A Filosofia de Martin Heidegger - FENOMENOLOGIA e EXISTENCIALISMO | Prof. Anderson

Summary

The video discusses Martin Heidegger, a prominent 20th-century philosopher and a key figure in phenomenology and existentialism, despite his rejection of the existentialist label. Heidegger's main focus was understanding the meaning of 'being' through his seminal work 'Being and Time' (1927). He argued that humans, as conscious beings ('Dasein'), are unique in their ability to contemplate existence. The video delves into Heidegger's concepts of facticity, transcendence, and authenticity, emphasizing the human capacity for freedom, choice, and awareness of mortality, contrasting authentic versus inauthentic lives.

Takeaways

• 🎓 Heidegger was a prominent 20th-century German philosopher who influenced other great thinkers like Sartre, Merleau-Ponty, Hannah Arendt, and Gadamer.
• 📚 His main work, 'Being and Time', published in 1927, aimed to understand the meaning of 'Being' and is foundational to his philosophy.
• 🌟 Heidegger was a disciple of Husserl and continued the tradition of phenomenology, also being a precursor to existentialism despite his denial of being an existentialist.
• 🧐 Heidegger's philosophy is an ontology that starts from the premise that all metaphysics have failed to understand the meaning of 'Being'.
• 🤔 The question of 'Being' is central to Heidegger's work, and he explores it through phenomenological investigation.
• 🌍 Heidegger argues that only humans, as self-aware beings, can understand the meaning of 'Being' in general.
• 🧠 The concept of 'Dasein' is introduced to describe humans as beings-in-the-world, emphasizing our inherent connection to the world around us.
• 🔄 Human existence has two dimensions: facticity (our current situation) and transcendence (our ability to project ourselves beyond our current state).
• 💡 Authentic living involves pursuing one's own projects and dreams, while inauthentic living follows the crowd or societal expectations.
• ⏳ Heidegger emphasizes the inevitability of death and how it can lead to an appreciation of our freedom and the importance of giving meaning to our lives.
• 🤝 In an authentic existence, we relate to others as ends in themselves, not as means to an end, respecting their dignity and personhood.

Q & A

Who is the main philosopher discussed in the video script?

The main philosopher discussed in the video script is Martin Heidegger, a German philosopher who lived from 1889 to 1976.

What significant philosophical movement is Heidegger associated with?

Heidegger is associated with phenomenology and existentialism, although he himself denied being an existentialist.

What was the title of Heidegger's major work published in 1927?

Heidegger's major work published in 1927 is titled 'Being and Time' ('Sein und Zeit' in German).

What is the central question that Heidegger's philosophy seeks to answer?

Heidegger's philosophy seeks to understand the 'sense of being' or 'fundament of existence' of all things and beings.

What is the term Heidegger uses to describe the human being as a being-in-the-world?

Heidegger uses the term 'Dasein' to describe the human being as a being-in-the-world.

How does Heidegger differentiate between 'facticity' and 'transcendence' in human existence?

Facticity refers to the given circumstances into which a person is thrown, while transcendence refers to the human capacity to project oneself beyond these circumstances, towards self-constitution and freedom.

What does Heidegger suggest is the inevitable possibility that every human being must face?

Heidegger suggests that the inevitable possibility every human being must face is death, which stands as an impossibility to all other possibilities.

What are the two ways Heidegger describes how people react to the awareness of their mortality?

People can either become indifferent to the concept of death or they can experience anxiety (angustia), which is a crucial element for recognizing one's finitude and the value of freedom.

What is the difference between an 'authentic' and an 'inauthentic' life according to Heidegger?

An 'authentic' life is one where a person pursues their own projects and dreams, conscious of their finitude and potential. An 'inauthentic' life is one lived in conformity with societal expectations or for superficial gains, without seeking the deeper meaning of existence.

How does Heidegger's concept of 'care' ('Sorge') relate to our social existence?

Heidegger's concept of 'care' ('Sorge') implies that our fundamental social condition is one of caring for both the world and other people, respecting them as beings-in-the-world with their own dignity.

What is the 'second Heidegger' mentioned in the script, and why is it significant?

The 'second Heidegger' refers to a later phase in Heidegger's thinking, which diverges from his earlier work. It is significant because it represents a shift in his philosophical approach, which is often considered in more depth in additional studies of his philosophy.