4. SISTEM ETIKA, NILAI, NORMA DAN MORAL

Doktor Gus Brahmantya

3 Nov 202013:48

Summary

TLDRThis script explores the concept of ethics, defined as the study of moral principles guiding human conduct. It distinguishes between general and specific ethics, covering areas like family, profession, and environment. It delves into the philosophical branches of axiology, discussing the nature of values and their categorization. The script also examines norms, their formation, and their role in ensuring a proper and peaceful life as per Maslow's hierarchy of needs. It references various theories, including Hans Kelsen's legal theory, to explain the structure and purpose of laws and norms. The connection between norms and Pancasila, Indonesia's foundational principles, is highlighted, emphasizing their importance in maintaining social harmony.

Takeaways

📚 Etika, according to Suseno, is a science that discusses how and why we follow moral teachings or should adopt responsible attitudes towards various moral teachings.
🔍 Etika is divided into two forms: general ethics, which contains principles applicable to every human action, and specific ethics, which includes individual ethics and social ethics.
🏠 Individual ethics pertains to a person's duties towards themselves, while social ethics relates to a person's duties towards others in society.
🌟 Ethics encompasses various aspects such as family ethics, professional ethics, environmental ethics, educational ethics, and sexual ethics.
🌱 Ethics is fundamentally based on human dignity and morality, always relating to the values of Susila and Asusila, as well as good and bad values.
📈 Values are abstract nouns indicating goodness or worth, and they are the qualities and characteristics of an object that are evaluated.
🏛️ Values can be categorized into different levels and types, such as Max Keller's four levels of values or Walter C. Everett's eight groups of values.
🌐 The connection between values and Pancasila, Indonesia's state philosophy, is that Pancasila values are a combination of various value levels, including spiritual, social, and religious values.
📖 Norma, according to Soerjono Soekanto, aims to ensure that humans can live decently by fulfilling basic needs as described by Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
📜 Norms are formed through imitation or education and are meant to guide behavior for a proper and peaceful life, ensuring the fulfillment of basic needs.
🏛️ Norms have various forms, including belief norms, moral norms, etiquette norms, and legal norms, each serving different purposes in society.

Q & A

What does the term 'ethics' encompass according to Suseno?
-Ethics, as described by Suseno, is a science that discusses how and why we follow certain moral teachings or should adopt a responsible attitude when dealing with various moral teachings.
How is ethics categorized into two forms?
-Ethics is categorized into two forms: general ethics, which contains principles applicable to every human action, and specific ethics, which is further divided into individual ethics and social ethics.
What are the two subcategories of specific ethics?
-Specific ethics is divided into individual ethics, which are the duties of a person towards themselves, and social ethics, which are the duties of a person towards others in society.
What are the different areas that ethics cover?
-Ethics covers various areas including family ethics, professional ethics, environmental ethics, educational ethics, sexual ethics, and political ethics.
What are the fundamental requirements of political ethics?
-Political ethics have several fundamental requirements, one of which is based on the dignity and worth of human beings, and another on moral values and humanity.
What is the relationship between ethics and values?
-Ethics is always related to the values of Susila and non-Susila, as well as good and bad values, with the specific purpose of forming individuals who are Susila or wise.
What does the term 'values' signify in the field of philosophy?
-In philosophy, values are abstract nouns that signify goodness or worth, and verbs that mean a certain spirit in evaluating or making assessments.
How does Max Keller categorize values into different levels?
-Max Keller categorizes values into four levels: a) values of pleasure, b) values of life, c) values of the spirit, and d) values of spirituality.
What are the different types of norms according to Soerjono Soekanto?
-Soerjono Soekanto identifies different types of norms, including norm of belief, norm of good manners, norm of ethics, and norm of law, each serving specific purposes such as purity of personal life, formation of personal goodness, decency in interpersonal life, and peace in interpersonal life.
What is the role of norms in society according to Soerjono Soekanto?
-Norms, according to Soerjono Soekanto, are guidelines or principles for behavior to ensure a decent life, which can be achieved by fulfilling basic needs and behaving according to certain patterns.
How does Howard define norms?
-Howard defines norms as specific rules of conduct that are more broadly understood as concrete rules that have sanctions based on the ideas of 'ought' and 'ought not.'
What are the four types of norms based on their effectiveness in society?
-The four types of norms based on their effectiveness in society are: a) custom or usage, b) habit or convention, c) mores, and d) custom or law.
How does the concept of morality relate to the Indonesian perspective on good and bad?
-Morality in Indonesia is related to the concept of good and bad, with terms like 'akhlak' in Arabic or 'kesusilaan' in Indonesian, which contain meanings of inner order or spiritual guidance for behavior.
What is the significance of Pancasila in terms of Indonesian morality?
-Pancasila is significant in Indonesian morality as it regulates ethics, good manners, and noble character based on Pancasila values, and is referred to as Pancasila morality.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Understanding Ethics and Values

This paragraph introduces the concept of ethics, explaining it as a science that discusses how and why we follow moral teachings or should adopt a responsible attitude towards various moral teachings. It distinguishes between general ethics, which contains principles applicable to all human actions, and specific ethics, which includes individual ethics (responsibility towards oneself) and social ethics (responsibility towards others in society). The paragraph also covers the various fields where ethics is applied, such as family, professional, environmental, educational, sexual, and political ethics. It emphasizes the fundamental requirements of ethics, which are based on human dignity and morality, and the connection between ethics and values of goodness and badness. The paragraph further delves into the philosophical understanding of values, discussing how values are abstract concepts representing goodness or worth and how they are perceived to satisfy human needs. It also touches on the hierarchy of values and their categorization into different groups by various philosophers.

05:00

🏛️ The Role of Norms in Society

Paragraph 2 focuses on the purpose of norms in ensuring that humans can live decently by fulfilling basic needs as outlined by Maslow's hierarchy. It discusses the process of norm formation according to Soerjono Soekanto, which involves acting according to a certain pattern, imitation or education, and meeting basic needs. The paragraph outlines the different forms of norms, such as belief norms, moral norms, etiquette norms, and legal norms, each serving a specific purpose in society. It also introduces the theories of Hans Kelsen, particularly the 'pure theory of law' and the 'basic norm' concept, which suggests that the basic norm of a legal system is not a positive law but a result of legal thought analysis. The paragraph concludes by explaining that norms are concrete rules that have sanctions based on ideas and are essential for maintaining peace and order in society.

10:07

🌟 The Significance of Morality and Norms

The final paragraph delves into the concept of morality, its origins, and its relation to ethics, akhlak (Islamic ethics), and budi pekerti (Javanese values). It explains that morality is derived from the Latin word 'mores,' meaning customs or habits, and is synonymous with terms like 'akhlak' in Arabic and 'ethos' in Greek. The paragraph discusses how morality guides inner conduct and is connected to the Pancasila, Indonesia's foundational principles, which regulate ethics, akhlak, and budi pekerti based on Pancasila values. It also mentions the importance of implementing Pancasila in society alongside religious teachings that promote ethics. The paragraph concludes by emphasizing the significance of a systematic ethical framework that consists of values, beneficial behaviors, and adherence to norms.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Ethics

Ethics, as mentioned in the script, is a branch of philosophy that discusses moral principles and how individuals should act in accordance with these principles. It is closely tied to the theme of the video, which explores the nature of moral conduct and responsibility. The script refers to ethics as a practical philosophy, divided into general ethics, which contains principles applicable to all human actions, and specific ethics, which further divides into individual ethics and social ethics. The example given in the script is the prohibition of smoking at gas stations, illustrating how general ethical principles can guide specific behaviors.

💡Moral

Moral, derived from the Latin 'mores' meaning customs or manners, is used in the script to discuss the principles of right and wrong behavior. It is central to the video's theme as it relates to the ethical standards that guide human actions. The script explains that 'moral' in the Indonesian context can be synonymous with 'akhlak' or 'keusilaan,' which implies inner discipline or spiritual order guiding one's conduct. The video uses the term to discuss the importance of moral values in shaping a person's character and behavior.

💡Values

Values, as discussed in the script, are abstract concepts that represent goodness or worth. They are a fundamental aspect of the video's exploration of ethics and morality. The script mentions that values are what give objects or actions their quality and are essential in evaluating and assessing human behavior. Values are categorized and prioritized differently by various groups, such as materialists and hedonists, and are also connected to the Indonesian value system, Pancasila, which the script suggests has spiritual, social, and religious dimensions.

💡Norms

Norms, according to the script, are standards or patterns of behavior that are expected and considered normal within a group. They are crucial for the video's discussion on how societies function and maintain order. The script explains that norms can be formed through imitation or education and are meant to fulfill basic needs as described by Maslow. Norms are also linked to the concept of living 'properly,' ensuring a harmonious coexistence within a community. The script provides examples such as 'norma kepercayaan' for personal purity and 'norma kesusilaan' for personal goodness and morality.

💡Pancasila

Pancasila is the philosophical foundation of the Indonesian state, mentioned in the script as a set of principles that guide the nation's moral and ethical values. It is integral to the video's theme as it represents the core values that印尼社会 uses to maintain harmony and order. The script discusses how Pancasila encompasses various value levels, including spiritual, social, and religious values, and is connected to the norms and laws that govern behavior in Indonesia.

💡Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, as referenced in the script, is a motivational theory in psychology that prioritizes certain needs over others. It is relevant to the video's discussion on norms because it suggests that fulfilling basic needs is essential for proper living. The script lists these needs as food, shelter, safety, self-esteem, and love, which are the foundations upon which norms are built to ensure a well-functioning society.

💡Customs

Customs, or 'adat' in Indonesian, are traditional practices or behaviors that are passed down through generations and are deeply ingrained in a society's culture. The script mentions customs as a form of norms that have a strong binding force within communities. They are an essential part of the video's exploration of how norms are shaped by cultural traditions and how they influence behavior and social order.

💡Law

Law, as discussed in the script, is a set of rules that are enforced through social institutions to govern behavior. It is connected to the video's theme as it represents the formalized norms that societies establish to maintain order and justice. The script refers to legal theories such as Kelsen's 'pure theory of law' and 'efficacy theory,' which emphasize the influence of political, sociological, and philosophical factors on the law. It also mentions 'grundnorm,' or basic norm, which is the foundational principle upon which a legal system is built.

💡Morality

Morality, as used in the script, refers to the differentiation between right and wrong and is a reflection of an individual's character. It is central to the video's exploration of ethical behavior and personal conduct. The script connects morality to the concepts of 'akhlak,' 'keusilaan,' and 'budi pekerti,' which are all related to the ethical and moral values that guide actions and decisions. Morality is depicted as a set of principles that are derived from cultural, religious, and philosophical teachings.

💡Social Ethics

Social Ethics, as mentioned in the script, is a subset of ethics that deals with the moral obligations individuals have towards others in society. It is a key aspect of the video's discussion on how individuals should behave responsibly within a community. The script explains that social ethics encompasses behaviors that contribute to the well-being of society, such as respecting others' rights and adhering to social norms, which are essential for maintaining harmony and peace among individuals.

Highlights

Etika is a science that discusses how and why we follow moral teachings or should take responsible attitudes towards various moral teachings.

Etika includes general ethics containing principles applicable to every human action, such as not smoking at a gas pump.

Ethics is divided into individual ethics, which are a person's duties to themselves, and social ethics, which are duties to others in society.

Ethics encompasses family ethics, professional ethics, environmental ethics, educational ethics, and sexual ethics.

Ethical politics has several fundamental requirements, such as being based on human dignity and moral values.

Ethics is always related to the values of Susila and non-Susila, as well as good and bad values.

Values are abstract nouns indicating goodness or worth, and verbs mean a certain spirit in evaluating or making assessments.

Values are categorized into material, vital, spiritual, and religious, with each group having its highest value.

Values can be grouped into enjoyment, life, spiritual, and religious according to Max Keller's classification.

Walter C Everett classifies values into economic, occupational, social, learning, aesthetic, intellectual, and religious groups.

The connection between values and Pancasila values is that Pancasila values have worth and are a combination of various value levels.

Norma, according to Soerjono Soekanto, aims to ensure that humans can live decently by fulfilling basic needs as described by Maslow.

Norms are formed through imitation or education and are meant to guide behavior for a decent and peaceful life.

Norms have various forms, including belief norms, moral norms, etiquette norms, and legal norms, each serving a specific purpose.

Hans Kelsen's theory of law and norms suggests that law is influenced by political, sociological, and philosophical factors.

The basic norm of a legal system is not a positive law but a result of legal thought analysis.

In Indonesia, the basic norm is Pancasila, while in Germany it is the constitution, and in England, it is the royal decree.

Moral strengthening reflects the degree of human personality, shown through attitudes and behaviors.

Moral is derived from the Latin word 'mores,' which means customs or habits, and is synonymous with 'akhlak' in Arabic or 'kesusilaan' in Indonesian.

Pancasila morals are about good and bad behavior based on Pancasila values, which regulate ethics, morality, and noble character.

The system of ethics is a series of moral teachings consisting of values, beneficial behaviors, and adherence to norms.