DEMOKRASI INDONESIA | BENTUK DAN PERKEMBANGANNYA

Summary

This educational video explores the application and evolution of democracy in Indonesia, focusing on its unique form known as Pancasila democracy. It traces the country's democratic journey from its parliamentary beginnings to the guided democracy era, leading up to the Reformasi period post-1998. Highlighting key phases and characteristics, the video emphasizes the importance of civil society in fostering democratic values and the role of direct elections, political parties, and human rights in the current democratic landscape.

Takeaways

• 🏛️ Indonesia practices a form of democracy known as Pancasila Democracy, which is based on the principles of belief in one supreme God, humanity that is just and civilized, the unity of Indonesia, democracy guided by wisdom in deliberation and representation, and social justice for all Indonesian people.
• 🗳️ Democracy in Indonesia is implemented both directly and indirectly. Direct democracy is exemplified by the direct election of the President, Vice President, regional heads, and village heads by the people, while indirect democracy involves representative bodies that convey the aspirations and mandates of the people in governance.
• 🌐 The development of democracy in Indonesia has gone through various phases, including the parliamentary democracy period at the beginning of independence, the guided democracy or 'Old Order', and the New Order under President Soeharto, which was characterized by authoritarian rule and limited political freedoms.
• 📜 The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, which includes Pancasila as the philosophical foundation of the state, has been a consistent element throughout the evolution of Indonesia's democratic system.
• 🔄 The parliamentary democracy phase was marked by a strong multiparty system, legislative power over the executive, and a symbolic role for the President, which led to complex issues such as inter-party tensions and hindered development.
• 🛑 President Soekarno's issuance of a presidential decree in 1959 ended the parliamentary democracy and initiated the guided democracy phase, which centralized power and limited political and press freedoms.
• 🛠️ The New Order under Soeharto was characterized by a lack of executive power rotation, closed political recruitment, controlled elections, and repressive governance, leading to corruption, collusion, and nepotism.
• 🔍 The Reform Era, starting from 1998, saw the enhancement and improvement of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution, with a focus on rectifying undemocratic regulations and maximizing the functions and responsibilities of institutions.
• 📊 Direct general elections, the development of political parties, expanded freedom of expression, and a clearer assertion of human rights are hallmarks of the democracy in the Reform Era.
• 🤝 The role of Civil Society in fostering a culture of tolerance, teaching democratic values, and respecting differences is crucial for the success of democracy in Indonesia.
• 👥 The highest power lies with the people, emphasizing the collective responsibility to uphold and protect democracy in the country.

Q & A

What is the definition of democracy according to Abraham Lincoln?

According to Abraham Lincoln, democracy is a government of the people, by the people, and for the people, emphasizing that power is held by the people and the government is responsible to them.

What is the form of democracy practiced in Indonesia known as?

The form of democracy practiced in Indonesia is known as Pancasila Democracy, which is based on the principles of the Pancasila, Indonesia's philosophical foundation.

What are the core principles of Pancasila Democracy?

Pancasila Democracy is based on the principles of belief in one supreme God, a just and civilized humanity, Indonesian unity, consultative democracy, and social justice for all Indonesian people.

How is democracy implemented in Indonesia, either directly or indirectly?

Democracy in Indonesia is implemented both directly and indirectly. Direct democracy is exemplified by direct elections for the President, Vice President, regional heads, and village heads. Indirect democracy involves representative institutions like the People's Representative Council (DPR), Regional Representative Council (DPD), and Regional People's Representative Councils (DPRD).

What were the characteristics of the parliamentary democracy phase in Indonesia after independence?

The parliamentary democracy phase was characterized by a strong multi-party system, legislative power over the executive, the President being a symbolic figure, and the government being led by a Prime Minister. Decision-making was based on majority votes.

What significant event marked the end of the parliamentary democracy in Indonesia?

The end of parliamentary democracy in Indonesia was marked by the issuance of Presidential Decree on July 5, 1959, by President Soekarno.

What are the key features of the Guided Democracy or Orde Lama period?

Guided Democracy featured the existence of representative institutions, the President as the head of government and state, unlimited presidential power, the formation of the National Communist Movement (Nasakom), simplification of parties, and the role of ABRI in politics. It also included restrictions on freedom of the press and political orientation towards communist countries.

What political event in 1965 had a significant impact on Indonesia's political landscape?

The 30S PKI event, which led to the downfall of high-ranking military officers, had a significant impact on Indonesia's political landscape, causing various reactions from different social groups.

What is the term used for the period of Soeharto's presidency and its characteristics?

The term used for Soeharto's presidency is 'New Order' or 'Orde Baru', characterized by a lack of executive power rotation, closed political recruitment, controlled elections, repressive governance, and the concentration of power in the hands of the President, leading to corruption, collusion, and nepotism.

What major event led to the end of the New Order and the beginning of the Reformasi era?

The mass protests in 1998 demanding President Soeharto's resignation and calls for reforms in various fields led to the end of the New Order and the beginning of the Reformasi era.

How has democracy evolved in Indonesia during the Reformasi era until now?

During the Reformasi era, Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia have been further perfected and implemented, with improvements to undemocratic regulations. The roles of various institutions have been maximized, and the direct election of political parties has been held, with the expansion of freedom of expression and the clearer assertion of human rights.

What role does civil society play in the current Indonesian democracy?

Civil society plays a crucial role in creating a culture of tolerance, teaching democratic values, and respecting differences, which is essential for the success of democracy.

Outlines

00:00

🏛️ Introduction to Indonesian Democracy

This paragraph introduces the concept of democracy as practiced in Indonesia, highlighting its development over time. It begins with a greeting from the host, Benny, and an invitation to support the channel. The main theme revolves around the definition of democracy, referencing Abraham Lincoln's famous quote that it is 'government of the people, by the people, for the people.' The paragraph explains that Indonesia follows a unique form of democracy known as 'Pancasila Democracy,' which is based on the principles of belief in one supreme God, humanity that is just and civilized, the unity of Indonesia, democracy guided by wisdom through deliberation, representation, and social justice for all. It also outlines the direct and indirect forms of democracy in Indonesia, including direct elections for the president, regional heads, and village chiefs, as well as the role of representative institutions like the People's Representative Council (DPR), Regional Representative Council (DPD), and Regional People's Representative Council (DPRD). The paragraph concludes by emphasizing the equal rights and protection of both majorities and minorities under Pancasila Democracy.

05:00

📜 Historical Evolution of Indonesian Democracy

This paragraph delves into the historical evolution of democracy in Indonesia, starting from the parliamentary democracy phase post-independence, characterized by a strong multi-party system and the implementation of the 1949 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. It describes the initial features of parliamentary democracy, such as legislative power over the executive, the accountability of the cabinet to the People's Representative Council (DPR), and the influence of political parties. However, it also discusses the challenges that arose, including inter-party tensions, frequent changes in the cabinet, and hindered development, leading to President Soekarno's issuance of a presidential decree in 1959, marking the end of parliamentary democracy. The paragraph then transitions to the 'Guided Democracy' phase, with its defining features such as the existence of a people's representative institution, the president's role as the head of government and state, and the limitation of presidential power. It also touches on the political shifts of the time, including the establishment of the National Communist Movement (NASAKOM), the simplification of political parties, and the role of ABRI in politics. The paragraph further explores the political deviations, such as the lifelong appointment of the president through the Temporary People's Consultative Assembly (MPRS), foreign policy alignments, and the banning of certain political parties, culminating in the 1965 events that led to the 'New Order' era under President Soeharto. The 'New Order' is characterized by the lack of executive power rotation, closed political recruitment, controlled elections, and repressive governance, which eventually led to mass protests and the demand for reform in 1998. The paragraph concludes with the 'Pancasila Democracy Era of Reform,' highlighting the strengthening of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution, the maximization of institutional roles, direct elections, political party development, expanded freedom of expression, and the clearer assertion of human rights in the new constitution.

Keywords

💡Democracy

Democracy is a system of government where power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or through elected representatives. In the video, it is discussed as the form of government adopted by Indonesia, emphasizing its evolution and the unique characteristics of its implementation in the country.

💡Pancasila Democracy

Pancasila Democracy refers to the specific form of democracy practiced in Indonesia, which is based on the state philosophy of Pancasila. The script explains that it is a system that upholds the principles of belief in one supreme God, a just and civilized humanity, unity of Indonesia, democracy through deliberation and consensus, and social justice for all.

💡Direct Democracy

Direct Democracy is a form of democracy where citizens participate directly in the decision-making process. The script gives examples such as the direct election of the President and Vice President, regional heads, and village chiefs by the people.

💡Indirect Democracy

Indirect Democracy is a system where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. The script mentions institutions like the People's Representative Council (DPR), Regional Representative Council (DPD), and Regional People's Representative Council (DPRD) as part of the indirect democratic process in Indonesia.

💡Parliamentary Democracy

Parliamentary Democracy is characterized by a legislative body that holds power over the executive branch. The script describes the early years of Indonesian independence, where a strong multi-party system was implemented, and the President was more of a symbolic figure with the Prime Minister leading the government.

💡Guided Democracy

Guided Democracy, or 'Orde Lama', was a phase in Indonesia where the President held significant power and the government was more centralized. The script discusses this period as one with limited freedom of the press and a focus on national unity and cooperation.

💡New Order

The New Order, or 'Orde Baru', refers to the period of authoritarian rule under President Suharto from 1966 to 1998. The script describes this era as one with little power rotation, controlled elections, and a repressive government that led to corruption, collusion, and nepotism.

💡Reformasi

Reformasi is an Indonesian term for 'reform', which in the context of the video, refers to the period of political and social reforms that began in 1998, following mass protests and the resignation of President Suharto. The script highlights this as a time when democratic institutions were strengthened and the rule of law was emphasized.

💡Civil Society

Civil Society represents the non-governmental organizations and individuals that work to influence public policy and promote social justice. The script emphasizes the role of civil society in fostering a culture of tolerance and democracy, teaching democratic values, and respecting differences.

💡Supersemar

Supersemar, or Surat Perintah 11 Maret, was a presidential decree issued by President Soekarno that effectively transferred power to the military, leading to the rise of President Suharto. The script mentions this as a pivotal event in the transition from Guided Democracy to the New Order.

💡30S PKI Incident

The 30S PKI Incident refers to a political event in 1965 involving the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), which led to the deaths of several high-ranking military officers. The script describes the aftermath as causing significant societal reactions and demands for the dissolution of the PKI and political reforms.

Highlights

Democracy in Indonesia is based on the principle of 'from the people, by the people, and for the people'.

Indonesia practices a form of democracy known as Pancasila Democracy, which is grounded in the principles of belief in one supreme God, a just and civilized humanity, Indonesian unity, democracy led by wisdom, and social justice for all Indonesians.

Pancasila Democracy ensures that both the majority and minority groups have equal rights and are protected by the state.

Democracy in Indonesia is implemented both directly and indirectly, with direct democracy exemplified by the direct election of the President, Vice President, regional heads, and village heads by the people.

Indirect democracy in Indonesia is represented by representative institutions such as the People's Representative Council (DPR), Regional Representative Council (DPD), and Regional People's Representative Council (DPRD).

The development of democracy in Indonesia has gone through various phases, including the parliamentary democracy phase, guided democracy, and the New Order era.

Parliamentary democracy in Indonesia was characterized by a strong multi-party system and legislative power over the executive.

The end of parliamentary democracy came with President Soekarno's issuance of Presidential Decree on July 5, 1959, leading to guided democracy.

Guided democracy featured the president as the head of government and state with unlimited power and the establishment of the National Communist Movement (Nasakom).

The New Order era, under President Soeharto from 1966 to 1998, was marked by the absence of executive power rotation, closed political recruitment, and repressive governance.

The 1998 mass actions led to President Soeharto's resignation and the initiation of reforms in various fields, ushering in the era of Pancasila Democracy Reform.

In the Reform era, Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia are further perfected, with an emphasis on improving democratic practices and regulations.

The Reform era has seen the maximization of the roles of executive, legislative, and judicial institutions, with a clear separation of powers.

Direct general elections have been held, political parties have developed, freedom of expression has been expanded, and human rights have been more clearly asserted.

The role of Civil Society is crucial in creating a culture of tolerance and teaching democratic values, as well as respecting differences.

The success of democracy lies in the hands of the people, who hold the highest power, and it is important for everyone to continue to meet, be friends, and share to jointly safeguard democracy.

Transcripts

jenis demokrasi yang diterapkan di

Indonesia dan bagaimana ya

perkembangannya

[Musik]

Hai sahabat Beni bertemu lagi dengan min

Benny di video pembelajaran Pendidikan

Kewarganegaraan kali ini kita bakal

bahas bentuk demokrasi yang diterapkan

di Indonesia dan perkembangannya

Yuk kita bahas

sebelum melanjutkan video ini dukung

terus beneran Indonesia dengan

memberikan like comment share dan

subscribe channel beneran Indonesia ya

Demokrasi apa yang diterapkan di

Indonesia

menurut Abraham Lincoln seorang politisi

dan presiden ke-16 Amerika Serikat

Demokrasi adalah pemerintahan yang

berasal dari rakyat oleh rakyat dan

untuk rakyat jadi negara yang menganut

sistem demokrasi menempatkan rakyat

Sebagai pemegang kekuasaan tertinggi dan

mengatur pemerintahan

Indonesia menjadi salah satu negara yang

menganut sistem demokrasi sistem

demokrasi yang dipraktikkan di Indonesia

disebut demokrasi Pancasila artinya

sistem demokrasi Pancasila adalah

penyelenggaraan pemerintah yang didasari

oleh ketuhanan yang maha esa kemanusiaan

yang adil dan beradab persatuan

Indonesia

kerakyatan yang dipimpin oleh hikmat

kebijaksanaan dalam permusyawaratan

perwakilan dan keadilan sosial bagi

seluruh rakyat Indonesia

dengan berasaskan Pancasila praktik

demokrasi Pancasila menempatkan kelompok

mayoritas dan minoritas memiliki hak

yang sama dan dilindungi oleh negara

pembagian demokrasi di Indonesia

dalam pelaksanaannya sendiri pelaksanaan

demokrasi di Indonesia dilakukan dengan

dua cara yaitu secara langsung dan tidak

langsung

contoh demokrasi secara langsung adalah

pemilihan Presiden dan Wakil Presiden

pemilihan kepala daerah dan wakil kepala

daerah serta pemilihan kepala desa yang

dipilih langsung oleh rakyat

sedangkan demokrasi secara tidak

langsung adalah adanya lembaga-lembaga

perwakilan rakyat yang bertugas sebagai

penyampai amanat dan aspirasi rakyat

dalam pemerintahan

di Indonesia adanya Dewan Perwakilan

Rakyat atau DPR Majelis Permusyawaratan

Rakyat atau MPR Dewan Perwakilan Daerah

atau DPD dan dewan perwakilan rakyat

daerah atau DPRD

Meskipun demikian anggota-anggota yang

mengisi Lembaga ini masih dipilih

langsung oleh rakyat di Indonesia loh

perkembangan demokrasi di Indonesia

sahabat Beni demokrasi yang dipraktikkan

di Indonesia dari masa ke masa memiliki

dinamika masing-masing sehingga

perkembangan demokrasi dapat

dikelompokkan dalam beberapa fase

sebagai berikut

masa demokrasi parlementer pada awal

kemerdekaan Indonesia menganut sistem

demokrasi parlementer dengan sistem

multipartai yang kuat diberlakukannya

undang-undang Dasar Republik Indonesia

Serikat tahun

1949 mengakibatkan Indonesia dibagi

menjadi beberapa negara bagian Selain

itu pemerintahan dijalankan oleh Perdana

Menteri sedangkan presiden hanya

berkedudukan sebagai lambang

pemerintahan

berikut beberapa ciri-ciri demokrasi

parlementer kekuasaan legislatif di atas

eksekutif artinya menteri atau kabinet

bertanggung jawab kepada dewan

perwakilan rakyat DPR dapat menjatuhkan

kabinet Presiden hanya sebagai lambang

dan kepala negara pemerintahan

bertanggung jawab kepada

kabinet-kabinet dipimpin oleh perdana

menteri

ada banyak partai yang berkembang

pengambilan keputusan dengan berdasarkan

suara mayoritas sistem demokrasi

parlementer Ini menimbulkan berbagai

permasalahan yang kompleks mulai dari

ketegangan antar partai yang

mementingkan golongan partainya sendiri

kabinet yang gonta-ganti hingga proses

pembangunan terhambat oleh karena

kondisi yang menghawatirkan ini Presiden

Soekarno mengeluarkan Dekrit Presiden

pada 5 Juli

1959 dengan dikeluarkannya Dekrit ini

demokrasi parlementer pun berakhir

demokrasi terpimpin atau orde lama

Adapun beberapa ciri-ciri dari demokrasi

terpimpin adalah sebagai berikut Adanya

lembaga perwakilan rakyat

kedudukan presiden sebagai kepala

pemerintah dan kepala negara

kekuasaan presiden tidak terbatas

dibentuk poros nasionalis komunis atau

nasakom penyederhanaan partai peran

serta ABRI dalam politik kebebasan pers

dilarang politik yang berkiblat ke

negara-negara komunis sistem demokrasi

terpimpin menempatkan presiden menjadi

pemegang inti kekuasaan beberapa

penyimpangan yang terjadi pada masa ini

diantaranya pengangkatan presiden seumur

hidup melalui TAP MPRS Nomor 3 MPRS

1963 penyimpangan politik luar negeri

yaitu jalinan Kerjasama yang dilakukan

oleh Indonesia hanya kepada

negara-negara yang berasal sosialis

komunis sebaliknya Justru berkonfrontasi

dengan hampir seluruh negara barat

pembubaran partai Masyumi dan Partai

Nasional Indonesia yang selaras dengan

nilai nilai-nilai Pancasila namun

membiarkan Partai Komunis Indonesia yang

tidak sesuai dengan nilai-nilai dasar

negara tentu saja penyimpangan ini

mengancam stabilitas negara peristiwa

30S PKI yang mengakibatkan gugurnya para

perwira tinggi Angkatan Darat

menimbulkan berbagai reaksi dari

berbagai kalangan masyarakat masyarakat

mengeluarkan tiga tuntutan yang disebut

sebagai Tritura yang menuntut pembubaran

PKI pembersihan unsur PKI dalam kabinet

menurunkan harga dan memperbaiki ekonomi

tuntutan rakyat akhirnya berbuah hasil

presiden mengeluarkan Surat Perintah 11

Maret atau dikenal dengan Supersemar

tidak lama kemudian pemerintahan

dialihkan kepada Presiden Soeharto yang

dikenal sebagai fase Orde Baru

demokrasi Pancasila Orde Baru tahun

1966 hingga 1998

beberapa ciri-ciri demokrasi pada

periode ini sebagai berikut

rotasi kekuasaan eksekutif hampir tidak

pernah terjadi

rekruitment politik bersifat tertutup

pemilihan umum yang semangatnya jauh

dari nilai demokrasi pelaksanaan hak

dasar warga negara dipertanyakan karena

pemerintahan yang Represif Pada masa ini

pemerintahan dijalankan secara otoriter

dengan pembatasan kebebasan berpendapat

pengontrolan penuh terhadap partai dan

pemilihan yang terkendali kekuasaan yang

menumpuk di tangan Presiden menimbulkan

korupsi kolusi nepotisme

akhirnya pada tahun

1998 terjadi aksi massa yang menuntut

Presiden Soeharto untuk mundur dan

mengadakan reformasi di berbagai bidang

aksi ini membuahkan hasil presiden

Soeharto menyerahkan jabatannya kepada

Insinyur Baharuddin Jusuf Habibie

demokrasi Pancasila era reformasi

1998 hingga sekarang pada era ini

Pancasila dan undang-undang dasar negara

Republik Indonesia tahun 1945 diterapkan

dengan disempurnakan pelaksanaannya

serta memperbaiki peraturan-peraturan

yang tidak demokratis

peran lembaga-lembaga juga dimaksimalkan

fungsi wewenang dan tanggung jawabnya

pada era ini muncullah dikotomi antara

lembaga-lembaga yang bersifat eksekutif

legislatif dan yudikatif

pemilihan umum langsung digelar

partai-partai politik berkembang

kebebasan berpendapat diperluas dan hak

asasi manusia ditegaskan lebih jelas

dalam konstitusi baru

bentuk demokrasi inilah yang bertahan

hingga saat ini hal yang sangat penting

dalam demokrasi ini adalah peran Civil

Society menciptakan budaya toleransi

yang mengajarkan nilai-nilai demokrasi

dan saling menghargai perbedaan

kesuksesan demokrasi ada di tangan kita

semua nih sebagai rakyat Pemegang

kekuasaan tertinggi jadi teruslah

bertemu berteman dan berbagi supaya kita

bisa jaga demokrasi bareng-bareng sekian

video pembelajaran kali ini kita bahas

apa lagi ya

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