Lecture 2: Early Globalization: The Atlantic World
Summary
TLDRIn this lecture, the focus is on early globalization and the Atlantic world from 1492 to 1650. The discussion covers early exploration, Spanish supremacy, and the Columbian Exchange. It delves into the impact of European powers like Portugal, Spain, and later England and France, on the New World. The lecture highlights the exploration journeys, the establishment of colonies, and the cultural and environmental exchanges that shaped the development of societies.
Takeaways
- 🌍 The lecture focuses on early globalization in the Atlantic world from 1492 to 1650, emphasizing the importance of understanding how and why events occurred rather than just the 'what' and 'when'.
- 🏰 The map of Europe during this period is significant as it illustrates the various powers and competing interests that led to exploration and colonization efforts.
- 👑 Portugal was the first European nation to start exploring, with Prince Henry the Navigator leading many voyages to Africa and India, creating detailed maps and learning about the local cultures.
- 🛳️ Spain quickly followed Portugal's lead in exploration, with Christopher Columbus undertaking four voyages, initially believing he had found a route to India but instead discovering the Americas.
- 📚 The script highlights the importance of examining the general themes within the time period, such as exploration, Spanish supremacy, and the Colombian Exchange.
- 🏔️ The vast landmasses of North and South America were gradually explored by the Spanish, who were the first to establish permanent colonies and exploit the resources, particularly gold and silver.
- 🤝 The Spanish crown had a monopoly on the New World for a long time, but this was challenged by other European powers like England and France who arrived later in the 1600s.
- 💼 Spain's exploration and colonization efforts were driven by competition, the desire for wealth, and the opportunity to evangelize and convert the native populations.
- 🚢 Spanish naval superiority was eventually challenged by England, leading to a shift in power dynamics and the involvement of other European nations in the New World.
- 🌾 The Colombian Exchange, named after Columbus, involved the transfer of goods, animals, and diseases between the Old World and the New World, significantly altering societies and environments on both sides.
- 😷 The introduction of European diseases to the Americas had devastating effects on the native populations, who lacked immunity to these new illnesses.
Q & A
What is the main focus of Lecture Two for History 2013 US History to 1865?
-The main focus of Lecture Two is early globalization in the Atlantic world, covering the years 1492 to 1650 and examining themes such as early exploration, Spanish Supremacy, and the Colombian Exchange.
What is the significance of the map shown at the beginning of the lecture?
-The map is significant as it illustrates the various powers and people living in Europe during the time, highlighting the competing interests and the environment of confrontations and competitions that led to exploration and colonization.
Who was the first European nation to begin exploring the world, and what was their approach?
-Portugal was the first European nation to begin exploring the world, with most voyages led by Prince Henry the Navigator, who focused on mapping and understanding the African coast and beyond.
What was the primary motivation for Spain to follow Portugal in exploration?
-Spain was motivated by the potential for finding goods, riches, and wealth, as well as the opportunity to establish a presence and compete with other European powers in newly discovered territories.
How did Christopher Columbus's voyages contribute to the understanding of the New World?
-Columbus's voyages led to the discovery of the Caribbean islands and the realization that there was a large landmass between Europe and Asia, which was not India as initially thought. His voyages set the stage for further exploration and colonization by Spain.
What challenges did Spain face in maintaining its monopoly over the New World?
-Spain faced challenges such as pressure from the Ottoman Empire, religious conflicts within Europe, and eventually, competition from other European powers like England, France, and the Netherlands, who began to establish their own colonies.
What was the impact of the Colombian Exchange on the Americas?
-The Colombian Exchange introduced new goods, animals, and diseases from Europe to the Americas. The diseases, against which the native populations had no immunity, led to significant depopulation, while the introduction of new crops and animals altered the environment and agricultural practices.
How did the presence of gold and silver in the New World influence European exploration and colonization?
-The discovery of gold and silver in the New World was a major driving force for European exploration and colonization, as these precious metals represented wealth and power, motivating countries like Spain to establish colonies and exploit these resources.
What role did religion play in the exploration and colonization of the New World?
-Religion played a significant role, with the spread of Christianity being one of the motivations for exploration and colonization. Missionaries accompanied explorers and colonizers to evangelize and convert the native populations.
Why was there a shift in the balance of power among European nations in the New World?
-The shift in power was due to factors such as the rise of other European nations' naval capabilities, competition for resources, and the desire to challenge Spain's monopoly, leading to a more diverse and contested landscape in the New World.
How did the Colombian Exchange affect the Old World, particularly in Europe?
-The Colombian Exchange brought new crops and goods from the Americas to Europe, such as potatoes and maize, which became staples in various European diets. It also led to the spread of diseases from the Americas, although Europeans had developed immunities to many of their own diseases, which had a devastating impact on the Americas.
Outlines
🌐 Early Globalization and Spanish Supremacy
This paragraph introduces the lecture's focus on early globalization and the Atlantic world from 1492 to 1650. The lecturer emphasizes the importance of examining themes and systems of power, and how things change over time. The main topics discussed are early exploration, Spanish supremacy, and the Colombian Exchange. The lecturer also highlights the significance of the map in understanding the various European powers and their competing interests. The first European nation to explore is Portugal, led by Prince Henry the Navigator, who made significant voyages and discoveries, particularly around Africa. Spain follows closely, with a focus on Christopher Columbus and his four voyages, which led to the discovery of the New World and the establishment of permanent colonies.
🚢 Christopher Columbus and the New World
This paragraph delves into the voyages of Christopher Columbus and their impact on the New World. Columbus's four voyages are detailed, showing the different routes he took, initially following the Portuguese route and eventually venturing into uncharted territories. The lecturer discusses how Columbus and his crew misunderstood their discovery, initially thinking they had reached India, hence the term 'Indians' for Native Americans. The paragraph also covers the Spanish exploration and colonization efforts, which led to the discovery of vast landmasses in North and South America. The lecturer mentions the religious aspect, with missionaries coming to evangelize the Native American population. Spain's monopoly on the New World is highlighted, with other European nations not arriving until the mid to late 1600s.
🏰 Spain's Challenges and the Colombian Exchange
This paragraph discusses the challenges Spain faced during its exploration and colonization of the New World. The lecturer mentions the constant war with England and the religious and cultural changes happening in Europe, such as the Protestant Reformation. Spain's rivalry with England is highlighted, as well as the pressure from the Ottoman Empire. The paragraph also covers the wealth and power Spain gained from its colonies, which led to increased competition from other European nations. The Colombian Exchange is introduced, explaining how it involved the transfer of goods, animals, and diseases between the Old World (Europe) and the New World (the Americas). The impact of diseases from Europe on the Native American population is emphasized, as they lacked immunity to these new illnesses.
🌱 The Impact of the Colombian Exchange
The final paragraph focuses on the long-term effects of the Colombian Exchange. The lecturer explains how the exchange of goods, grains, and animals between the Old and New Worlds led to significant environmental changes. The example of potatoes being introduced to Ireland from South America is given to illustrate how these exchanges could have profound impacts on societies and their agricultural practices. The paragraph concludes by emphasizing the transformative effect of the Colombian Exchange on the development of societies in both the Old and New Worlds.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Early Globalization
💡Atlantic World
💡Systems of Power
💡Exploration
💡Spanish Supremacy
💡Columbian Exchange
💡Prince Henry the Navigator
💡Christopher Columbus
💡Indigenous People
💡Disease
💡Religious Involvement
Highlights
Lecture two covers early globalization and the Atlantic world from 1492 to 1650.
The focus is on general themes rather than specific historical events.
Early exploration and Spanish Supremacy are the two main topics discussed.
Portugal was the first European nation to explore, led by Prince Henry the Navigator.
Prince Henry's voyages resulted in an accurate map of Africa and insights into its cultures.
Spain followed Portugal's lead in exploration, with Christopher Columbus making four voyages.
Columbus's voyages aimed to find a route to India but led to the discovery of the Americas.
Spain was the first to establish permanent colonies in the New World.
Spanish explorations extended from the Caribbean to the United States, Mexico, and South America.
The Spanish saw indigenous people as subservient, leading to their exploitation.
Religious involvement in the New World included missions to evangelize Native Americans.
Spain had a monopoly on the New World for several years, with no competition from other European powers.
England's rivalry with Spain was fueled by jealousy and competition over resources.
The Ottoman Empire's pressure on Spain added to their challenges.
Spain's naval superiority began to wane as England developed a robust navy.
The Dutch, English, and French eventually joined Spain in establishing colonies in the New World.
The Columbian Exchange, named after Columbus, involved the transfer of goods, animals, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds.
Diseases from Europe decimated indigenous populations in the Americas due to lack of immunity.
The exchange of crops and animals had significant environmental and societal impacts.
Transcripts
hello everyone and welcome to lecture
two for history 2013 US History to 1865.
today in lecture two we're going to be
covering early globalization the
Atlantic world so again where this is
going to be our first lecture that we're
looking at teams across time and not
necessarily a specific time frame last
week we did last week we talked about
um the specific time period of free
history to 1492. now we're going to
start looking generally we're going to
start looking at examining those themes
looking at systems of power what's going
on how do things change constantly
asking ourselves how and why right not
necessarily what and when how and why
generally today in this lecture we're
going to be covering the years 1492 to
1650 but don't freak out we're not going
to be like in 1493 this is what we said
right we're looking at General themes
that happen within this time period here
let's go ahead and get started by
looking at what's going on today we only
got two topics today early experience
sorry early exploration in Spanish
Supremacy and number two the new world
and the Colombian Exchange you'll notice
that Colombia in here is spelled like
Christopher Columbus and not the country
of Colombia um that's on purpose a
little bit of a spoiler alert there
all right so getting ahead and getting
started with topic one here we're gonna
start looking at early exploration and
Spanish Supremacy now we're going to
look at this map here now I'm sure
you're thinking like what the hell why
are we looking at all this I can't even
pronounce half of these
um and you're right
you're right these a lot of these don't
exist now even today anymore
um right we don't have the Holy Roman
Empire
um we don't have Castile we don't have
the Ottoman Empire right so why are we
looking at this particular map
we're looking at this map because it
gives us an idea of how many different
powers how many different people are
living and existing in Europe
and how many rulers and people are
fighting with each other have competing
interests want to get the leg up want to
get above each other here right so we
know generally that we're going to be
talking about England France and Spain
right when we talk about Spain we're
actually considering we're actually
talking about
um this country here Castile
um Spain eventually will become a
unified presence here of um Castile
naraha Aragon and Granada here that
eventually will be become the modern day
of Spain but this time as primarily here
Castile
um so why why are these three
particularly moving out why are they
going away
this is why they've got so much to
compete with here everyone's on top of
each other everyone's primed for
confrontations and competitions and
eventually like we said in in lecture
one
um exploration and then colonization
will be another layer of that
competition between them here
the first to kick us off the first
European nation to kick us off uh with
exploring is actually going to be
Portugal so going back to that map here
for a second Portugal is this really
tiny country here right to the west of
Castile they're gonna be the first ones
to actually set out and start
intentionally exploring the world here
um so these are the maps of those first
Explorations here they're all going to
be led a majority of them will be led by
Prince Henry the Navigator he is the
Crown Prince of Portugal and he just
loves to sing he loves exploration and
so he because of all his voyages and all
of his his uh findings he'll eventually
be labeled Henry the Navigator
um and So eventually he will go make
these round trips primarily to see
what's going on out here on the water
right what's going on with Africa what's
going on here eventually he will make a
round trip from Portugal all the way
around the bottom of Africa over to
India and then back
um and during this navigation
um he is encountering the people all
along this side of Africa for the first
time
ever for the first time ever
um and so bringing back a huge map an
accurate map of what Africa looks like
um as well as information about the
cultures and the people that exist in
those areas of Africa here that he had
just found for the first time
um and then Spain will be right on the
heels of Portugal
um Portugal will get through a few of
their voyages be like hey this is
actually a pretty viable way of
navigating a viable way of finding goods
and riches and wealth and Spain will be
right on their heels for it they'll just
take off right after them we actually
have here in Spain to a lot more than
this but we have four voyages here of
Christopher Columbus because he is one
of the reasons better or worse why we
are here today specifically in our
geographical locations
um and he is going to have a series of
four voyages
um we're not going to get into the
specifics of Christopher Columbus the uh
textbook does do that so in your
textbook reading you'll you'll get a
little bit more specific information
about him
um but what we want to look at here is
the the different routes that they're
taking right they're following the
Portuguese route here and eventually
they're saying all right time to do it
we're gonna go into no man's land
they thought that they would end up in
India hence you know why we refer to
Native Americans in North America as
Indians
um but we we don't know we don't know
how long it's going to take we don't
know exactly where we'll end up
um and so it is kind of lucky that he
stumbles upon these islands uh he'll
make the first route here and then
eventually turn back and go back to
Spain the second and the you'll see he's
he kind of goes a different route every
time he's going deeper and deeper down
right they don't think necessarily about
going up right they think that once they
realize that this is not India which is
pretty early on
um whenever they don't find
any Indian Goods they
know that these are a set of islands
here
they try to go past it they think it's a
set of islands in the middle between
them and Spain
uh I'm sorry between them and India so
they go they run into Central America
here then they're like oh there's
actually more land here let's figure
this out and so that final voyage is
like okay we need to go under that land
that we encountered and then they just
encounter more land and so pretty pretty
quickly pretty early on they had this
understanding that there's a huge land
mass in between them and India but I
really don't know how huge this land
mass is and they'll find eventually
Spain's gonna be the first ones to set
up permanent colonies in these areas and
from those permanent colonies they'll
begin doing land uh Explorations and
they'll go all over into the United
president United States all over Mexico
and even into South America that that
will take them a lot longer
um because of the environment in South
America
and so what we get is from 1492 when
Christopher Columbus has first contact
with the the people on the islands in in
the Caribbean
all the way through 1605. we're still
exploring this land
we're still trying to figure out how to
get to the other side of this land it
takes forever because that is how huge
the land masses of North and South
America are
and so Spain and the other European
countries it's kind of not worth it for
them except for the fact of all the
foreign Goods specifically the gold and
the silver that they find here right the
things that keep them coming back
it's also beneficial to them because
they find a race of people that they are
able to use
um and that's not me editorializing
that's direct quotes from Columbus's
Diaries and and sailors from him his um
his voyages that they don't see these
people
as real people
they see them as people that they're
able to control people that they are
able to make subservient to them and so
these are the people that are actually
doing the hard work throughout all of
this time
and eventually we get
um religious involvement as well here
um that that also comes over to uh
Mission uh and evangelize to the Native
American people here
so what does this mean for Spain well
Spain
has a pretty big majority Monopoly on
the new world for a long time for
several years they are the only ones
worried about working on trying to get
anything out of this new world remember
our uh first
um set of English and French Sailors
colonizers are not going to arrive until
the later mid to late 1600s so up until
the early 1600s Spain has free reign
over all of this territory
um they're just going everywhere they're
looking at everything they're finding
everything they're recording everything
and they're bringing it back to Europe
which gonna it's just gonna Intrigue
those other people right there's a Meme
here about that Spanish uh arrival in
the new world here with Cortez saying do
you know who just Jesus Christ Aztecs
who Cortez and there seems to be no sign
of intelligent life anywhere which is
pretty accurate right not necessarily
for that reason but that's how the the
the
um
the the
treatment of these people come from is
that they are not seen as people of
intelligence I went back to Europe for a
second so Spain has this Monopoly going
on but it also has a near constant War
uh with England
[Music]
um
it's not a good time for England and
Spain here so between the 14 and 1500s
there's a huge amount of stuff going on
uh in England we have religious uh
people in change this is the time of the
Protestant Revolution which is I'm sorry
the president Reformation which is going
to change across Europe the way that
governments are run the way that
monarchies are
selected and entrusted and the way that
all of the society the culture is run
and done
um we're going to have more and more
people here there's gonna be more
movement of people between countries and
within countries which means that we're
going to have a lack of space and
opportunity for these people so they're
going to want to start looking elsewhere
they want to go out somewhere else to
find what they can't find and get from
themselves in in their European uh uh
countries and areas finally the people
in England are going to have jealousy of
Spain they're gonna have a huge rivalry
going on during these times and that's a
historic you know going on even prior to
the 1400s they're just going to have
this lot of back and forth that
one-offmanship that competition that we
talked about in lecture one is going to
make them want to go ahead and and try
to get the jump on Spain especially once
Spain is taking over and having all the
success in the new world here they're
going to be see that and be jealous of
that
Spain on the other hand is going to have
these other problems coming in
um they're going to have pressure from
the Ottoman Empire which is going to be
increasing that influx of Islam in their
area which means that they're going to
have a lot of pushback between the the
Catholic Spain and Islamic Ottoman
Empire they're both going to be fighting
for the same territories and same people
um but at the same time we're going to
get those increased wealth and power
from the colonies in Spain that is going
to make them want to continue doing that
and to continue
um showing off to people but they want
to protect their sources right they want
to say oh look at all this gold look at
all these Goods that I have but I'm not
going to tell you where where I got it
from don't go looking over the Atlantic
Ocean right
and then eventually they'll have
dwindling Naval superiority Spain had
been the primary the biggest Navy uh in
Europe for a long time and eventually
England is going to start catching up to
them and England is going to have their
own kind of uh robust Navy that's going
to really challenge Spanish Authority
here so as we have things going on in in
Europe we have these other things taking
our attention in the new world and
eventually that's going to lead to
everybody getting into the new world
right primarily here for our purposes
the Dutch English and French are going
to join Spain here
um and and try to make their own
foothold in these areas and make it just
as successful profitable as Spain has
been doing now this isn't an exclusive
list this is just the list that we're
looking at for our purposes in early
American history but we do have other
countries Scotland tries to set up a
colony uh Portugal will set up several
successful colonies in South America and
we have these other areas of these other
countries that are also trying to do the
same thing but they don't settle in the
same places that we're looking at that
becomes the eventual United States of
America and so you can see Spain quickly
loses that that Authority that that they
have and what eventually happens with
all the European settlements here
is that we have this back and forth
going on we call it the Colombian
Exchange after Christopher Columbus
because he's kind of our guy that kicks
us off in the new world here
and we have things being brought over
from the old world from Europe into the
new world the Americas
and then things from the new world the
Americas being brought back to the old
world to Europe some of them are good
some of them are very not so good
there's a lot of disease that comes over
from Europe into America
um there are studies that the reason
that Europe has so many sicknesses is
because of the way that Europe
interacted with their farm animals and
raises those animals when you are in
close proximity to animals
you are more likely to pick up
sicknesses from them right
um so you can even look back at recent
examples of such as a swine flu things
like that that because of the way that
Europe developed and developed their
agriculture the the proximity to those
animals is going to increase their
likelihood of developing sicknesses now
the upside of that is that humans can
build immunity to it so Europe after
years of living with their animals has
that immunity to those sicknesses that
come about
in Northern South America even in the
places that we have settled
civilizations we do not have the keeping
of animals in the same way that Europe
does there is a distance between the
humans and the animals in the Americas
and the because along with that is that
we do not have that immunity we do not
have that resistance built up in the
American cultures so when diseases are
brought over from Europe it wipes out
hundreds thousands millions of
inhabitants in the Americas during this
time because they have no build up to it
right they have nothing to do with it to
prevent themselves from getting sick
um What We additionally have here is a
transplant of goods and Grains and
animals that existed at this time only
in the old world in Europe and bring
them over to the new world which causes
environmental change and we have the
opposite happening we have things that
are only in the old world or in the new
world brought over to the old world a
prime example of this is potatoes we
might we might associate now Ireland
with potatoes that's not a native crop
to Ireland that's brought over from
South America and it takes off there
because it works well with their climate
so this exchange happens back and forth
and it truly Alters the way that the
rest of development the rest of society
will develop as we go along through the
rest of this semester
with that this is going to be the end of
lecture two if you have any questions
about this lecture or if you want to see
any of the images or maps that I used
more up close please put a message in
the question form or send me an email
otherwise that's the end of lecture two
and I'll see you guys back here for
lecture three
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