পাকিস্তান আমলে আঞ্চলিক বৈষম্য কেমন ছিলো Capitalist Development and Regional Disparity in Pakistan

Summary

The lecture explores the economic exploitation of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) by West Pakistan during the period from 1947 to 1971. Initially hopeful for unity, East Pakistanis soon faced growing economic disparities, with West Pakistan benefiting from government policies. The lecture details how capitalist development, led by American advisors, deepened these disparities in income, consumption, and access to resources. The Six-Point Program, which sought to address these inequalities, was rejected by the Pakistani state, leading to further conflict. The session concludes with a promise to discuss the political struggles for autonomy in the next class.

Takeaways

• 📜 East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) initially supported Pakistan in 1947 but quickly faced exploitation by West Pakistan.
• 💸 Pakistan adopted a capitalist development model, influenced by American advisors, which led to increasing economic disparity between East and West Pakistan.
• 📊 The income gap between East and West Pakistan widened significantly, with West Pakistan earning 61% more by 1969-70.
• 🧈 Consumption of basic goods like milk, butter, and meat was far higher in West Pakistan than in East Pakistan, highlighting the disparity in living standards.
• 💡 East Pakistan received less foreign aid and public investment, with only 31% of foreign aid allocated to the region, despite significant contributions.
• 🏭 Non-Bengalis controlled 93% of industrial assets in East Pakistan, leading to further economic exploitation.
• 📉 The overvaluation of the Pakistani rupee benefited West Pakistani industrialists while East Pakistani jute growers faced significant losses.
• 🗣 Bengali economists and intellectuals in the late 1960s began protesting these disparities and challenging the capitalist model imposed by the government.
• 📑 Sheikh Mujib and the Awami League proposed the Six-Point Program to ensure greater autonomy and economic fairness for East Pakistan.
• ⚖️ The economic exploitation and disparity between East and West Pakistan eventually fueled the independence movement in East Pakistan, leading to the creation of Bangladesh.

Q & A

What was the initial support for Pakistan in East Pakistan after 1947?

In 1947, the overwhelming majority of people in East Pakistan, now Bangladesh, supported the Muslim League and the creation of Pakistan, hoping for economic and cultural benefits.

How did East Pakistan's perception of Pakistan change over time?

Over the 24 years following 1947, the people of East Pakistan began to realize that Pakistan was exploiting them economically and treating East Pakistan as a colony.

What economic model did Pakistan follow after 1947, and what were its implications?

Pakistan pursued a capitalist development model, heavily influenced by American advisors during the Cold War. This model led to increasing regional economic disparity between East and West Pakistan, with West Pakistan benefiting disproportionately.

What was the income disparity between East and West Pakistan from 1949 to 1970?

In 1949-50, West Pakistanis earned 22% more than East Pakistanis, and by 1969-70, this gap had increased to 61%, highlighting growing economic inequality.

How did consumption patterns differ between East and West Pakistan?

Consumption in West Pakistan was much higher. For example, East Pakistanis consumed 2.1 pounds of milk and butter per month, while West Pakistanis consumed 8.6 pounds. This stark difference was also seen in other commodities like mutton, beef, and fish.

How did foreign aid and government spending differ between East and West Pakistan?

East Pakistan received only 31% of foreign aid, while West Pakistan received 69%. Additionally, West Pakistan benefited from significantly more government spending in development and infrastructure.

What was the economic impact of Pakistan's overvalued currency on East Pakistan?

Pakistan overvalued its currency, which benefited West Pakistan's industrialists by allowing them to buy imported goods more cheaply. Conversely, East Pakistan's jute growers received less money for their exports, exacerbating economic exploitation.

Who controlled the industrial assets in East Pakistan?

Non-Bengalis controlled 93% of the industrial assets in East Pakistan. They also dominated banking, with 70% of all bank deposits being in non-Bengali banks.

What was the significance of the Six-Point Program developed by Sheikh Mujib and the Awami League?

The Six-Point Program, developed in 1966, aimed to reduce exploitation by ensuring greater economic and political autonomy for East Pakistan. It became the basis of the 1970 elections and called for separate control of finances, military, and government decisions for East Pakistan.

How did economic exploitation contribute to the rise of Bengali nationalism?

The clear economic exploitation of East Pakistan by West Pakistan, highlighted by disparities in income, consumption, and government spending, fueled Bengali nationalism. The Six-Point Program and growing awareness of economic inequality led to increasing demands for autonomy and eventually independence.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to Pakistan’s Economic Exploitation of East Pakistan

The speaker introduces the topic of economic exploitation of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) by Pakistan, which followed cultural oppression. After the partition in 1947, the people of East Pakistan initially supported the idea of Pakistan, but soon realized that they were being economically exploited. Pakistan adopted a capitalist model under the influence of the Cold War, leading to growing regional disparity, with East Pakistan being treated as a colony. The lecture focuses on this economic disparity, which increased over time, and introduces the six-point program by the Awami League that sought to redress this inequality.

05:01

🏞 Initial Economic Conditions and Colonial Structures

This section outlines the initial conditions after the 1947 partition. While West Pakistan had better infrastructure, East Pakistan was rich in natural resources, especially agriculture. The bureaucratic and business environments were dominated by West Pakistan, and Hindu zamindars had controlled much of East Pakistan’s land. After the partition, Muslim tenants took over, but economic power remained skewed in favor of non-Bengalis, creating an uneven economic structure that disadvantaged the majority Bengali population.

10:03

📊 Growth of Disparity in Income and Consumption

The speaker details the increasing income disparity between East and West Pakistan from 1949 to 1970, with West Pakistan’s per capita income significantly surpassing East Pakistan's. The consumption of basic goods such as milk, butter, meat, and rice also highlights the disparity. Prices in East Pakistan were higher, while West Pakistanis consumed more for less. This section illustrates how the economic gap widened over time, and how this exploitation was reflected in everyday life.

15:12

🏥 Disparity in Infrastructure and Aid Distribution

This paragraph discusses the disparity in infrastructure, healthcare, and foreign aid distribution between East and West Pakistan. West Pakistan received a much larger share of government spending, foreign aid, and resources. Despite East Pakistan’s economic contributions, most of the resources and investments were directed to West Pakistan, further exacerbating inequality. The speaker highlights examples such as the distribution of hospital beds, doctors, and government expenditures, which clearly favored West Pakistan.

20:14

🏭 Economic Exploitation Through Resource Transfer

The speaker provides further details on how economic exploitation was executed, such as the transfer of resources from East Pakistan to West Pakistan. He explains how non-Bengalis controlled most industries in East Pakistan, with the government favoring West Pakistan in policies such as exchange rates. As a result, East Pakistanis were paid less for exports while West Pakistanis benefited from cheaper imports. This resource transfer left East Pakistan increasingly impoverished while enriching West Pakistan.

25:17

📈 The Rise of Economic Protests and the Six-Point Program

This paragraph highlights how young Bengali economists recognized the growing economic disparity and began protesting against Pakistan’s discriminatory policies. The six-point program, developed by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and Bengali economists in 1966, sought economic and political autonomy for East Pakistan. This program became the foundation of the Awami League’s demands and was widely supported in East Pakistan as a response to the exploitation and inequality they faced.

🏛 The Political Struggle and Rise of Bengali Nationalism

The speaker discusses the political implications of the economic exploitation of East Pakistan. Despite support from a small elite group in East Pakistan, the vast majority of Bengalis rallied against the economic disparity. Sheikh Mujib’s six-point program called for democratic elections and regional autonomy, which resonated with the population. The speaker concludes by highlighting the widespread realization of exploitation by West Pakistan, setting the stage for the political struggle that would follow.

Keywords

💡Economic Exploitation

Economic exploitation refers to the systematic extraction of wealth or resources from one region or group to benefit another. In the video, it relates to how Pakistan, particularly West Pakistan, economically exploited East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) by siphoning off resources, controlling industry, and maintaining an imbalance in development. Examples include the disparity in incomes, consumption, and government spending between East and West Pakistan.

💡Colonialism

Colonialism in this context refers to the way East Pakistan was treated by West Pakistan, much like a colony under foreign rule. East Pakistan was economically and politically dominated, with its resources being exploited and its people being marginalized. This mirrors traditional colonial relationships, where one region or nation benefits at the expense of another, leading to underdevelopment and poverty in the exploited region.

💡Capitalist Development Model

The capitalist development model refers to the economic policies and practices that emphasize private ownership, free markets, and profit-driven growth. Pakistan, under the influence of American advisors from Harvard, pursued such a model. However, this model disproportionately benefited West Pakistan, contributing to growing economic disparity, as East Pakistan did not receive equal investment or benefits from the system.

💡Regional Disparity

Regional disparity refers to the significant differences in income, infrastructure, and quality of life between East and West Pakistan. The video highlights that West Pakistan, despite having a smaller population, received the majority of government spending and foreign aid, leading to a widening gap in prosperity. East Pakistan, on the other hand, faced economic stagnation and deprivation, worsening the inequality over time.

💡Six-Point Program

The Six-Point Program was a political and economic manifesto developed by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and the Awami League in 1966, aiming to address the economic and political exploitation of East Pakistan. It called for greater autonomy for East Pakistan, including control over its own economy and military, in order to stop the transfer of resources to West Pakistan. This program became a rallying point for Bengali nationalism and the eventual independence movement.

💡Balance of Payments

The balance of payments refers to the difference between the value of a country's exports and imports. In the video, East Pakistan's balance of payments was skewed, with the region importing more than it exported, unlike West Pakistan. This imbalance, coupled with the fact that East Pakistan’s export earnings were funneled to West Pakistan, exacerbated the economic exploitation and regional disparity.

💡Foreign Aid

Foreign aid refers to the economic assistance provided by other countries or international organizations to Pakistan. However, in the context of the video, foreign aid was distributed unevenly, with East Pakistan receiving only 31% while West Pakistan received 69%. This uneven allocation contributed to the economic inequality and the feeling of neglect in East Pakistan.

💡Jute Industry

The jute industry was a significant sector in East Pakistan’s economy, with the region producing the majority of the world’s jute. However, due to the overvalued exchange rate imposed by the Pakistan government, jute exporters in East Pakistan received fewer rupees for their dollar earnings, which worsened the economic exploitation. The imbalance in profits from this key industry is an example of the systemic exploitation discussed in the video.

💡Harvard Advisory Group

The Harvard Advisory Group was a team of economists from Harvard University who advised the Pakistani government on economic policy during the 1960s. While they promoted capitalist development, their policies contributed to the increasing regional inequality between East and West Pakistan. The video critiques their role in reinforcing the economic exploitation of East Pakistan through misguided or biased economic models.

💡Affluent Urban Upper Class

The affluent urban upper class refers to a small, privileged group of people in both East and West Pakistan who benefited from Pakistan’s capitalist development model. In East Pakistan, this class often aligned with the central government in West Pakistan, contributing to the economic disparity. The video mentions that this group, despite being Bengali, was complicit in the exploitation of their own region.

Highlights

The majority of East Pakistan, now Bangladesh, initially voted for Pakistan in 1947, but within months, this sentiment changed as Pakistan began exploiting East Pakistan.

Over the 24 years of Pakistani rule, East Pakistan faced increasing economic disparity and was treated as a colony by West Pakistan.

Pakistan followed a capitalist development model influenced by American advisors from Harvard, which contributed to regional disparities.

By 1969-70, West Pakistanis earned 61% more income than East Pakistanis, highlighting growing inequality over the years.

Consumption patterns revealed massive disparities: East Pakistanis consumed less milk, butter, and meat compared to West Pakistanis.

Commodity prices varied greatly between the two regions, with East Pakistan paying higher prices for basic goods like rice, contributing to exploitation.

In terms of infrastructure, East Pakistan had significantly fewer motor vehicles, hospital beds, and doctors compared to West Pakistan.

West Pakistan received 69% of all foreign aid, while East Pakistan only received 31%, reflecting inequitable resource distribution.

East Pakistan consistently imported more than it exported, while West Pakistan benefited from better trade balances and government transfers.

From 1948 to 1969, almost 12 billion rupees were transferred from East to West Pakistan, demonstrating a large-scale resource shift.

Non-Bengalis controlled 93% of industrial assets in East Pakistan, benefiting from resources meant for East Pakistanis.

The Pakistani government overvalued the rupee, allowing West Pakistanis to import goods at lower costs while East Pakistanis received less for exports.

East Pakistani economists protested the discriminatory economic policies, opposing the recommendations of Harvard advisors in the late 1950s and 60s.

In 1966, Sheikh Mujib's Awami League introduced the Six-Point Program to demand regional autonomy and address economic disparities.

The Six-Point Program became the basis for the 1970 election victory, which led to increased tensions and ultimately the Bangladeshi independence movement.

Transcripts

greetings students

today we'll be discussing

the economic impacts of pakistan's

colonialism over east pakistan

as you all know we started discussing

the pakistan period

from the last lecture now the

interesting

thing that you'll have to keep in mind

is that

in 1947 the overwhelming majority of the

people

of east pakistan what constitutes

bangladesh

now voted for the muslim league

and voted for a pakistan and they all

had big dreams

on what pakistan would provide for them

however in a matter of a few months that

changed

and over the next 24 years

people started recognizing how pakistan

the state of pakistan was actually

exploiting east pakistan

and treating it as a colony in the last

lecture we talked about

the cultural aspects of it pakistan's

oppression

over our language our culture

denial of our language in fact

today we'll be talking about the

economic exploitation

and in the next class we'll be talking

about the political domination

so once again today we'll be discussing

the economic exploitation of east

pakistan

and how that we can see

through the increasing regional

disparity

there's another thing you have to

recognize is that pakistan

was pursuing a capitalist development

model

because at that time there was the cold

war

and a large influence of the soviet

union

and china over many parts of the world

especially southeast asia

remember the vietnam vietnam war was

going on at that time

so pakistan was picked up as a model

for the rest of the world on what

capitalist development

would look like so it was american

advisors

coming from harvard who

instructed who advised the pakistan

government

in promoting a strong capitalist

development path

which in turn actually led to increasing

visual disparity and the economic

exploitation of

east pakistan so

in this class as i said we'll be talking

about the economic disparity

we'll be identifying some of the causes

of that

and we will try to understand how that

pursuing of the capitalist development

model

actually led to the inequality between

east and west pakistan

we'll also try to understand how the

six-point program

of bangladesh and awami league

tried to redress the imbalance the sixth

point

that the pakistan state never accepted

and in fact when it was obvious that we

would

take over government and implement the

six points

they launched this massive genocide

so let's briefly start with what the

initial conditions

were west pakistan at the time of the

partition

1947 did have slightly better roads

railways

irrigation and power but while east

pakistan didn't have that

east pakistan had highly fruit high land

good rainfall for agriculture production

and well-developed systems of waterways

for transportation both

winds had very low industrial capacity

this remember in the east it was mainly

in calcutta and west bengal

and also in west pakistan there wasn't

much it was

primarily in india educational

attainment was also learned

but very importantly was pakistan had a

strong

army because much

of the british army the british indian

army

comprised of people from the northwest

frontier province and

from west punjab which constituted

pakistan also

in terms of the indian civil bureaucracy

when the muslims

migrated to pakistan in 1947

they generally all migrated towards

pakistan

so the civil bureaucracy was dominated

by west pakistan

also in terms of businesses

most muslim traders from

india went to west

for pakistan came to east pakistan

so once again the economic conditions of

east pakistan

zamindars dominated

the land in east pakistan

and muslims were generally tenants and

smallholder farmers

so when the hindu zamindars left

in 1947 and then was

taken over by the government he had a

system of

muslim tenants and smallholder farmers

trade commerce financial intermediation

and even rural industries were primarily

dominated by hindus

the tea industry in east

the pakistan we also

already said bureaucracy teaching legal

professions

in east pakist

for pakistan

in the east in 1947 because

the bengali muslims expected they would

make great advancements

to the creation of pakistan but let's

see what happened

let's look at the growth of disparity so

we're looking at per capita incomes

already from the beginning 49 50

you have just look at the last column

that's highlighted in yellow

21 or rather 22

of west pakistan rather

west pakistanis earned

22 more incomes than east pakist of

going down and having greater equality

it started increasing to 24

to 32 percent to 45

and by 69.70 west pakistani households

earned earned 61 percent more

incomes than is party sales

so the state of pakistan and that 23 24

years of pakistani rule

had led to east pakistanis earning less

and less than west pakistan

and that follows too not just in incomes

but in consumption

so let's just look at the highlighted

ones

let's look at milk and butter in east

pakistan

this is pounds per month east pakistani

people would consume 2.1 pounds per

month of milk and butter was pakistanis

8.6

mutton beef and fish these pakistanis

would consume

0.4 pounds per month west pakistanis

would consume

1.7 pounds per month

implying huge differences

in some of the consumption patterns in

fact the price is still varied

the same price of rice that rather the

same rice

cost 518 rupees per ton

in each pakistan but only 334

rupees in west pakistan

rupees per ton in east pakistan and

267 only nearly half

in west pakistan so not only would the

west pakistanis earning

more over the years

but they were also purchasing

commodities at far cheaper prices than

in east

in west pakist at a cheaper rate that

was one form of exploitation

also other things look at motor vehicles

56 000 motor vehicles in east pakistan

259 000 in west pakistan

hospital beds about 7

000 in east pakistan in 1966

26 000 hospital beds in west pakistan 88

000 doctors in east pakistan

and 131 000 doctors in west pakistan

gives you an idea of the disparity

let's also look at the regional

expenditures

this is revenue and development

expenditures

what the government was spending and

look at the differences

in east pakistan over this period

there was 35 billion this was

this is a million takas 35 billion taka

spent in east pakistan

but 82 billion takas spent

in west pakistan

and 66 67

in west pakistan

we notice a huge big difference let's

just look at the

bottom row in terms of percentages

so all the foreign aid that came in

in the name of pakistan east pakistan

receives

only 31 percent of foreign aid west

pakistan received

69 percent of foreign aid

i'm numbing it up obviously she better

sense

again of the disparity

increasing over the years the balance of

payments this

is exports versus imports

and so the net disparity is being led by

the government so east pakistan

imported 4 billion rupees

more than it exported west pakistan

imported 55 billion rupees more

than it exported so big balance of

payments

for west pakistan we were exporting

quite a bit even though

like in the early years 48 to 60 to 61

we were exporting more than we were

importing

and then that money was getting

transferred to west pakistan

finally if you look at the transfer of

resources

how much net resources was being

transferred

to west pakistan from east

so from pakistan 49 to 68 69

a total off it was much higher in the

early years slightly lower in the low

less a few later years but if you look

at the last row

last column we see

that over the years

from 48 to 69

almost 12 billion groupies

was transferred from east pakistan

government

was paying plain partial

to west pakistan and money from east

pakistan

it was unknown bengalis rather than

bengalis

that were dominating the economy so even

when you see

that east pakistan produced so much or

earned so much

money it wasn't bengalis that were

receiving it

to a great extent it was non-binaries

so non-bengalis received 62

of all money

that the government was providing to set

up industries

in east pakistan so it was

coming in the name of east pakistan to

set up industrial enterprises

but almost two-thirds of it

it was non-bengali's receiving it

the government was also setting up major

factories

and just transferring it to west

pakistan

so it would show that the government is

providing his factories to

east pakistan but in reality it wasn't

bengals

in fact in terms of all

the industrial assets in

east

it pakistan known bengali controlled

it controlled 93 percent of all imports

at most

wholesale trade and they owned the banks

so 70 percent of all bank to bank

deposits

in east pakistan were in non-bengali

banks and they owned two of the largest

three shipping companies and

19 of all t outputs so once again

it was whatever there was in east

pakistan it was little compared to west

of pakistan transfer from east

[Music]

the pakist exchange rate for one dollar

was actually 10 rupees

the pakistan government overvalued the

value of the rupee

from 10 rupees to 5 rupee per dollar

now what would that mean it would mean

that when west pakistan industrialists

were buying capital goods

machinery from the west using dollars

instead of paying ten dollars for each

ten

rupee for each dollar they were only

paying five rupees for every dollar

worth of things they were procuring so

supposing they were buying a

refrigerator

or an air conditioning and if it cost a

hundred dollars

they should have actually paid thousand

rupees instead of that they were only

paying 500 rupees

so west pakistan spent much less

on imported goods the capital because

they were important

on the other hand jude growers in east

were pakistan instead of

ten rupees for every dollar that they

were

exporting abroad they were receiving

five rupees

because the pakistan government had over

valued the

so for every dollar people were getting

less so once again the east pakistanis

were getting

twice as much for the value of the

dollar they were importing

this is how resources were transferred

from

east

of west pakistan industries um

that was promoted by the people

in state government in national

government low interest

loans over invoicing free initial

capital we will be discussing that in

more details

in the discussion groups now

while this started from the late 50s

onwards

young bengali economists

realize what was going on started

protesting

remember the pakistan government was

being aided by

the top economists of the world from

harvard university and others

promoting the capitalist development and

here you have

young economists in pakistan in their

20s

early mid-20s and maybe one or two in

their early 30s

by the end of 60s but they were all

young

and they said no your policies

are discriminatory your policies are

promoting increasing disparity

and i just wanted to mention some of

these

famous professors who took issue

with the pakistan government and with

harvard professors

they were professor rahman professor

islam professor

we owe a great debt to them an

intellectual debt

for pointing out how we were being

exploited

as i said the harvard advisory group

was contributing to

the development plans in pakistan in

1968

because i you khan had finished 10 years

of his dictatorship his rule

ayub khan and the uh the

u.s economists were celebrating the

decade of development they called it

1958-68

and they said this is excellent we are

having high growth

and pakistan has proven once again

how we can have a capitalist development

model that is a response

to what the socialists are saying

however what we found out

that what it did was promote mutual

inequality and we went through that

it also promoted income in inequality

workers wages kept going down and now

not just in east pakistan

but it was pakistan also the peasantry

in our part of the world got poorer and

poorer

and he had the rise of 22 rich families

these were big business houses the adam

jees

the bhawanis and others

there are only one family from east

families pakistan was the ak khan family

the hikikon group

that is still active in business today

west pakistan had the powerful

bureaucracy and army

we had very minimal

representation in the bureaucracy of the

army

what you also had was an affluent urban

upper class

of course west pakistan but in east

pakistan also

so an affluent urban

upper class that benefited from

pakistani view

bengalis who felt that they owed to

pakistan

and who supported pakistan a very small

fraction

of the population but they spoke

in urdu or english they did not like

bangladeshi and they contributed to the

exploitation

of bengalis and us not having confidence

in

our own nationality so there was also

this affluent

urban upper class in the discussion

group we can talk more about that too

so because of all this in 1966

sheikh mujib in the league

developed wrote up the six point program

this was along with the bible economist

and it was sheikh mujeeb himself that

participated

in creating the six points and the sixth

point demand

really was for ensuring

that east pakistan would not

be exploited

and this was spread all over

east pakistan

so what about the six points part of it

was about democracy

that we should have a parliamentary form

of government

not what yuhan was doing through basic

democracies and controlling

elections so we wanted democratic

elections

we wanted regional autonomy we wanted

east pakistan to decide

how the economy would function in east

pakistan

and we would let west pakistan do the

same but letting the central government

only control defense and foreign affairs

we would control the rest

and so that money could not be

taken from east pakistan

two separate central banks

also for foreign exchange we wanted two

separate accounts

whatever east

and pakist we would control it it would

not go to pakistan

also we would have a separate military

and a separate

paramilitary force along with the naval

headquarters here

these for the world are six point

programs in 1966

and these this was the basis of the

elections in 1970

end of 1970 which won

and people voted for the six point

program

for visual autonomy

this is a famous poster and i wanted to

enter

at what we end with this it says

why is golden bengal now a graveyard

and it points to the economic

disparities

between east pakistan and this

poster was put up everywhere

in east pakistan um i was

i used to be politically active at that

time and i visited a lot of places in

pakistan

at that time and this was everywhere

and every bengali had seen this

and basically it said how we were being

exploited

so bangladesh we were

uh rajasthan revenues

were spending pakistan was spending 1500

crore attackers here in west pakistan

they were spending 5 000

developing expenditures 3 000 crore

tacos here

6 000 in west and so on and so forth

but also look at where the bottom

look at the price of rice per month

which is a little less than 40

kilograms 50 takas

per month in bangladesh these pakistan

and 25 only in west

of course produce also pakistan pakistan

but we producing the majority

me too big disparity cheaper

in west pakistan

the price of gold that too

was different in west pakistan

cheaper than in east pakistan

showed to everybody how we were

exploited

and this rallied everyone in

east

once pakistan what i tried to

demonstrate

was how east pakistan

was exploited by west pakistan from the

beginning

of the creation of pakistan

and how over the years we started

realizing how we will be exploited

and we spoke out we said

if you want a single unified pakistan

you have to provide us with autonomy so

we

wanted to present you with certain facts

about this discrimination thank you

next class we'll talk about the

political relevance to political aspects

the political fight against dictatorship

the political fight

for democracy thank you very much

let's talk more in the discussion

[Music]

sessions

you