westphalia establishing the concept of co-equal European nation-states with no interference in domestic affairs.
The impact of the Treaty of Westphalia on the movement of people and the establishment of territorial boundaries.
The historical context of the Holy Roman Empire leading to the Westphalian nation-state system due to the Protestant Reformation.
The Thirty Years' War as a catalyst for the Treaty of Westphalia and the shift in European politics.
The shift from European-centric international relations to global expansion and the search for new lands post-Westphalia.
Transcripts
hello class
so in this video i will discuss about
the history of international relations
so as i have told you in the page that i
posted
in canvas i usually uh divide the
history of international relations based
on two
periods number one is the previous
failure period and the second one is the
posters valiant period
okay majority or the bulk of this video
presentation will talk about the
previous valiant period because
i want you to distinguish the difference
of the the different set up
of international relations before the
colonizers be
before the european colonizers arrive in
the other parts of the world
so i have i outlined here
a number of different civilizational
groups
which practice i are different from the
modern international relations that we
are practicing right now
the first one is this one the
east asian region so you will see here
that the east asian region is divided
into
multiple concentric circles so bucket
shock on centric circus because this is
how
china ruled the east asian region before
the europeans arrived in asia before
it was discovered or before marco polo
arrived
okay this um division of the east asian
region
is called by david kang david khan is a
political scientist
david kang called it as the cenocentric
regional order
or in other scholars call this kind of
setup as the
confusion hierarchy so you will see in
this concentric circles that the
center of this concentric circle is the
chinese empire
okay this is called
it's also called system t-i-a-n-x-i-a
which means in chinese literal chinese
all under the heaven
so remember in the chinese folklore or
the chinese diagnostic system
the emperor is considered as the son of
heaven
so if a specific dynasty is being
plagued by
wars conflict civil war or
plagues calamities that means that
that emperor or that dynasty is no
longer favored by heaven
so in this case so um the china
china the chinese empire serves as the
center of the world
so in the tiansha system or cinecentric
regional order by the very word
cenocentric it means that china is the
center of this civilization
okay so remember that
the chinese believe that during this
time the chinese believe that they are
the center of the world
so it may be a little racist but there's
a distinguished
uh there's there's the distinguishing on
factor around them that's why
um in this concentric circles they have
the inner subjects the outer subjects
and the
tributaries states so the pattern in
this kind of circle
shows that the farther you are from the
center the more barbaric you are
so if you're a group or yeah
if your group is farther so
farther in terms of geographical
location that refers to the upper part
like russia
and then the western part of europe and
in the eastern part americas and then
australia and new zealand so you are
considered as a barbarian during the
time
okay so the nearer you are the more
civilized you are
considered so in this case the
xenocentric regional order
operated particularly in the east asian
and then the southeast asian region
so in this case um
contrary to the westphalia nation-state
system that i discussed
in the page or in that yeah in the
textual discussion in canvas
ibayong um east asian system because
uh they did not consider casino the
emperor's
the chinese civilization is the center
of the world so
they did not the chinese civilization
did not consider
itself as equal against the other
the other nations surrounding it so the
chinese civilizations living here
philippines um
during the time and then the survey
and the majapahit empire so the
chinese civilization particularly the
chinese emperor did not regard
himself as equal with their leaders
however
unlike unlike um
different from the assumption that since
the chinese emperor did not
consider equality as a form of business
during this time unlike this uh
automatic assumption that the chinese
empire will invade the following lands
indian guinea wanna
chinese empire so i don't know one and
chinese empire during this time
they impose this what we call tributary
state system
so the setup will be is that as long as
your kingdom is giving the annual
tribute to the chinese empire
the chinese empire will let whatever you
want to do
hiya and chinese empire coningus so you
can rule your own um
you can rule your own kingdom administer
your own laws as long as
mgbk can contribute every year
next one is the greek city-state system
this is also different from the
nation-state system cassette we have
this what we call city-states here not
the nation-states
so city-states they are
distinguished although there's the
factor of nationality the behavior of
the city-states is distinguished from
the nation-state system because uh
they this they consider themselves
themselves as equal but their activity
is usually
in the formation of alliances and
this one another um another factor why
is this different from the
westphalia nation state system from
europe is that the alliances and the
groups of the city-states
were formed not because that they are
competing against each other
but because they have a specific
historical context that they need to
address
which is the threat offered by the or
the threat posed by the persian empire
in the eastern part of their
of their civilization
so in this case excuse me so in this
case my kitamo in this map that
this map actually referred to the time
of the leonidas
kingdom in sparta however in the
upcoming lectures later
i will particularly in the discussion
about the
thoughts of graham alison by another
distinguishing factor by
greek civilization compared to the
westphalian one
next one is the ottoman empire and the
basal states
so anonymous
okay since the ottoman empire is a
religious empire
it has its own view about how to
distinguish the world
so how
and the other one is islam the aar
refers to the um literal translation
is the sphere of war while the
islam means the sphere of peace
so what is the implication of this one
so
in the belief of the ottoman empire all
muslim nations belong to what we call
the spear of east that are all islam but
for those nations who do not
believe the islamic faith they belong to
so it is different again from the
westphalia nation state system
because there is there is no division
among them division whether you are
islamic or not or in the case of the
european civilization whether
you are christian or not
after the implementation of the treat of
westphalia secularism
followed so there's no division about
how
how how the world is divided compared to
the view of the
imposed by the ottoman empire in its
territory before the
first world war another one is this one
is europe so in this map this is the map
the
holy roman empire so the holy roman
empire is different to the westphalia
nation state system
because it's an empire so when we talk
about an empire
uh there we can consider a system if
it's an
empire based on these two um divisions
number one is the center
and the other one is the peripheries and
then if it is an
empire it is a beam whether there are
kingdoms under
it or vessels or principalities under it
so the emperor has a say on what to do
inside that kingdom
so this is different than some chinese
emperor in asset
of the east asia because
young chinese emperor hindi namasa
other kingdoms in the case of the
european
context particularly with the holy roman
empire angina governor emperor
is paramedic managing he has the right
to intervene with the domestic affairs
of the other kingdoms under
him or yeah under him so
the the administration of the holy
roman empire sparked the
or ignited the movement for the what we
call westphalia nation state system
why because during the time of the holy
roman empire remember that there are two
leaders
the secular leader and the spiritual
leader the secular leader is considered
the emperor
and then the spiritual leader is the
pope so in the 15th century there's this
guy a german
friar or monk named martin luther who
protested
against the authority of the pope and
his protest
was politicized by the
german princess and german kings because
they wanted to secede from the
holy roman empire so what is the
implication
so the crisis brought by martin luther
led to this what we call 30 years war so
in the 30 years war
europe was divided into two the catholic
function and the protestant
faction in which what
in which yunya tamagotchi and 30 and
then the end of that war
led to the this one
it led to the signing of what we call
the treaty of
westphalia so in the treat in the
signing of the treaty of australia
number one is that um this
latin maxim was implemented throughout
europe
what does it mean it means that the the
religion of the king will be the
religion of the people
so in that case
is that um predetermined but
predetermined young religion so
although this is one of the the it is
the first development of
of religious freedom in the history of
religious freedom however
yeah predetermined by them because it is
the one imposed by
the treaty of westphalia second ayunya
the treaty of westfalia deemed that
since the dissolved
holy roman empire uh it deemed that the
existing european european nation states
will be what they are equal
co-equal among each other there is no
one who
who is higher against the other
and one of its implication is that yunya
these countries
will not or not allowed to intervene in
in the domestic affairs of each other
and then second because since this
countries are now
co-equal against each other they have
demarcated and aside
and assigned their boundaries in terms
of their territories
before i said during that time there's
free movement of people especially
it depends on the um the setup of the
agricultural societies
remember in agricultural societies
people are usually wondering
depending on which um
location has the greener pasture for
their
livestock and for their
worry they can they can practice
their farming skills so in that case ion
union
a practice after the 1648 treaty of
westphalia
after the imposition of the treaty of
vespalia it was practiced by european
nations
until they decided to to go beyond
europe to search for new lands to
sustain their expeditions and their
operations inside the european
continent thank you
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