World History II: Nationalism in Europe (Part 1)
Summary
TLDRThis script explores the concept of nationalism and its impact on 19th-century European politics. Nationalism, defined as pride plus cultural identity, served as both a unifying and dividing force. While it strengthened nations like Britain and France, it threatened multinational empires like Austria and the Ottomans. The script also discusses the political spectrum, detailing the ideologies of liberals, conservatives, radicals, and reactionaries. The failed Revolutions of 1848, a year marked by widespread uprisings, highlighted the tension between people's desire for change and conservative resistance. The script concludes with the establishment of the Second French Republic and the rise of Louis Napoleon, emphasizing the persistent desire for political change in Europe.
Takeaways
- 📚 Nationalism is defined as pride plus cultural identity, which includes a shared language, history, geography, customs, and religion among a group of people.
- 🌍 In the 1800s, nationalism served as both a unifying and dividing force in Europe, strengthening countries with a strong cultural identity but causing tensions within multinational empires.
- 🏰 Nationalism was a challenge for empires like the Austrian Empire, Russian Empire, and Ottoman Empire, where multiple cultural identities existed under one rule.
- 🏛️ The political spectrum of the 1800s in Europe ranged from liberals advocating for change and democracy to conservatives preferring to maintain absolute monarchies.
- 🔄 Radicals were extreme liberals who believed violence was necessary for change, while reactionaries were extreme conservatives who would use violence to preserve the old order.
- 🗝️ The political spectrum's left-right orientation originated from the seating arrangement in the French National Assembly during the French Revolution.
- 💥 The Revolutions of 1848 were widespread attempts at political change across Europe, inspired by romantic ideals, but most failed due to poor leadership and the intervention of the Holy Alliance.
- 🇫🇷 France experienced a successful revolution in 1848, leading to the establishment of the Second French Republic and the election of Louis Napoleon as president, who later declared himself Emperor.
- 🔄 Despite the failures of the Revolutions of 1848, the desire for change and democracy among Europeans persisted, indicating ongoing political instability.
- 🌟 The political climate of Europe in the 1800s was marked by a struggle between the ideals of democracy and the reality of conservative rule, setting the stage for future conflicts and changes.
Q & A
What is the formula for nationalism as mentioned in the script?
-Nationalism equals Pride plus cultural identity.
What are the components of cultural identity?
-Cultural identity consists of a shared way of life for a group of people, including common language, history, geography, customs, religion, etc.
How did nationalism affect politics in Europe in the early and mid-1800s?
-Nationalism acted as both a unifying and dividing force. It brought countries together with similar cultural identities but also caused divisions in multinational empires where different cultural groups had little loyalty to the central monarch.
What is the difference between a nation and a nation-state?
-A nation is a group of people with a shared cultural identity, while a nation-state is a formal country with defined borders and governance.
What were the political ideologies prevalent in Europe during the 1800s?
-The political ideologies included liberalism, conservatism, radicalism, and reactionism. Liberals wanted change and democracy, conservatives wanted to maintain the status quo, radicals believed in violent change, and reactionaries used violence to protect the old order.
How are political ideologies typically represented?
-Political ideologies are represented on a political spectrum, with liberals on the left side advocating for change, conservatives on the right side preferring to keep things as they are, and radicals and reactionaries at the extreme ends.
What was the outcome of the Revolutions of 1848?
-Most of the revolutions in 1848 failed due to poor leadership and the intervention of the Holy Alliance, which helped conservative monarchs maintain power. Only in France was there a successful change with the establishment of the Second French Republic.
Who was elected president of France in 1848, and what was his relation to Napoleon Bonaparte?
-Louie Napoleon, also known as Napoleon III, was elected president of France in 1848. He was the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte.
What was the role of the Holy Alliance in the Revolutions of 1848?
-The Holy Alliance played a significant role in suppressing the revolutions of 1848 by intervening on behalf of conservative monarchs to maintain the balance of power and prevent the spread of liberal and nationalist ideas.
How did the French Revolution influence the politics of Europe despite its failure?
-The French Revolution left a lasting impact by instilling the ideas of democracy and the possibility of people rising up against their governments. These ideas inspired the people of Europe to seek change and democracy.
Outlines
🌍 Nationalism in Europe: Definition and Impact
The paragraph introduces the concept of nationalism in Europe, emphasizing the need to define it before exploring its effects on European politics during the early and mid-1800s. Nationalism is defined as a combination of pride and cultural identity, which includes shared language, history, geography, customs, and religion. The speaker explains that while nationalism can unify people within a country, it can also divide multinational empires where different cultural identities coexist. Examples are given, such as the unifying effect of nationalism in countries like Great Britain and France, and the dividing effect in empires like the Austrian Empire, where various cultural groups had strong identities but little loyalty to the central monarchy. The paragraph also touches on the broader political spectrum of the time, ranging from liberals who sought change and democracy to conservatives who wished to maintain absolute monarchies, and radicals or reactionaries who believed in using violence to achieve their political goals.
🔥 The Revolutions of 1848: A Test of Nationalism and Political Ideologies
This paragraph delves into the political upheaval of 1848 across Europe, known as the 'Year of Revolutions.' It highlights how various countries experienced revolutions, either seeking to change their governments or to break away from them, inspired by romantic ideals of passion and unity. Despite the failure of most of these revolutions due to poor leadership and the effectiveness of the Holy Alliance in suppressing them, the paragraph underscores the persistence of the desire for change among Europeans. It also discusses the specific case of France, where Louis Philippe was ousted and replaced by the Second French Republic, which then elected Louis Napoleon as president, who later declared himself Emperor for life. The paragraph concludes by reflecting on the ongoing tension and instability in European politics, indicating that despite the balance of power maintained by the great powers, the populace was not content with conservative rule, and the quest for change continued.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Nationalism
💡Cultural Identity
💡Nation State
💡Empire
💡Liberal
💡Conservative
💡Radical
💡Reactionary
💡Political Spectrum
💡Revolution of 1848
💡Holy Alliance
Highlights
Nationalism defined as pride plus cultural identity.
Cultural identity includes common language, history, geography, customs, and religion.
Nationalism can be both unifying and dividing, depending on the political context.
Nationalism in the 1800s Europe was a significant factor in both unifying and dividing forces.
The concept of a nation-state versus a cultural identity that may not have a formal country.
The Austrian Empire as an example of a multinational empire with multiple cultural identities.
Nationalism as a dividing force in empires with diverse cultural identities.
Political ideologies in 1800s Europe ranged from liberal to conservative, with radicals and reactionaries at the extremes.
Liberals sought change, democracy, and independence; conservatives wanted to maintain absolute monarchy.
The political spectrum, with liberals on the left and conservatives on the right, originated from the French Revolution.
The Revolutions of 1848 were an attempt to bring about change and democracy across Europe.
The failure of most 1848 revolutions due to poor leadership and the effectiveness of the Holy Alliance.
The map of Europe in 1848 showing the widespread nature of the revolutions.
The success of the French Revolution in 1848, leading to the creation of the second French Republic.
Louis Napoleon's election as president and later declaration as Emperor for life.
The enduring desire for change and democracy among Europeans despite the failure of the 1848 revolutions.
The potential for a different approach to change governments and the balance of power in Europe.
Transcripts
in this section we're going to talk
about nationalism in Europe but before
we do that we have to Define what is
nationalism and then we're going to go
into how nationalism affected the
politics of Europe in the early and mid
1800s so that's our essential question
for this lesson what is nationalism and
how did it affect the politics of Europe
in the early and mid
1800s so let's define nationalism I like
to put it into a formula nationalism
equals Pride plus cultural identity now
you know what pride is it's an emotion
it's uh to feel proud of something to
take ownership in it to really respect
it and love it um so you know what pride
is but what is cultural identity well
culture is a shared way of life for a
group of people so a Common Language
history geography Customs religion Etc
these are the things that make up a
culture for example in America we have a
common language of English we have a
common history that we share in American
history we all live within the United
States we have certain Customs like
holiday
Traditions uh you know apple pie and the
4th of July things like that those are
the things that really unite Americans
as a cultural identity like there are
certain things you say yeah that's
American and that's part of the cultural
identity so when you take pride in that
cultural identity that's what is that's
what nationalism is and nationalism is
usually for a group of people that have
uh a country together but not always
because a nation state is a formal
country but as we're going to see in
Europe in the 1800s there were lots of
people that had a cultural identity took
pride in it so they had nationalism but
didn't actually have their own country
and that's going to cause a problem
later on so let's talk about nationalism
in Europe in the 1800s nationalism for
some countries was a unifying force it
brought countries together because they
all for the most part had the same
cultural identity so in Great Britain
and France and countries like that if
everybody identifies as French for
example in France they'll all work
together and take pride in in their
country and the country actually becomes
stronger because of that but for some
Nations nationalism was a dividing Force
especially Empires that are called
multinational Empires with many cultural
identities Austrian Empire the Russian
Empire the Ottoman Empire so take
Austria for example it was run and ruled
and controlled by austrians but they
also had hungarians serbs cots Czechs
bosan Herz ganians Etc so there are many
different culture identities and each
one of those groups of people really
felt proud of their own cultural
identity and not a lot of loyalty to the
Austrian Monarch and in some cases they
wanted to break away and create their
own country so in those examples in
those countries nationalism was a
dividing force and we'll talk more about
that in the next
section so there was also a lot of
different political ideas in Europe at
this time uh if you were a liberal in
Europe in the 1800s that meant you
wanted change you wanted to end the
absolute monarchy you wanted to bring in
democracy you wanted to declare
independence from your mother country in
some examples um if you were a
conservative you wanted things to stay
the same so conservatives were monarchs
or people who supported the monarchs
they wanted to keep absolute monarchy
because they had a lot of power in the
old
system and then if you were Radical you
were an extreme liberal you believed in
violence was the only way to achieve
change and if you were reactionary you
an extreme conservative so you'd use
violence to protect the old way and we
typically plot political ideas on What's
called the political Spectrum it's this
line that goes in One Direction and the
other in the middle we have moderate
that's kind of middle of the road not
too conservative not too liberal but
based on your feelings you'd be plotted
somewhere along the Spectrum so
typically we put liberal uh or the idea
of changing things on the left side and
the left and right by the way for
Liberal conservative goes back to the
National Assembly in the French
Revolution where the delegates sat in
the National Assembly if they were for a
change they would sit on the left if
they were for keeping things the old way
they would sit on the right of the room
so liberal means change so if you are a
liberal in the political Spectrum we'd
put you on the left side of the spectrum
and if you're a conservative you want to
keep the old way uh we'd plot you on the
right side of the spectrum and then
here's radical and reactionary all the
way down the end so you can actually
have different degrees of how liberal
you are or how conservative you are when
you get plotted on a political Spectrum
for example we would probably Place Lou
the 16th somewhere over here very
conservative because obviously he was an
absolute monarch who wanted to keep all
that power and we would put someone like
rpar over on the radical way down the
radical end of the left side of the
spectrum because he believed that
violence was the only way to achieve the
right change needed in
France so all of these political uh
feelings and sentiments and tensions
kind of boil and come to a head uh in
the Revolutions of 1848 liberals wanted
democracy uh and in some cases
Independence if you're in a
multinational Empire um and wanted to
change the conservative way of
government conservatives obviously these
monarchs won't allow this they don't
want to lose the power they have it's
the same story we saw in the French
Revolution but all over Europe so in
1848 we have What's called the year of
revolutions and there every major
country in Europe has a revolution on
their hands for either changing the
government or breaking away uh from that
government
it's inspired by those romantic ideals
of passion and emotion and following
your heart and everybody working
together um but with the exception of
France all of these revolutions fail in
1848 we'll talk about France in a minute
um mostly because of poor leadership if
you get everybody just rise up and
spontaneously try to overthrow a
government that's not going to go very
well but these revolutions also show us
that the holy Alliance worked that Holy
Alliance that concert of Europe that was
created by metni
that PCT that these countries would jump
in and put down any revolutions it
actually was tested in 1848 and it
worked so the conservatives keep their
power in most of Europe after
1848 and if you look at this map every
single one of these uh red spots right
here is where a revolution popped up in
the year 1848 so there was a revolution
in Paris France against the conservative
government there were revolutions all
over what will become Italy because
people wanted to change this and become
one Italy you have Vienna they want to
change the government in Austria to
democracy but look at in Budapest this
is the Hungarian part of the Austrian
Empire people were rising up to actually
create a separate country called Hungary
so there were Revolutions in every major
country in Europe in 1848 and only
France is really succeeding all the
other ones are put
down so what happens in France after
1815 after the Congress of Vienna well
you know that Louis the 18th is restored
through legitimacy to the throne but he
dies a few years later he succeeded by
his cousin Charles I 10th but in 1830
Charles I 10th in a bloodless Revolution
overnight is overthrown by the people
and replaced by Louis Philipe the next
in line to be king and Louis Philipe
calls himself the citizen King he
promises that he will work with the
people he creates the National Assembly
and allows the National Assembly to
create laws that he will approve so he
promises to work with the people but by
1848 the people don't believe that Louis
Philipe is listening to the people
enough and he's ousted by the National
Assembly so in 1848 the French people
create the second French Republic the
first one was the one they created the
French Revolution and they go to elect a
new leader they go to elect a president
and they elect Louie Napoleon or
Napoleon theii who is the nephew of
Napoleon bonapart so Napoleon's nephew
Louis Napoleon is elected president of
France in 1848 and surprise surprise in
1852 he declares himself Emperor for
life and actually rules longer than his
uncle did he rules all the way until
1870 so here's Louis Napoleon or
Napoleon
theii so just summing up this section
what do we have to take away from all of
this the French Revolution although it
failed left a mark on the people of
Europe that idea of democracy and people
rising up did not go away even though
the French Revolution failed and
inspired the people of Europe to want
democracy and want change the
Revolutions of 18 48 were an attempt to
make that change but they failed but
this showed us how tense and unstable
the politics of Europe were that even
though there's this balance of power
even though there's the great Powers
these five countries in charge the
people in those countries aren't happy
with their conservative
governments and even though the 1848
revolutions fail and this romantic
Revolution style doesn't work the people
of Europe still want change in their on
their continent and the next section
what we're going to look at is is there
a different way a different way to
change the governments and the balance
of power in Europe other than romantic
Revolution
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