The Philippines During Rizal's Time (Video Lesson Part 1)

Summary

This video script discusses the Philippines in the 19th century under Spanish rule, focusing on social structure, political system, education, and economic development. It outlines the strategies of evangelization and colonization, the establishment of governance from national to barangay levels, and the significant influence of friars. The script also highlights the corruption within the government, the social stratification discriminating against natives, and the pushback against friars by Filipino reformers, including national heroes like Rizal.

Takeaways

• 🏛️ The 19th century in the Philippines was characterized by Spanish colonial rule, which included evangelization and colonization strategies.
• 🌐 The Philippines was governed indirectly by Spain through Mexico, with the Governor General as the chief executive and head of state and church.
• 🏛️ The Spanish colonial government was divided into national, provincial, municipal, and barrio levels, each with specific powers and responsibilities.
• 🤝 The friars, or religious orders, played a significant role in the colonial government, often overshadowing the Governor General in influence.
• 🏢 The provincial government, headed by the Alcalde Mayor, was considered the most corrupt branch of the Spanish colonial government.
• 🏛️ The friars' control over the colonial government led to a situation where enemies of the church were also considered enemies of the state.
• 🌐 The representation of the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes was eventually abolished, unlike Cuba and Puerto Rico which regained their representation rights.
• 🏡 The Spanish introduced a new social stratification system that discriminated against native Filipinos, with Peninsulares at the top and Indios at the bottom.
• 🏛️ The concept of 'Freilocracy', or the union of church and state, was prevalent during the Spanish colonial period, with friars controlling religious, educational, and political aspects of society.
• 🏢 The friars' excessive power led to corruption and abuse, with them being seen as enemies of liberal reforms and modern progress by Filipino reformers and national heroes.

Q & A

What were the two strategies used by Spain to establish control in the Philippines?

The two strategies used by Spain were evangelization and colonization.

Who established the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines and when?

The first Spanish settlement in the Philippines was established in Cebu in 1565.

What was the indigenous form of government in the Philippines before Spanish colonization?

Before Spanish colonization, the indigenous form of government was the barangay, headed by a native leader called a datu.

How did the Spanish colonization affect the Filipino people's culture and practices?

Spanish colonization forced Filipino people to adopt foreign ways or practices, including Spanish culture and traditions.

Who was the first Governor General of the Philippines and who was the last before the end of Spanish rule?

The first Governor General of the Philippines was not mentioned in the script, but the last one was Jago de los Rios.

What was the role of Mexico in the governance of the Philippines during the 19th century?

During the 19th century, the Philippines was indirectly ruled by Mexico as a representative of the Spanish king.

What were the four levels of government in the Spanish colonial Philippines?

The four levels of government were the national government, provincial government, municipal government, and the barrio or barangay government.

What were the responsibilities of the Governor General in the Spanish colonial Philippines?

The Governor General was the chief executive of the archipelago, head of state and church, commander-in-chief of the military, had the power to pardon prisoners, and decide on different issues in the country.

How did the friars influence the colonial government in the Philippines?

The friars could easily influence the Governor General and became the rulers of municipalities, controlling different aspects of society like education, trading, and the economy.

What was the social stratification imposed by the Spanish in the Philippines during the 19th century?

The social stratification was divided into Peninsulares, Insulares, Criollos, and Indios, with Peninsulares at the highest level and Indios at the bottom.

What was the significance of the secularization of the Filipino priests in the 19th century?

The secularization, or the separation of church and state, led to the friars controlling religious and educational life, acquiring political power, influence, and wealth, and even influencing the Governor General.

Outlines

00:00

🏛️ Spanish Colonization of the Philippines

This paragraph discusses the historical context of the Philippines in the 19th century, following the 18th century. It covers the social structure, political system, educational system, and economic development during the Spanish colonization. The Spanish rule was established through evangelization and colonization strategies. The first Spanish settlement was in Cebu in 1565, and the last governor general was Jago de los Rios. Before colonization, Filipinos had their own culture and government system, the barangay. However, the Spanish forced the adoption of foreign practices, making the Philippines a colony of Spain. The country was indirectly governed through Mexico, representing the Spanish king. The political condition of the Philippines during the 19th century was managed by a complex system of government, including national, provincial, municipal, and barangay levels, each with specific responsibilities and powers.

05:02

👥 The Structure of Spanish Colonial Government

This section delves into the structure of the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines. The national government was led by the Governor General, who had extensive powers as the chief executive and head of state and church. The Governor General was responsible for military command, pardoning prisoners, and deciding on various national issues. There was a system of checks and balances, with the Visitor and the Residente monitoring the administration of the Governor General. The provincial government was headed by the Alcalde Mayor, with powers limited to the province. The municipal government was under the Gobernadorcillo, with powers confined to the town or pueblo. The barrio government was led by the Cabeza de Barangay. The friars, or religious orders, had significant influence over the colonial government, affecting society in various aspects such as education, trading, and the economy.

10:04

🏛️ Abuses and Corruption in Spanish Governance

This paragraph addresses the abuses and corruption within the Spanish government officials during the 19th century. The Governor General had excessive powers and privileges, which led to weak and undisciplined governance. He often gave rewards and gifts to relatives and friends, and penalized those who opposed him. Corruption was rampant, with the provincial government, led by the Alcalde Mayor, being the most corrupt branch. The paragraph also lists notable corrupt and cruel government officials, such as General Rafael de Isquierdo, General Fernando Primo de Rivera, and General Valeriano Weyler.

15:25

🌐 Philippine Representation and Social Stratification

The paragraph discusses the Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortés and the social cultural condition of the Philippines during the 19th century. The first period of representation (1810-1813) was beneficial, but subsequent periods were less fruitful, and in 1837, the representation was abolished. The social stratification imposed by the Spaniards discriminated against the natives, with Peninsulares at the top, followed by Insulares, Criollos, and Indios at the bottom. This stratification affected privileges and laws, with only the highest class enjoying certain privileges. The Spaniards established their own communities, segregating themselves from other classes.

20:51

📜 Friarocracy and the Secularization of Filipino Priests

This section covers the concept of 'Friarocracy' or the union of church and state in the Philippines during the 19th century. The friars, including Augustinians, Dominicans, and Franciscans, controlled religious, educational, and political life, acquiring significant power and influence. They were able to control local elections, supervise schools and taxes, oversee public works, and maintain peace and order. Friars could also imprison or exile patriotic Filipinos, labeling them as enemies of the church or state. Filipino reformers and national heroes, such as Rizal, considered the friars as obstacles to liberal reforms and modern progress in the Philippines.

Keywords

💡Evangelization

Evangelization refers to the process of spreading religious beliefs, particularly Christianity, to convert non-believers. In the context of the video, it is one of the strategies used by Spain during the colonization of the Philippines. The Spanish aimed to convert the local population to Catholicism, which was a key aspect of their colonization efforts. This is exemplified in the script by the establishment of the first Spanish settlement in Cebu in 1565.

💡Colonization

Colonization is the process by which a nation extends its control over other territories, often with the aim of exploiting their resources or imposing its culture. In the video, colonization is discussed as the second strategy used by Spain to exert control over the Philippines. This involved not only territorial control but also the imposition of Spanish culture and practices on the local population.

💡Barangay

The barangay was the indigenous form of local government in the Philippines before Spanish colonization. It was a community led by a native leader known as a 'datus'. The script mentions that barangays were independent from each other, reflecting the pre-colonial political structure of the country. Spanish colonization led to the suppression of the barangay system in favor of Spanish administrative divisions.

💡Governor General

The Governor General was the highest-ranking Spanish colonial official in the Philippines, acting as the chief executive and head of state and church. The video script explains that the Governor General had extensive powers, including being the commander-in-chief of the military and having the power to pardon prisoners. The role illustrates the centralized control exerted by Spain over its colony.

💡Alcalde Mayor

Alcalde Mayor refers to the head of the provincial government during the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines. The script indicates that the Alcalde Mayor had powers and responsibilities similar to the Governor General but on a provincial level. This role highlights the hierarchical nature of the colonial administrative system.

💡Gobernadorcillio

Gobernadorcillio was the head of the municipal government in the Spanish colonial Philippines. As mentioned in the script, their powers and responsibilities mirrored those of the Governor General but were limited to the town or pueblo level. This term is significant as it shows the division of administrative powers in the colonial setup.

💡Cabezade Barangay

Cabezade Barangay was the head of the barangay, the local community unit, during the Spanish colonial period. The script indicates that this position was part of the local or barrio government, reflecting the continued existence of indigenous administrative structures under colonial rule.

💡Friars

Friars were members of religious orders who played a significant role in the Spanish colonial government of the Philippines. The video script explains that friars had considerable influence over the Governor General and were able to control various aspects of society, including education and the economy. Their power is indicative of the close relationship between the church and state during the colonial era.

💡Secularization

Secularization in the context of the video refers to the movement to separate the roles of the church and state. It contrasts with the earlier union of church and state where friars held significant political power. The script discusses the friars' control over various aspects of life in the Philippines and how they were seen as obstacles to liberal reforms and modern progress.

💡Principalia

Principalia were the landowning class in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period. The script describes them as part of the social stratification system imposed by the Spaniards, which discriminated against the native population. The Principalia were at the top of the social hierarchy, enjoying privileges and influence.

💡Indios

Indios, or indigenous people, were at the bottom of the social stratification system established by the Spanish in the Philippines. The script mentions that they were discriminated against in their own land, with limited privileges and rights. This term is crucial for understanding the social dynamics and inequalities of the colonial period.

Highlights

The Philippines in the 19th century was shaped by Spanish rule and colonization strategies.

Pre-colonial Filipinos had their own indigenous culture and governance through the barangay system.

Spanish colonization led to the imposition of foreign cultural practices on Filipinos.

The Philippines was indirectly governed by Spain through Mexico, represented by a governor general.

The Spanish colonial government was divided into national, provincial, municipal, and barrio levels.

The governor general held extensive powers as the chief executive and head of state and church.

The visitor and the resident were roles that provided checks and balances on the governor general's power.

The provincial government was headed by the alcalde mayor, with powers limited to the province.

The municipal government was overseen by the gobernadorcillio, with powers confined to the town.

The barrio government was led by the cabeza de barangay, with localized responsibilities.

Friars had significant influence over the colonial government, affecting society's various aspects.

Spanish priests held dominance over Filipino priests, with control over parishes.

The church's enemies were also considered the government's enemies, as seen in the case of Gómez and Rizal.

Abuses of power by Spanish government officials were common, with corruption and weak discipline.

The provincial government, led by the alcalde mayor, was particularly corrupt.

Notable corrupt and cruel government officials of the 19th century included General Rafael de Isquierdo and General Camilo.

The Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes had periods of success and decline.

Social stratification in the 19th century discriminated against native Filipinos.

Friars controlled religious, educational, and political life, with significant power over local governance.

Friars were seen as enemies of liberal reforms and modern progress by Filipino reformers and national heroes.

Transcripts

[Music]

the second chapter for prelim which is

the philippines in the 19th century as a

results context

[Music]

18th century that's between 1700 to 1799

as the 19th century

our topics for this discussion covers

the social structure

the political system the educational

system and the economic development in

the philippines

okay

spain and the philippines and results

time a spanish rule was imposed in the

philippines by conquest society

uh they use

two strategies so the first strategy was

evangelization

strategy

the second strategy was colonization

evangelization

he established the first spanish

settlement in 1565 in cebu

governor general pilipinas and the last

governor general is jago de los rios

before the conquest the filipinos had

their own indigenous culture and their

own government the barangay headed by a

native shifting called that too so

bhavat barangay are independent from

each other and

my

[Applause]

uh arts

but when the spaniards colonize our

country they force the filipino people

to adopt foreign ways or practices well

i'm sure simon filipinos during that

time but to accept

the culture and tradition practices of

the spaniards okay

so the philippines became a colony of

spain and she belonged to the king of

spain

1821

of mexico as the representative of the

spanish king okay so indirectly

of mexico

[Applause]

mexico spain

okay now

let's proceed to the political condition

of the philippines during the 19th

century

the spanish colonial government in the

philippines run indirectly through the

visceral of the spain in mexico so as i

mentioned earlier

the philippines uh

was ruled by

the visitor of mexico indirectly as a

representative of the spanish king okay

since the spanish monarchy was able to

colonize the big part of the world

um

spanish government now officer

so our system of government was divided

into four we have the national

government the provincial government the

municipal government and the

barrio or the

barangay government okay

okay so let's begin with the national

government

uh the national government is headed by

the governor general and see governor

general

uh

in appointia miss mona spanish to be the

representative

in the governmental matters so what are

the responsibilities of the governor

general first he is the chief executive

in the whole archipelago

and second

he is the head of state and church so he

exercised extend extensive powers as the

head of the state and the church

he is the commander-in-chief of the

military

and

he also had the power to give pardon for

the prisoners

and to decide in different issues

in the country

and he also had the power of complacency

exclusive power in a governor

governor general is the president of the

philippines

[Music]

so both of them will check and monitor

the administration of the current

governor general however there is a

difference between the two so when we

say visitadore it literally means

divisive okay the visitor will just

visit a specific country to check the

administration of the governor general

while in residential okay they are

obliged to live in a certain country

with the governor general to observe him

so

uh

we can

now conclude that there is

there is still check and balance

on the powers of

different government officials okay

so now let's proceed

to the provincial government okay

so the provincial government is headed

by alcalde mayor or in our present time

etoyan provincial governor okay the

alcalde mayor is the head in the

provincial level

he had the power and responsibilities

like the governor general but its power

was limited in the province okay so

now

governor general

[Music]

okay

okay

now let's proceed uh to the municipal

government so the municipal government

is headed by the gobernadorcillio okay

so

his power and responsibilities was the

same as the governor general however his

power was limited only in the town or

pueblo okay

so

um

power

exclusively for the gobernador syria to

engage in trading so

okay

so

this and responsibilities longer bring

adore silio next let's proceed to the

barrio government the barrier government

is headed by the cabezade barangay he is

the head of the barangay okay and

uncle bernadour

young

property of

armeronsham 500 pesos okay

okay now let's proceed to the supremacy

of the friars over the colonial

government the different religious

orders had the great contribution in the

establishment of a spanish colonial

government in the country

the spanish colonial government

okay

[Music]

so the friars

they could easily influence the governor

general in effect

they become the rulers of municipalities

and they were able to control the

different aspects of the society like

education okay the trading the economy

okay

[Music]

the regular priests or spanish priests

were able to dominate the control in

different parishes and had the power to

get the parishes from the secular or the

filipino priests okay from this point of

view we can already conclude that the

superiority of the spanish priest over

the filipino priest pakistan regular

priests

spanish priest

secular prisoner

uh

and because of the supremacy of the

friars over the colonial government

the enemy of the church will be

considered as the enemy of the

government as well okay

[Music]

non-government okay and we can prove

this by looking back on the case of

gomberza and rizal okay

okay now let's proceed to the abuses of

the spanish government officials the

excessive powers and privileges of the

governor general made him weak and

undisciplined

okay now because of the excessive powers

and privileges given to the governor

general

opportunity

uh

he give rewards and gifts to his

relatives and closest friends and the

worst thing about this is that he

penalized or pinapparusa

and from that the governor general

oftentimes lacked the moral strength to

resist corruption so even the corruption

okay

and during this period

and governor general and

even other government officials

corruptly okay

[Music]

next the provincial government where the

alcalde mayor was the administration an

administrator judge military commander

was the most corrupt branch of the

government okay so

but

government official during this period

the answer is alcalde

but when they uh when

they ask

uh what's the most corrupt uh branch the

government uh it's the provincial

government okay

why why the alcalde mayor is the most uh

corrupt

government official during this period

okay because the

[Music]

[Music]

[Music]

okay

now let's proceed to corrupt spanish

officials

uh if we're going to compare the

administration and performance of the

government of govern government

officials during 16th century 17th

century 18th century and 19th century

uh the 19th century

as was uh the worst okay

where is uh

essentially because

the officials uh colonial officials

during that time were highly corrupt

incompetent and cruel

okay

so here

are the notable corrupt and

cruel government officials okay let's

begin with general rafael de isquierdo

okay from 1871 to 1873

okay

uh he's a good fighter oh good fighter

unfortunately he is incompetent for his

position and he had a weak

administration

okay

and next see general fernando primo de

rivera

next general valeriano whaler

okay

okay

so a one-time billionaire c whaler uh

the filipinos scoringfully called him

tyrant why that's because

of his a brutal persecution of the

colomba and so young

particularly the family of

uh doctor sarizal and the cuban screws

him as the butcher

okay

why it's because of his ruthless

reconciliation policy during his

governorship in cuba causing the death

of thousands of cubans okay

and the last one is general camilo

okay

so

let's see

now let's proceed

to the philippine representation in the

spanish cuartus the first period of the

philippine representation in the spanish

cortez

from 1810-1813 was fruitful with

beneficent results for the welfare of

the colony however the second period of

representation from 1820 to 1823 and the

3rd period 1834 to 1837 were less

fruitful in parliamentary work

okay so unfortunately in on 1837

uh the representation of the colonies

in the spanish quarters was abolished

so kabilang pilipinas

representatives spanish cultures okay

filipinas

during this time because

representative na supposedly began

and the sad thing about this is that

cuba and puerto rico regain their right

to have a representative to spanish

quarters but not the same with the

philippines so on cuba puerto rico

okay

now let's proceed to the social cultural

condition

of the philippines during the 19th

century

okay the spaniards imposed a new social

stratification which discriminate the

natives in their own land so during the

19th century nakaranan division of class

or social stratification

discrimination okay so at the highest

level or the top level peninsulares

followed by insulares third class

crayolas and the ba at the bottom level

uh on indios okay so on peninsula

uh class no 19th century selena spanish

epinephrine

[Music]

okay

and then the third class of course the

crayolas silly mixed blood combinations

in spanish at filipino so anito na

andrena di illustrado or the well

educated filipino and then the

principalia are the landowners and the

last one

uh the intros the last class

discriminates a society okay

when it comes to

privileges

in laws in the society

only the people belong to the highest

class can enjoy this privilege

[Music]

they establish their own community in

intramurals and

they will enclose it in a wall to

segregate their populations from other

class okay so

makassar and peninsulares at insularesa

okay

okay now let's proceed to the

freylocracy or secularization of the

filipino priests

uh freilocracy or frey look russia the

spanish political philosophy of union of

church and stay

before me

a

union of church and the state however

during

this time or in our present time uh

there is a separation of church and the

state okay

the friars augustinians dominicans and

franciscans control the religious and

educational life of the philippines and

later in the 19th century they came to

acquire tremendous political power

influences

and riches

okay so

the colonial authorities from the

governor general down to the alcalde

mayor were under the control of the

friars so as we mentioned earlier that

that even the the friars or mangapari

they can even control or influence the

governor general

uh

friars during uh

the 19th century okay so almost every

town in the archipelago except in lance

was ruled by the friar so controller

and my control

pilipinas okay

so aside from

priestly duties the friar was the

supervisor of the local elections okay

that's number one the inspector of

schools and taxes number two

then uh

the superintendent of public works okay

and last one the guardian of peace and

order

okay

[Music]

so

aside from that friar could also send a

patriotic filipino to jail or denounce

him as a filibuster so when we say

filibustero it's a traitor okay tridor

uh yeah he could set a patriotic

filipino to jail or denounce him as

philip stara to be exiled

to a distant place

or to be executed as an enemy of god

okay so serizal

del pilar

tapusi haina and other filipino

reformers

denounce the friars as the enemies of

liberal reforms and modern progress in

the philippines okay

so even our national heroes

consider the friars as their enemy okay