The History of Indonesian Diplomacy 1945-2010 (2/2) WITH ENGLISH SUBTITLE
Summary
TLDRThe script discusses Indonesia's political landscape post-Reformation, highlighting the democratic openness allowing 48 political parties to participate in elections, a significant increase from the New Order era. It emphasizes President Abdurrahman Wahid's foreign policy, aiming to rebrand Indonesia as a democratic, transparent, and friendly nation. The policy included opening trade relations with Israel, despite domestic Islamic protests. The script also touches on Megawati's presidency, Hasan Wirayuda's continuation of an independent and active foreign policy, and the importance of aligning with global democratic values. It concludes with the idea of Indonesia as a significant regional actor, not just an observer, in international relations.
Takeaways
- 🗳️ The people of East Timor were given a choice to stay with Indonesia or become independent, resulting in the birth of Timor-Leste on May 20, 2002.
- 🏛️ During the early reform era, 48 political parties were allowed to participate in general elections, a significant increase from the New Order era.
- 📊 Abdurrahman Wahid was elected president in the 1999 elections, with Megawati taking the role of vice president.
- 🌐 Alwi Shihab, elected as the first foreign minister of the reform era, faced significant challenges both internally and in international relations.
- 🌍 President Abdurrahman Wahid aimed to change the perception of Indonesia as an authoritarian state to a democratic one, emphasizing free and active foreign policy.
- 🏢 The foreign policy of Indonesia shifted to include more engagement with Eastern countries like China and India, aiming for a balanced approach.
- 🤝 The opening of trade relations with Israel was a controversial move that sparked protests, especially among Islamic groups.
- 🔄 After Gus Dur's fall, Megawati became president, and Hasan Wirayuda replaced Alwi Shihab as foreign minister, continuing the free and active foreign policy.
- 🌟 The process of democratization in Indonesia was still young, and foreign policy decisions were becoming more decentralized.
- 🌐 Indonesia's foreign policy under President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono improved the country's domestic conditions and international reputation, including joining the G20.
- 🌐 Diplomacy is seen as a noble profession focused on creating friendships between nations without needing to apologize for such aspirations.
Q & A
What was the outcome of the referendum held for the people of East Timor?
-The referendum resulted in the establishment of a new nation, Timor Leste, on May 20, 2002.
How did the political landscape change during the early reform era in Indonesia?
-During the early reform era, 48 political parties were allowed to participate in the general elections, which was 16 times more than during the New Order era.
Who were elected as president and vice president in the 1999 Indonesian election?
-Abdurrahman Wahid was elected as president, and Megawati as vice president in the 1999 Indonesian election.
What was the significant challenge faced by the first foreign minister of the reform era, Alwi Shihab?
-Alwi Shihab faced significant challenges both internally within the Pluit itself and in Indonesia's relations with countries that had known Indonesia as a nation led by an authoritarian figure, Gus Dur.
What was the policy of Indonesia under President Gus Dur to change its international image?
-President Gus Dur's policy aimed to show that Indonesia was a new, democratic Indonesia that wanted to be friendly with anyone and remained principled, free, and active.
What does 'Ecological Diplomacy' mean as mentioned in the script?
-Ecological Diplomacy refers to opening many windows to accommodate friendship and brotherhood with anyone without discrimination of country or ethnicity, considering all as friends.
What was the controversial foreign policy step taken by President Abdurrahman Wahid?
-The controversial foreign policy step was the discussion of opening trade relations with Israel, which sparked protests, especially from Islamic groups.
How did Gus Dur view the relationship with China during his presidency?
-Gus Dur felt that relations with China and other Asian countries should be fostered, but he never suggested that closer ties with China and India would diminish relations with the West.
What was the significant change made by Gus Dur regarding the placement of ambassadors in ASEAN countries?
-Gus Dur abolished the placement of military members as ambassadors in ASEAN countries, showing a shift towards a more democratic and transparent foreign policy.
What was the main challenge for Indonesia's foreign policy during the era of democratization?
-The main challenge was the very young process of democratization in Indonesia and the need to advance democracy, which included a shift in foreign policy decision-making to be more inclusive and less centralized.
What was the concept of 'free and active' foreign policy as continued under President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono?
-The 'free and active' foreign policy under President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono meant that Indonesia should be able to define its interests in every issue and try to create like-minded nations that share Indonesia's broad views, not just react to events but also be proactive in shaping them.
How did Indonesia's international reputation improve during President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's term?
-Indonesia's international reputation improved as it was recognized as a democratic nation and was included as a member of the G20, indicating its growing influence on the global stage.
Outlines
🗽 Independence and Political Reforms in Indonesia
The paragraph discusses the historical context of East Timor's referendum, which resulted in the formation of the new nation, Timor Leste, on May 20, 2002. It highlights the political openness during the early reform periods that allowed 48 political parties to participate in the general elections, a significant increase from the Orde Baru era. Abdurrahman Wahid was elected as president in 1999, and Megawati became vice president. Under Wahid's presidency, Alwi Shihab was appointed as the first foreign minister of the reformation era. The paragraph also covers the challenges faced by Indonesia in its internal affairs and international relations, especially with its image as an authoritarian state under Gus Dur. The new Indonesia aimed to be democratic, friendly, free, and active in international relations. The foreign policy included 'ecological diplomacy', opening up to friendships without discrimination, and a balanced approach between the West and the East, with a particular focus on improving relations with China and India. The most controversial aspect was the opening of trade relations with Israel, which sparked protests, especially from Islamic groups. Gus Dur's perspective was that such a move would gain sympathy and potential investment from Western countries, particularly the United States, which had strong Jewish influence at the time.
🌐 Continuity and Evolution of Indonesia's Foreign Policy
This paragraph continues the narrative of Indonesia's foreign policy, focusing on the transition from Gus Dur to Megawati as president and the subsequent change in the cabinet, including Hasan Wirayuda replacing Alwi Shihab as foreign minister. Hasan, a career diplomat, continued the free and active foreign policy but with a focus on the ongoing democratization process in Indonesia. The paragraph emphasizes the shift in policy-making from centralized decision-making during the Orde Baru era to a more decentralized approach that includes various centers of power. It also discusses the importance of unity among different societal groups for the national interest and the need for active engagement with parliament, groups, and the public. The paragraph highlights the challenges of navigating a dynamic international environment where issues are no longer black and white but dependent on the specific problem, requiring consultation and a fluid stance rather than fixed positions. The paragraph concludes by emphasizing that Indonesia's foreign policy should be active and not just reactive, with a focus on defining national interests in each issue and creating like-minded nations that share Indonesia's views.
🌟 Indonesia's Aspirations for Substantive Diplomacy
The final paragraph delves into the concept of 'free and active' foreign policy, explaining that it means more than just responding to external events or organizing events for show. The challenge is to make this policy substantive, not just in terms of event organization but in controlling the substance of these events. The paragraph discusses the domestic improvements and international reputation of Indonesia under President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, including its entry into the G20, which signifies its growing influence. Indonesia is recognized as a democratic nation, which allows it to forge broader relationships on regional and international platforms. The paragraph concludes with the idea that diplomacy is a noble profession about creating friendships between nations without needing to apologize for such aspirations. It emphasizes the importance of presenting Indonesia as a friendly nation that seeks a million friends and no enemies, which is a noble and commendable goal to pursue continuously.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Referendum
💡Reformasi
💡Abdurrahman Wahid
💡Diplomacy
💡Ecological Diplomacy
💡Pendulum Diplomacy
💡Investment
💡Democratization
💡Global Context
💡Substantive
💡G20
Highlights
Timor-Leste gained independence from Indonesia on May 20, 2002.
During the early reform era, 48 political parties were allowed to participate in general elections.
Abdurrahman Wahid was elected as president in the 1999 election.
Megawati was elected as vice president.
Alwi Shihab was appointed as the first foreign minister of the reform era.
Indonesia faced significant internal and international challenges during the reform era.
Gus Dur introduced policies to change Indonesia's image and promote it as a democratic and friendly nation.
The policy of 'open door' diplomacy was introduced to foster friendships without discrimination.
Gus Dur sought to balance Indonesia's relations with Western and Eastern countries.
Gus Dur aimed to improve relations with China and India without neglecting the West.
The most controversial foreign policy was the opening of trade relations with Israel.
The idea of opening trade relations with Israel sparked protests, especially from Islamic groups.
Gus Dur believed that opening a trade mission could gain sympathy from powerful figures in America.
After Gus Dur's fall, Megawati became president, and the cabinet changed.
Hasan Wirayuda replaced Alwi Shihab as foreign minister.
Hasan Wirayuda continued the policy of free and active foreign policy amidst Indonesia's democratization process.
The reform era emphasized the importance of advancing democracy and involving various societal groups in foreign policy decision-making.
Indonesia's foreign policy during the reform era aimed to be more consultative and less centralized.
Indonesia's foreign policy faced the challenge of a rapidly changing and fluid international landscape.
Indonesia's foreign policy was expected to be active and not just reactive to international events.
Under President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Indonesia's domestic condition improved along with its international reputation.
Indonesia's entry into the G20 was an indication of its improved international standing.
Indonesia was known as a democratic nation, which allowed it to establish broader relationships on various forums.
President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono translated the principles of Indonesian foreign policy in the contemporary era.
Diplomacy was seen as a noble profession about creating friendships between nations.
Indonesia aimed to present itself as a friendly nation without enemies and with a million friends.
Transcripts
itu memberikan pilihan bagi rakyat Timor
Timur untuk tetap bersama negara
kesatuan Republik Indonesia atau
memisahkan diri
referendum yang kemudian digelar
berakhir dengan berdirinya negara baru
Timor Leste pada tanggal 20 Mei 2002
peran politik yang terbuka di masa-masa
awal reformasi memungkinkan 48 partai
politik untuk mengikuti pemilihan umum
jumlah partai politik ini 16 kali lebih
besar dibandingkan masa Orde Baru
dengan kompromi politik Abdurrahman
Wahid pun terpilih sebagai presiden
dalam Pemilu 1999 dan Megawati sebagai
wakil presiden
di bawah kepemimpinan presiden
Abdurrahman Wahid Alwi Shihab yang
terpilih menjadi menteri luar negeri
pertama di era reformasi dihadapkan pada
tantangan yang sangat besar
memang ada kesulitan
baik ke dalam internal the Pluit sendiri
maupun dalam hubungan kita dengan
negara-negara yang selama ini
mengenal Indonesia sebagai negara yang
dipimpin oleh seorang otoriter Gus Dur
waktu itu
memberikan kebijakan Agar warna
Indonesia ini harus berubah dan
kemana-mana harus kita menjelaskan bahwa
indonesia adalah new Indonesia yang
demokratis yang ingin bersahabat dengan
siapapun dan tetap berprinsip bebas dan
aktif
suatu hal yang mungkin perlu dicatat
bahwa kelaziman untuk menempatkan
duta besar di negara-negara Asean dari
Anggota militer itu semuanya di
tiadakan oleh Presiden Gus Dur dan untuk
menunjukkan kepada baik di dalam maupun
di luar negeri bahwa
kebijakan Indonesia di bidang
luar negeri
berubah dengan adanya perubahan dalam
orientasi kita Indonesia yang demokratis
Indonesia yang transparan dan Indonesia
yang
menginginkan
persahabatan dengan negara-negara
manapun sesuai peran presiden men lo
Alicia memiliki rumusan h dalam
menerjemahkan politik luar negeri bebas
dan aktif yang pertama adalah Eco
manical diplomasi artinya
membuka jendela Sekian banyak jendela
untuk menampung persahabatan perkawanan
dengan siapa saja tanpa membeda-bedakan
negara atau bangsa semuanya adalah teman
yang kedua slogan yaitu
pendulum yang selamat Orde Baru dianggap
terlalu ke barat pun disimbangkan dengan
langkah pendekatan lebih intensif ke
negara-negara timur seperti Cina dan
India
Gus Dur merasa bahwa hubungan kita
dengan Cina Betapapun sesama Asia ini
harus digalakkan Tapi beliau tidak
pernah mengatakan bahwa dengan hubungan
yang erat dengan China dan India akan
memperkecil hubungan kita dengan Barat
namun hal paling kontroversial dari
langkah politik luar negeri presiden
Abdurrahman Wahid adalah wacana
pembukaan hubungan dagang dengan Israel
ide tersebut memicu protes banyak
kalangan terutama dari kelompok Islam
pada masa Gus Dur Gus Dur melihat peta
di Amerika khususnya bahwa pada waktu
itu
menteri luar negeri Amerika adalah orang
Yahudi yang memimpin misi PBB adalah
orang Yahudi Yahudi yang begitu kuat
Amerika pada waktu itu Indonesia
memerlukan investasi besar-besaran dari
negara barat sebenarnya Gus Dur
menginginkan dengan membuka kantor misi
dagang itu akan membawa Simpati bagi
orang orang yang berkuasa di Amerika
pada waktu itu Clinton sendiri kita
ketahui bahwa sangat cenderung kepada
lobby Yahudi sehingga Gus Dur merasa
bahwa ini suatu kesempatan untuk kita
dapat meraih sebanyak mungkin investasi
dari barat dengan hanya membuka misi
dagang yang sebenarnya sudah
ada di Yordan di Maroko Qatar di Mesir
dan kenapa Indonesia tidak tanpa
berhubungan secara diplomatik dan tanpa
mengorbankan perjuangan Palestina
setelah Gus Dur jatuh Wakil Presiden
Megawati naik menjadi presiden kabinet
pun berubah Hasan Wirayuda menggantikan
Alwi Shihab sebagai menteri luar negeri
Hasan yang merupakan diplomat karier
melanjutkan politik luar negeri bebas
aktif dengan dihadapkan pada proses
demokratisasi di Indonesia yang masih
sangat muda Salah satu pilar yang
penting dari reformasi yang digulirkan
adalah upaya memajukan demokrasi
dengan kata lain kita juga dalam proses
pengambilan kebijakan politik luar
negeri telah terjadi
pergeseran kalau dulu pada masa orde
baru Katakanlah
yang namanya kebijakan politik luar
negeri
kebijakan yang diputuskan oleh Merdeka
Utara pejambon Merdeka Barat Katakanlah
sekarang sentra-sentra itu menyebar
tidak cukup lagi kita
fokus hanya pada pejambon
proses pengambilan keputusan
making harus menghitung
sentra-sentra yang
pengambilan kebijakan atau dalam proses
penentuan kebijakan yang begitu
tersebar tadi
karena itu pada masa saya menjabat di
luar negeri sangat aktif kita lakukan
upaya Rich
dengan parlemen dengan kelompok-kelompok
dan juga dengan publik
tanggal 10 Desember tahun 45 dalam
pidatonya
itu menekankan tentang perlunya
kebersamaan kebersatuan antara berbagai
kelompok masyarakat
hanya dengan persatuan yang
serapat-rapatnya demikian kata beliau
kita
baru akan mampu mengamankan kepentingan
nasional kita
kemajemukan aktor diplomasi tidak hanya
terjadi di dalam negeri namun juga dalam
konteks global
salah satu tantangan utama kita adalah
dunia internasional yang sangat fruit
sangat dinamis dulu mungkin saya
sampaikan tadi ada barat dan arah timur
kita kita tidak memposisikan diri kita
pendukung barat maupun Timur jadi semua
serba jelas Hitam Dan Putih Barat Timur
Kita di tengah lah tapi sekarang kan
situasi sangat fluid setiap permasalahan
ada konsilasi negara-negara yang
mendukung dan yang anting jadi semua
permasalahan itu sangat isu dependen
konsultasi negara-negara bukan tidak ada
yang baku seolah ada negara kelompok A
dan kelompok negara B melainkan
tergantung dari isunya mengenai masalah
perubahan iklim misalnya ada konstelasi
negara tertentu mengenai masalah
perusahaan senjata adalah
Indonesia ini sekarang dalam bebas
aktifnya harus bisa mendefinisikan
kepentingan kita di setiap permasalahan
itu dan coba melihat bagaimana kita
menciptakan like negara yang memiliki
Apa pandangan yang kehaluan dengan kita
Saya kira tidak ada negara yang bisa
aktif ya di seluruh isu itu yang paling
pertama yang yang yang yang harus kita
pahami nah dalam konteks itu memang
ketika misalnya orang melontarkan kritik
bahwa politik luar negeri Indonesia
tidak aktif itu kan akan tergantung
kepada di isu apa ataupun di lingkup
persoalan apa diharapkan Indonesia
mengambil peranan dan tentunya begitu
Indonesia
dibebani oleh
apa namanya impian sitoring karena di
dalam Pembukaan undang-undang dasar
Indonesia itu sejak awal mengatakan
bahwa kita harus terlibat aktif di dalam
percaturan internasional dalam
perdamaian dunia Jadi dari awal
Indonesia itu sudah menganggap dirinya
itu harus menjadi aktor regional tidak
cukup hanya menjadi penonton yang pasti
jadi selalu tuntutan kepada pemerintah
itu adalah apabila Indonesia kelihatan
hanya plastik dan reaktif Jadi kalau
bebas dan aktif berarti kita tidak
sekedar
merespons apa yang terjadi diluar tapi
kita juga ini
bukan hanya sekedar supaya
gagah-gagahan gitu tentu tidak semuanya
bisa tetap pegang tapi yang tentu
berkaitan dengan kepentingan Indonesia
kepentingan regional kepentingan
negara-negara berkembang dan sebagainya
tantangan utama itu adalah untuk selalu
bisa bebas dan aktif secara substantif
tidak hanya bebas yang aktif ketika kita
sibuk begitu menyelenggarakan seminar
menghadiri ke berbagai macam konferensi
menjadi tuan rumah berbagai-bagai
pertemuan tetapi secara substantif
sebenarnya kita hanya
apa namanya fasis kita hanya event
organizer gitu sementara substansinya
dikontrol oleh orang lain Saya kira
tantangannya itu Bagaimana mengisi bebas
aktif itu secara substantif
di bawah kepemimpinan Presiden Susilo
Bambang Yudhoyono kondisi domestik
Indonesia terus membaik sejalan dengan
reputasi internasional
masuknya Indonesia ke salah satu negara
anggota g20 merupakan salah satu
indikasinya
Selain itu Indonesia juga dikenal
sebagai negara yang demokratis
pencapaian tersebut memungkinkan
Indonesia untuk menjalin hubungan baik
yang lebih luas di berbagai forum
regional maupun internasional
di masa pemerintahannya inilah presiden
menerjemahkan prinsip politik luar
negeri Indonesia di era kontemporer
samudra yang bergejolak samudra yang
banyak sekali pulaunya diplomasi adalah
profesi yang sangat mulia diplomasi
adalah mengenai bagaimana kita bisa
menciptakan persahabatan antar bangsa
dan kita tidak harus apologi mengenai
masalah itu Seandainya kita menampilkan
sosok Indonesia yang bersahabat sosok
Indonesia yang ingin memiliki sejuta
kawan dan tidak ada musuh tidak harus
merasa itu sesuatu yang tidak apa tidak
Tidak baik justru sebaliknya ini sesuatu
yang mulia dan harus kita senantiasa
lanjutkan
this work
and morning
because the world you
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