WK 5&6 NAV 6 LEC

Summary

This script outlines the learning objectives for weeks five and six, focusing on avoiding over-reliance on Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs). It emphasizes the importance of assessing system integrity, understanding chart display classes, and verifying vessel positions in various water conditions. The training also covers sensor requirements for an Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS), position monitoring techniques, and the necessity for manual checks to ensure navigational accuracy. The Cosco Busan accident serves as a cautionary tale, highlighting the need for proper training and voyage planning when using navigational equipment.

Takeaways

• 📚 The training module covers avoiding over-reliance on electronic navigation systems, assessing system integrity, and understanding chart display classes like base, standard, and custom.
• 🌐 It's crucial to determine the frequency of a vessel's position in different water conditions, such as open sea, coastal waters, and restricted areas under pilotage.
• 📍 Techniques are discussed for overlaying GPS, radar, and other navigational information to ensure accurate vessel tracking.
• 🛰️ The importance of having a reliable position fixing system is emphasized, with GPS being the primary sensor, and the necessity for an alarm in case of sensor discrepancy.
• 🔍 The script highlights the need for continuous monitoring of sensors to ensure data accuracy, including checking electronic position fixing systems and radar settings.
• 📈 The use of presentation libraries in electronic navigational charts (ENC) is explained, which standardize the display of objects according to set rules.
• 🔄 The officer of the watch must regularly check the position and integrity of the GPS and other sensors, and not solely rely on electronic systems for navigation.
• 🚢 The training also touches on the use of manual position fixing (LOP) and dead reckoning (DR) as backup methods when electronic systems are not available or reliable.
• 📊 The necessity for regular chart updates and checking the chart data quality is stressed to maintain accurate navigational information.
• 🚧 The script provides examples of accidents related to electronic navigation systems, emphasizing the need for proper training and understanding of the equipment.
• 🛑 The final takeaway is the importance of not over-relying on electronic navigation systems and maintaining a proper lookout, especially in conditions of restricted visibility.

Q & A

What are the learning objectives for week five and six in the provided transcript?

The learning objectives for week five and six are to determine ways to avoid over-reliance on ECDIS, assess the integrity of the system and its data, evaluate the classes of chart features in different display modes such as base, standard, and custom, and determine the frequency of the vessel's position in various water conditions like open sea, coastal waters, narrow, and restricted areas under pilotage.

What is the role of the International Hydrographic Organization in the context of ECDIS?

The International Hydrographic Organization ensures that the display presentation of ECDIS follows a standard format. It oversees the compilation and distribution of electronic navigational charts, which are governed by a set of presentation rules known as the Presentation Library.

What are the different user display settings available on ECDIS?

The user display settings on ECDIS include daylight, night, night with moon, night moonless, and night inverted. These settings allow the user to adjust the screen color palette to suit different illumination conditions.

Why is it important to avoid overscaling or underscaling on an ECDIS?

Overscaling or underscaling on an ECDIS can affect the coverage and visibility of objects on the chart. It is crucial to maintain an appropriate scale to ensure that the navigator can monitor the objects they are supposed to, without losing important details or having an overly zoomed-in view that could lead to navigational errors.

How does an ECDIS system handle the input from various sensors for safe navigation?

An ECDIS system requires input from several sensors, primarily the GPS for position, speed, and course information. It must also handle secondary sensors for position fixing and provide alarms if there is a discrepancy between the primary and secondary sensor inputs. The system must continuously monitor sensors to ensure the data is correct and provide alarms if the input is lost or if there is a significant deviation between sensor readings.

What is the significance of the Consistent Common Reference Point (CCRP) in ECDIS?

The Consistent Common Reference Point (CCRP) is the convergence point of all position-related sensors on the bridge. It serves as a single position from which all sensor data is referenced, ensuring consistency and reducing confusion that might arise from different sensor positions.

How can navigators verify the integrity of the position fixing system on ECDIS?

Navigators can verify the integrity of the position fixing system by checking the electronic position fixing system against manual peaks, checking the horizontal dilution of position (HDOP) value, comparing the GPS integrity indication, overlaying radar images with the ECDIS, and using other methods such as checking the radar setting, RPA overlay, AIS overlay, and manual position offset.

What is the purpose of the 'Back to Ship' feature in ECDIS?

The 'Back to Ship' feature allows the user to return to the display of the sea area around the own ship's position with a single operation. It centers the chart on the ship's current position, providing a quick way to reorient the view.

What are some of the common issues that can arise from overreliance on ECDIS?

Overreliance on ECDIS can lead to a lack of proper lookout, insufficient understanding of the system's limitations, and potential misinterpretation of data. It can also result in not using independent methods to periodically check the position, which is crucial for safe navigation.

What was the cause of the Cosco Busan accident, and what lessons can be learned from it?

The Cosco Busan accident was caused by a combination of factors including poor visibility, overreliance on the Voyage Management System (VMS), lack of familiarity with the electronic chart symbology, and incorrect assumptions about chart objects. The lesson learned is the importance of proper training for crew members on new navigation equipment and the necessity of maintaining a proper voyage plan and lookout, especially in conditions of restricted visibility.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Learning Objectives and Electronic Navigation Systems

The script introduces the learning objectives for weeks five and six, focusing on avoiding over-reliance on electronic navigation systems. It covers assessing system integrity, evaluating chart classes, determining vessel positioning frequency, and discussing the necessity of GPS and radar overlays. The International Hydrographic Organization's standards for electronic navigational charts are mentioned, along with the presentation library and rules that govern object display on an Electronic Navigational Chart (ENC). The importance of user display settings for different times of day and lighting conditions is emphasized, with examples of daylight, dust, night, and night-inverted settings.

05:00

🛰️ Sensor Integration and Position Monitoring in ECDIS

This paragraph delves into the sensor requirements for a comprehensive Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS), highlighting the primary and secondary sensors for position fixing, such as GPS. It discusses the importance of alarms for discrepancies between sensors and the use of a consistent common reference point (CCRP) for sensor alignment. The paragraph also covers the process of checking the integrity of position sensors through various methods, including manual checks, radar overlays, and comparing primary and secondary sensor outputs. The significance of active position monitoring by the officer on watch is underscored, along with the use of different navigation aids like AIS overlays and manual position offsets.

10:02

🔍 Verifying Position Accuracy and Avoiding Multipath Errors

The script explains the procedures for verifying the accuracy of a vessel's position, including the use of radar and GPS overlays, checking for discrepancies, and considering the impact of multipath errors, especially under bridges. It advises on visual checks during navigation, such as when passing fixed objects, and the importance of aligning radar and GPS positions with the chart display. The paragraph also discusses the cross-checking of datum points and the need for continuous chart data quality checks, including updating the chart's confidence zones and using manual position fixing based on visual or radar observations.

15:04

⚠️ Addressing Overreliance on ECDIS and Ensuring Proper Training

This section addresses the dangers of overreliance on ECDIS, stressing the need for officers to maintain a proper lookout and periodically verify positions using independent methods. It recounts the Cosco Busan accident as a case study, highlighting the importance of crew training on navigation equipment and the need for a proper voyage plan. The lack of familiarity with electronic chart symbology and the consequences of not understanding system limitations are discussed, emphasizing the necessity for comprehensive training to prevent such incidents.

20:05

🛣️ Conclusion and Training Summary on ECDIS Use

The final paragraph wraps up the training on ECDIS use, summarizing the key points and emphasizing the importance of continuous training and understanding of navigation equipment. It informs the trainees about the upcoming preliminary exam, which will cover the discussed topics, and wishes them well in their studies and exam preparation. The trainer also mentions that there will be no quiz, only assignments and presentations, providing a clear overview of the expectations and tasks ahead.

Keywords

💡Acne

In the context of the video, 'Acne' seems to be a mispronunciation or typo for 'ECDIS' (Electronic Chart Display and Information System). ECDIS is a navigation system that displays nautical charts electronically and is integral to modern maritime navigation. The script discusses avoiding over-reliance on ECDIS and ensuring its data integrity, which is crucial for safe navigation.

💡Over-reliance

Over-reliance refers to an excessive dependence on a single system or method, which can lead to neglecting other important aspects. In the video, it is mentioned as a potential issue with ECDIS, where mariners might rely too heavily on the system without using other navigational tools and methods, which can be dangerous in certain situations.

💡Presentation Library

The Presentation Library is a collection of symbols and display standards used in ECDIS for the representation of objects on nautical charts. It ensures that the display of information follows a standardized format, which is vital for the consistent interpretation of charts by navigators.

💡User Display Settings

User Display Settings in ECDIS allow mariners to customize the display according to their preferences and environmental conditions, such as daylight, night, and night inverted. These settings are crucial for optimizing visibility and ensuring that the chart display is suitable for the current navigation conditions.

💡Scale

In the context of ECDIS, scale refers to the ratio of a distance on the chart to the corresponding distance on the ground. The script emphasizes the importance of using appropriate scales to avoid over-scaling or under-scaling, which can distort the view and affect the ability to monitor navigational objects.

💡Raster Chart

A Raster Chart is a type of nautical chart that is a digital copy of a paper chart. Unlike vector-based ECDIS, raster charts do not scale or display additional data when zoomed in or out, and their magnification can distort the image, which is an important consideration in navigation.

💡Position Fixing

Position fixing is the process of determining the vessel's location using various sensors like GPS. The script mentions that ECDIS relies on accurate position fixing to provide real-time navigation information, and it is crucial to monitor these sensors for data integrity.

💡Alarm

In the context of ECDIS, an alarm is a system notification that alerts the navigator to potential issues, such as discrepancies between primary and secondary position fixing systems or loss of sensor input. The script emphasizes the importance of these alarms for maintaining situational awareness and system integrity.

💡Datum

Datum refers to a reference point or system used for determining positions on a chart. The script discusses the importance of ensuring that the vessel's position is accurate by checking the datum against the geodetic data and making necessary adjustments to align with the ECDIS display.

💡LOP (Landmark Observation Position)

LOP is a method of determining a vessel's position by taking bearings of known landmarks and plotting these on a chart. The script mentions using LOP as a way to manually check and verify the position provided by electronic systems, which is essential for ensuring navigational accuracy.

💡Dead Reckoning (DR)

Dead Reckoning is a navigation technique where a vessel's position is estimated based on a previously known position, speed, and course, without the use of external position-fixing systems. The script discusses using DR as a backup method when reliable electronic systems are unavailable.

Highlights

Learning objectives for week five involve determining ways to avoid over-reliance on Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs).

Assessment of system integrity and data is crucial for safe navigation.

Different classes of chart display, such as base, standard, and custom, are evaluated for their features.

The frequency of a vessel's position in various maritime areas is discussed, including open sea and coastal waters.

Techniques for overlaying GPS, radar, and other navigational information are covered.

Importance of the International Hydrographic Organization's standard format for display presentation.

The role of the Presentation Library in standardizing symbols on ENCs.

User display settings, such as daylight, night, and night inverted, influence how objects are displayed on the chart.

The significance of not over-scaling or under-scaling ENCs to maintain proper navigational coverage.

The difference between ENC and raster charts in terms of zoom functionality and data display.

The necessity of multiple sensor inputs for a comprehensive Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS).

Primary and secondary position fixing systems must meet IMO performance standards for reliable navigation.

Alarm systems must be in place to alert users of discrepancies between primary and secondary position fixing systems.

The role of a Common Reference Point (CRP) in aligning position-related sensors for accurate navigation.

Continuous monitoring of sensors to ensure data correctness and integrity.

Methods for checking the integrity of position sensors, including manual checks and overlays with radar and ARPA.

Active position monitoring by officers to verify the authenticity of position fixing equipment like GPS.

The importance of training crew on new navigation equipment to prevent over-reliance and ensure safe operation.

Lessons learned from the Cosco Busan accident, emphasizing the need for proper training and voyage planning.

Transcripts

good day gentlemen we are now on

week five and six combination and these

are our learning objective for week five

so determine ways to avoid over reliance

on acne including assessment of the

integrity of the system and its data

evaluate the classes of chart featured

included in each mode such as base

standard and custom display then we have

the determine the frequency of the

vessel's position

such as an open sea open coastal waters

narrow and restricted area under

pilotage water also discuss the

technique satisfying the necessity for

gps position

rio or radar information overlay and

that is only the scope of our

module one five and six one point

thirteen and one point fourteen will be

in week seven so this is a combination

of week five and 6 that is also included

in your

the scope of your prelim exam in

number six lecture 1.9 for week 5 and 6

combination up to 1.12 only okay so in

summary of the topic we have the use of

export navigation over reliance on

activities at this operation zooming out

function position verification gps and

gns gnss radar information overlay and

terrestrial navigation technique okay

for our introduction the international

hydrographic organization ensures that

the display presentation of this follows

a standard format and the navigational

electron navigational chart are compiled

and distributed by this diagraphic

office from germany and the united

kingdom or uk so it is compiled in what

we call presentation library so at this

has a presentation library which

consists of the symbols on presented on

activities as a standard standard

display on on enc according to the rules

of the presentation library so

presentation rules used in on an enc per

user set and preset object attribute has

been explained in detail

in details in this

module okay so we have that presentation

of library so it is just a library of

the objects that is according to the

standard of the i expo now we go now to

the presentation rules of activities so

acnes on the uh object on the act this

display are governed by user's display

settings so when you say user display

setting it is up to the user to use this

setting according to the time of the day

or according to its what so we have the

daylight the night dust and night

inverted okay we have the

setting of screen color palette so pilot

group is designed for selecting the

screen color palette to suit the outside

illumination so such as daylight dust

with the night with moon and night

moonless

night and also night inverter with

moonless control panel text inverse

color okay so

the palette will be the

inverse

text colors like

reversing the color of the

palette in the text it will be

demonstrated in your lab gentlemen okay

for this uh s57 format chart these three

pilots are used

daylight for daylight button dash for

dash bottom and button and night for

night and night inverted

button so on again that will be

discussed in your

demonstrated in your lab number six

okay we go now to the setting of

overscale and under scale for enc scale

and you saw the navigator should take a

particular care when using these scales

so it is not

too much zoom in

because it will also affect the

coverage of the object that we are we

are monitoring so it should not be

under scale or over scale or too much

zoom out because

the same we

cannot monitor the objects

that we are supposed to monitor

according to the chart so the chart has

a recommended one is to one

scale for that particular chart that we

are using so this is just a

gentleman too much zoom in

and too much zoom out so the egg this

will give you

a warning if you are over scaling

or

if you are under

okay the enc on the chart for the raster

chart this is normally done by uploading

a new chart however

the user could use the zoom function to

either magnify or shrink the image using

the zoom function will not increase or

decrease the data display on the raster

chart too much magnification will only

distort the raster image because the

raster chart

is only a scan copy a photocopy of a

chart all right it is not like the enc

when you zoom in

it will not dis distort the object only

it will

if you zoom zoom in the copyrights of

the chart you're monitoring

will be minimized

so we must be we must know what uh scale

uh uh

that is appropriate for the chart we are

using so we go now to eclipse system

sensor a good electronic chart display

information system requires input of

several sensors to enable save

navigation so the the main sensor of egg

is usually the best position speed

provides

information for the best opposition

speed and course that is

per imo performance standard that is the

requirement

okay monster is 872 sensor in position

fixing the primary and the secondary but

only one sensor is mandatory now these

are normal electronic position fixing

system we have the gps one and gps2

now a secondary might that is

independent of the

primary fixing position is could be the

lawrency or another gps

and it is independent from the other

okay position picking sensor may conform

to the imo's performance standard

according to the following for acne so

the shift position must derive from a

continuous position fixing system okay a

secondary

sensor for position fixing may be

provided and if she

the position given by the secondary and

primal position

uh fixing system deviates by a certain

amount the user must be informed by an

alarm so there is an alarm if

too much discrepancy

is

given to the

to the two fixing position

so alarm must be activated when

input from the position fixing system is

lost so there must be an alarm there if

the

the sensor losses information or is is

no longer

being detected by activities now if the

position pitching sensor sounds alarmed

this must be repeated on the x display

as an

indication okay so comparing the chart

image with the raster image can provide

a warning that the position

system is in error so if you have that

raster chart together with the enc that

is available now data from the

the sensor now the data from the sensors

usually the position pitching sensors

are

aligned with

a single position located on the bridge

which is what we call the consistent

common reference point or cc rpk so this

ccrp is the convergence of all the

position of the sensor on the bridge

that is like the

radar the gps and the other

sensor for related to positioning to

position related to the position of our

vessel all right so this is usually in

the corning position that is the

location of the ccrp so the position on

the ccrp

might be different from the actual

position of this equipment especially

the gps so to avoid confusion so it

converts into one location and that is

decoding position on board the ship

where all the

this

position related equipment is corrected

to that single position

so at this follows the location of the

consistent consistent common reference

point now sensors must be monitored

continuously to ensure that the data is

correct this can be done as follows

check the electronic position fixing

system

by checking their position with a manual

peak so

this must be continuously

done to double check the position of the

sensor especially the gps now also check

the horizontal dilution of position hdop

value and the integrity indication of

the ring

for our

gps so check the radar setting also by

an image overlay with the enc so x is

capable of

radar information overlay

for checking our position against the

gps

if it is

if the overlay it is too much far from

the

the chart

land

and

it if it will not be

exactly the trace with the same with the

radar overlay so the position of the

the radar of overlay

must not have too much discrepancy

with the

position

of the gps along the axis along the

chart

enc

along the anc

on the chart display now check also the

rpa overlay for

by acquiring stationary target so the

overlay must coincide with the

position of the arpa

uh target that is that was used and it

must be stationary and it may be that is

a moored or maybe an anchor

now this check is helpful in determining

the offset comparing the position also

by a primary and secondary is very

helpful and if the alarm is triggered

then there is a position

difference between the two that exceed

that exceed the set uh setting by the

user so the user will be the one who

will we will enter the discrepancy of

the alarm if that is reached then the

alarm is activated now the ais overlay

can be also used of the acquired target

of the

ais if all ships are separated it could

be an error in the

arpa if only one ship is separated from

its overlay then the ais of that vessel

might be in

error so you must take this also in

consideration so also you can check the

position sensor by trying to cover its

antenna the alarm should trigger as the

position information

might be

lost for checking the alarm okay so we

go now to

active position monitoring the officer

of the watch should check the position

regularly if there are suspicion

of the position fixing equipment such as

gps if there are doubt of each of its uh

being

authentic so if they use you suspect

irregularity then

you should have a starting of a position

obtained

from other source to double check gps or

our position fixing equipment okay

selecting or switching the primary

system to the secondary if two

continuous fixing system exists so the

primary and the secondary system may be

selected or switched

so to identify identify the discrepancy

between the two sources

okay if there are discrepancy then there

will be an alarm or there will be a

correction of that discrepancy to select

which

equipment

is malfunctioning

okay

always uh check the integrity of the

monitoring of the position sensor okay

we do that by

gps satellite status id hdop perception

of the dgps broadcast signal comparison

with the secondary sensor okay number

three number three is

back to ship pass reaction certain

situation whatever c area is displayed

at this allows

on demand to return to the display of

the sea area around own ship by a single

operation action so the ship button

centers the chart to its own

position so there is a button there back

to ship okay visual checking like uh

when passing on the fixed object like a

bridge and checking on the axis if we

are on that

position so however it should be taken

into account that a position ship by

multipath error under container bridges

and other bridges is very likely to

happen and that the deviation may be

temporary and due to this effect only so

temporarily the signal might be lost in

the gps because of the covering of the

bridge now

radar video or display

radar

access radar video display overlay there

is an incorrect position result in the

display the echo picks either error in

the incorrect location such as xd and

radar display

do not match so there might there

there will be an error if the display

do not match

a translation offset indicates a

position

error so you will try to upset and that

will give you a distance

and if that is uh too much and that that

will uh give you the possibility of an

error

on the

position of the gps track target

overlay if the radar video is not

provided or available but only attract

target overlay and then the navigator

can acquire a ground fixed target which

will show up in the axis and check their

position against the enc object position

okay the datum cross check if there is

an offset between the active radar range

the geodetic data of the position

display at the position fixing receiver

and the electron charge should be

checked and if they deeper

made to comply with each other so

the

datum is also

used in checking the authenticity

of our physician fixing receiver so the

datum that is the sounding of the water

that is

that is

made visible on our

enc acnes

and compared with the

position of our vessel if we are in that

correct datum

okay checking the chart data quality

number eight so the chart may be

inaccurate so it must be

check continuously the data by uh by

correcting it

on time and also by checking the zone of

confidence or the cuts off

and updating the cuts off of that

charcoal chart must be updated

continuously again

by lop which is the manual position

fixing which are based on visual

observation in good visibility or by

radar in good and restricted visibility

okay so that ideally the bearing and

distance from several objects should be

measured but even the use of only one

lop or radar range circle and bearing

line is helpful to indicate margin

of safety okay so

3lop is good but with the

bearing line and range circle it can

also be

very helpful with

one

bearing line and one range circle all

right so we have also external position

input

that is done by

celestial means in a planting sheet and

then transferred to the activists we

have also dead reckoning where

a dr is used when and

reliable secondary electronic position

system

is not available so dr can can be a

secondary position fixing position in

hectic

so to initiate dr the navigator must

enter the start position a previous

known position

or an external determined position

and if no speed sensor is available a

manual speed

value will be applied so if acne uses

the dr position for display this should

permanently be indicated so that

reckoning can be set in our act list

okay manual position of offset this is a

questionable procedure but nevertheless

uh can be done in eggness so in

principle the displayed shift position

can be manually adjusted offset if the

object is known

so if the offset position is not known

so this should not be done okay

overreliance now we go now to

overreliance on the

agnes so we have just uh finished uh how

do the how will the officer of the watts

will check the

position pitching system our gps for its

uh integrity now overlines on the egg

this uh at this merely navigational tool

and therefore as limitation so the user

must not overrely on at least to bend

over lines on ectis

the officer of the watch must keep a

proper lookout

and check the position measure

periodically using acne's independent

method thus just like what we have

discussed earlier alright so it is also

an equipment

so it does also it is also prone to

to error that is why we need to

to monitor our acnes

and check our acne equipment regularly

okay there are cases here of an acne

related accident the costco boson case

let us just have one example

the costco busan uh start the san

francisco bay bridge in november 2007

the parts of the case and lesson learned

from the accident are as badass

the cosco book

busan was equipped with a three-node

voyage management system bms the system

integrated the bezel's navigational

component and displayed data gathered

from a variety of source in a single

place system was heavily relied upon the

crew in areas of low

visibility so in low visibility

the system was heavily relied on so wms

consistent to two or consists of two

operators an

ais and an electronic chart system so

the bezel lab auckland in foggy weather

the radar display and as data could have

been superimposed on the electronic

chart if the bms mode was activated the

radar

display cannot be

overlaid on the hd and the is data also

due to the bms being turned off or not

activated so the ship struck the bay

bridge delta tower and leaked 53

thousand 500 gallons of oil

the ship was navigating in vms mode as

the visibility was poor due to fire so

an inquiry was conducted to determine

the cause of the accident and the

results are as below so the radar gain

was set a fairly high

level which increased screen clutter and

targets could not be identified easily

this was because the crude radar

operational

expertise

this is uh pertains to

the

officer's familiarity with the operation

and experience within in using uh

operator so the master and the pilot did

not understand the symbology of the

electronic chart in this regard they

assumed that the red triangles on either

side of the delta tower were objects on

the bridge when in fact they were

conical boys so this led to confusion

and uncertainty as the conical boys were

not identified by the master and the

fire pilot this led to the vessel

hitting at the the delta tower so a

proper voyage plan

was in place now the lesson learned here

is it is important for ship operators to

ensure that the crew is properly trained

on new navigation equipment so that they

necessary they will have necessary

expertise and knowledge of that

equipment so voice planning is of utmost

importance when navigating at all times

and this is especially the case in

condition of restricted visibility this

leads to the crew or the officers or the

crew is not familiar with the

equipment that is being used on board

the ship so

the lack of training is very important

to consider so the crew must be properly

trained with the using of the

ethnics and the other equipment on board

okay so that ends our training uh

gentlemen and uh god bless with your

prelim exam okay so you only have uh

recitation

and

assignment so you do not have a quiz

for now only assignment and

presentation okay god bless you

gentlemen