02 - 19th Century Philippines as Rizal's Context | Life and Works of Rizal

Summary

This video script explores the transformative changes in the Philippines and the world during the 19th century that shaped Rizal's perspective. It delves into the socio-economic and political shifts, including the Industrial Revolution and Spanish colonial decline, which influenced Rizal's upbringing. The script discusses the racial hierarchy, educational reforms, and the emergence of nationalism that fueled Rizal's fight for Filipino rights and identity amidst Spanish oppression.

Takeaways

• 🧩 The video discusses how personal identity is shaped by a combination of genetics and life experiences, much like assembling pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
• 🌏 It highlights the significant changes in the Philippines and the world during the 19th century that influenced Rizal's development, including the struggle for independence and shifts in social, economic, and political landscapes.
• 🏗️ The 19th century is referred to as the 'birth of modernity' due to the emergence of new ideas, attitudes, and institutions, such as the transition from monarchies to democracies and from feudalism to capitalism.
• 🏭 The Industrial Revolution marked this period, leading to new production methods, urbanization, and changes in work and leisure, as well as political revolutions influenced by the Enlightenment.
• 📉 Spain's economic decline during the 19th century is attributed to its dependency on dwindling silver mines, the decrease in silver value due to oversupply, and the Mexican War of Independence affecting trade priorities.
• 🛳️ The Manila-Acapulco Trade, also known as the Galleon Trade, was a significant economic activity for Spain but ended in the early 19th century, prompting the Philippines to seek new commercial purposes.
• 🌾 The Philippines transitioned to supplying raw materials for Western industries and ventured into cash crop agriculture, with foreign investors playing a crucial role in large-scale production.
• 💼 The opening of the Suez Canal significantly reduced travel time between Europe and the Philippines, impacting trade and the economy.
• 📚 Education was a luxury for the wealthy during the 19th century, but reforms like the Educational Decree of 1863 and the return of the Jesuits expanded access to formal education for Filipinos.
• 🏛️ The racial hierarchy of the Spanish era greatly affected access to education and societal status, with pure Spanish blood being highly valued and mixed blood being at a disadvantage.
• 🗳️ The Spanish colonial period in the Philippines was characterized by racial prejudice, lack of political rights, exploitation of the local population, and manipulation by the church, leading to widespread poverty and a desire for reform among the educated Filipinos.

Q & A

What is the main topic discussed in the video script?

The main topic discussed in the video script is the various transformations experienced by the Philippines and the world in the 19th century, and how these changes directly influenced the development of Rizal's character.

How does the script describe the process of becoming who we are?

The script describes the process of becoming who we are as not only being defined by genetics but also by a multitude of experiences and events interwoven throughout our lives, similar to assembling pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.

What factors contribute to the shaping of Rizal's perspective on life?

The factors that contributed to the shaping of Rizal's perspective on life include the Philippines' struggle for independence and the shifting social, economic, and political landscape of the 19th century.

Why is the 19th century referred to as the 'birth of modernity'?

The 19th century is referred to as the 'birth of modernity' because it emphasized a break from traditional ways of life for the emergence of new ideas, attitudes, and institutions, such as the transition from monarchies to democracies and from feudalism to capitalism.

What significant changes in economic and social structures occurred due to the Industrial Revolution?

The Industrial Revolution brought about new modes of production, transportation, and communication, which transformed the economy from manual labor to machine-based production, resulting in new forms of work and leisure, urbanization, and the growth of cities.

How did the political revolutions of the late 18th and early 19th centuries influence the world?

The political revolutions, such as the American and French Revolutions, challenged the power of monarchies and paved the way for new forms of governance based on individual rights, nationalism, and freedom, influenced by the Enlightenment movement.

What was the economic condition of Spain during the 19th century?

During the 19th century, Spain's economic condition was in decline due to its heavy dependence on the silver mines of its South American colonies, which were being depleted, and the decrease in silver value due to an oversupply.

How did the opening of the Suez Canal impact the Philippines' trade?

The opening of the Suez Canal significantly shortened the travel distance between Europe and the Philippines, from three months to forty days, making the Philippines more accessible for trade and leading to an increase in foreign engagement in manufacturing and agriculture.

What role did the Chinese immigrants, mestizos, and wealthy natives play in the Philippines' economic transition during the 19th century?

Chinese immigrants served as middlemen between the provinces where products were grown and the merchant houses of the mestizos in Manila. Wealthy natives became tenants or inquilinos of the Spanish, managing large haciendas and selling produce at lower prices to indigenous farmers.

How did the educational reforms of the 19th century impact the Filipino population?

The educational reforms, including the Educational Decree of 1863 and the return of the Jesuits, expanded access to formal education for a wider segment of society, including the middle and lower classes, and exposed more Filipinos to secular and liberal ideas.

What injustices did the Filipinos face during the Spanish colonial period?

During the Spanish colonial period, Filipinos faced racial prejudice, discrimination, lack of political rights, exploitation, manipulation by the church, and were viewed by the Spanish government as a source of income, leading to widespread poverty and deprivation.

How might Rizal's life and contributions been different if he were born in a different time period or under different circumstances?

If Rizal were born in a different time period or under different circumstances, such as into a less privileged family or without access to like-minded individuals, his experiences and ideas might have led him down a different path, potentially altering his status as a national hero.

Outlines

00:00

🌏 Impact of 19th Century Global Changes on Rizal's Development

This paragraph introduces the video's theme, exploring how the 19th century's global and Philippine changes directly influenced the shaping of Rizal's character. It emphasizes that an individual's identity is not solely defined by genetics but also by life experiences and events. The video will examine the 19th-century economic, social, cultural, and political shifts that affected Rizal, his family, the Philippines, and the world, setting the stage for understanding Rizal's formation against the backdrop of the 'birth of modernity' and the Age of Revolution.

05:03

🏛 The Spanish Empire's Economic Downfall and the Shift in Philippine Economy

The second paragraph delves into the economic history of the Philippines during the 19th century, focusing on the decline of the Spanish Empire and the rise of the Manila-Acapulco Trade, also known as the Galleon Trade. It discusses how Spain's mercantilist policies and control over trade routes led to the eventual halt of the Galleon Trade in the early 19th century. The paragraph then highlights the Philippines' transition to a supplier of raw materials for Western industries due to the Industrial Revolution, the involvement of foreign investors in large-scale production, and the emergence of a wealthy Filipino middle class. It also touches on the significance of the Suez Canal's opening for reduced travel times between Europe and the Philippines.

10:05

📚 The Role of Education and Wealth in Shaping Rizal's Family and Society

This paragraph examines the impact of wealth and education on Rizal's family and the broader Filipino society. It details how Rizal's family, particularly his father's side, the Mercados, became affluent due to the economic progress of the 19th century, moving from controlling a few hectares to hundreds. The paragraph also discusses the racial hierarchy of the 19th century, explaining the privileges associated with Spanish blood and the limited access to education for non-Spaniards. It highlights how wealthy Filipino families, like Rizal's, could provide their children with quality education, which was a luxury and a status symbol during that period.

15:11

🌱 The Growth of Nationalism and the Influence of the Ilustrados

The fourth paragraph explores the rise of nationalism in the Philippines, driven by the Ilustrados, who were educated and influenced by liberal ideas from Europe. It discusses how the Ilustrados sought reforms and equal treatment under Spanish rule, inspired by the democratic ideals they observed in other countries. The paragraph also examines the educational reforms of the 19th century, including the Industrial Revolution's impact on the need for a skilled workforce, the Educational Decree of 1863 that mandated primary education for all, and the return of the Jesuits, who introduced new ideas and methods to the Philippine educational system.

20:16

📖 The Expansion of Literacy and the Call for Filipino Equality

This paragraph discusses the significant increase in literacy rates in the Philippines compared to Spain and the high proportion of Filipino children attending school by European standards. It highlights the dissatisfaction of Filipinos under Spanish rule, who were treated unequally despite the Christian teachings of love and equality for all. The paragraph emphasizes the corruption in the Spanish colonial justice system, which favored the wealthy and Spanish, and the lack of political rights for Filipinos, leading to a desire for democracy and equality among the educated Filipinos.

25:21

🏛️ The Spanish Colonial Oppression and Rizal's Context for Reform

The final paragraph summarizes the oppressive conditions of the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, characterized by racial prejudice, lack of political rights, exploitation of the local population, and manipulation by the church. It describes how the Spanish government focused on exploiting the country's resources and labor, leading to the wealth of the Spanish elite and the poverty of the Filipino people. The paragraph concludes by pondering how different circumstances might have influenced Rizal's life and whether he would still be considered a hero under different conditions, emphasizing that our identities are shaped by a multitude of experiences and events.

Keywords

💡Modernity

Modernity in the video refers to the 19th-century shift from traditional ways of life to new ideas, attitudes, and institutions. It is defined as the 'birth of modernity' because it emphasized a break from the past for the emergence of democratic governance and capitalism, replacing monarchies and feudalism. This concept is central to understanding the changes that influenced Rizal's perspective on life and the world.

💡Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution is highlighted as a period of significant technological and economic change that marked the transition from manual labor to machine-based production. It is integral to the video's theme as it transformed economies and societies, leading to urbanization and new forms of work and leisure, which in turn affected Rizal's environment and the Philippines' opening to world commerce.

💡Enlightenment

The Enlightenment is a philosophical movement that valued reason, rationality, and individualism, which is mentioned in the context of influencing political revolutions like the American and French Revolutions. In the video, it represents the new way of thinking that contributed to Rizal's development of perspective and the desire for democratic ideals and reforms in the Philippines.

💡Racial Hierarchy

Racial Hierarchy in the script describes the social stratification during the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, where individuals were ranked based on their Spanish blood purity. This system is crucial to the video's narrative as it determined social status, access to education, and political rights, affecting Rizal's views on equality and justice.

💡Ilustrados

Ilustrados, meaning 'enlightened ones,' refers to the educated and erudite Filipinos who were exposed to liberal ideas during the 19th century. They are significant to the video's theme as they sought reforms and were instrumental in the rise of nationalism in the Philippines, influencing Rizal's advocacy for Filipino rights and equality.

💡Educational Reforms

Educational Reforms in the video pertain to the changes in the Philippine educational system during the 19th century, including the Educational Decree of 1863 and the return of the Jesuits. These reforms are key to understanding the video's message as they broadened access to education, introduced secular and liberal ideas, and contributed to the awakening of Filipino nationalism.

💡Inquilinos

Inquilinos, or 'tenants,' were wealthy Filipinos who managed large haciendas on behalf of Spanish priests. The term is relevant to the video's theme as it illustrates the economic prosperity some Filipinos experienced during the 19th century, which in turn allowed families like Rizal's to access quality education and contribute to the rise of a middle class.

💡Suez Canal

The Suez Canal is mentioned as an artificial waterway that significantly shortened the travel distance between Europe and the Philippines. Its opening is important to the video's narrative as it facilitated increased trade and foreign engagement in the Philippines, contributing to the country's economic growth and exposure to global influences.

💡Galleon Trade

Galleon Trade, also known as the Manila-Acapulco Trade, refers to the Spanish Empire's commerce between the Philippines and Mexico. It is a historical context in the video that demonstrates Spain's mercantilist power and the Philippines' role as a commercial center before the shift to global trade post-Industrial Revolution.

💡Nationalism

Nationalism in the video is the sentiment and movement that sought to establish, maintain, or promote the interests and culture of a nation. It is a central theme as it reflects the growing desire among Filipinos, including Rizal, for self-governance, equality, and an end to Spanish colonial oppression.

💡Social Inequality

Social Inequality is the unequal distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges among different social classes, which is a recurring issue in the video's discussion of Spanish colonial rule. It is crucial to the video's message as it highlights the systemic injustices that Rizal and the Ilustrados sought to challenge and change.

Highlights

The video discusses the 19th-century changes in the Philippines and the world that directly affected Rizal's development.

Identity is shaped not only by genetics but also by a multitude of life experiences and events.

Factors within and beyond our control contribute to our personal development, similar to pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.

Rizal grew up during the Philippines' struggle for independence and a time of significant social, economic, and political changes.

The 19th Century is known as the 'birth of modernity' due to the emergence of new ideas, attitudes, and institutions.

The Industrial Revolution marked a shift from manual labor to machine-based production, transforming the economy and society.

Political revolutions like the American and French Revolutions were influenced by the Enlightenment, advocating for reason, rationality, and individualism.

Spain's economic condition during the 19th Century was in decline due to over-reliance on silver mines and the effects of the War of Independence in Mexico.

The Manila-Acapulco Trade, also known as the Galleon Trade, played a crucial role in Spain's mercantilist power but eventually ended due to unsustainable practices.

The Philippines transitioned to supplying raw materials to Western industries and ventured into cash crop agriculture during the 19th Century.

The opening of the Suez Canal significantly reduced travel time between Europe and the Philippines, impacting trade and commerce.

The economic prosperity of the 19th Century allowed for the rise of a new influential and wealthy Filipino middle class.

Rizal's family, the Mercados, became affluent due to the economic opportunities presented by the changes in the 19th Century.

Education was a luxury and a status symbol during the 19th Century, accessible mainly to the wealthy and those with Spanish blood.

The racial hierarchy of the 19th Century greatly influenced access to education and societal opportunities for Filipinos.

Wealthy Filipino families like Rizal's were able to send their children to prestigious schools and be exposed to secular and liberal ideas.

The term 'Ilustrado' refers to the educated and enlightened individuals who sought reforms and were influenced by the ideas of democracy and nationalism.

Educational reforms in the 19th Century, such as the Educational Decree of 1863, expanded formal education opportunities to a broader segment of Filipino society.

The return of the Jesuits to the Philippines brought new ideas and methods to the educational system, fostering the growth of nationalism among Filipinos.

The Spanish colonial period in the Philippines was characterized by racial prejudice, lack of political rights, exploitation of the local population, and manipulation by the Church.

Rizal's anger and the rise of nationalism were fueled by the injustices and oppressive practices of the Spanish colonial government.

The video ponders how different circumstances, such as being born into a less privileged family, could have influenced Rizal's life and beliefs.

Transcripts

Kamusta, ako si Humi.

Sa video na ito, pag-uusapan natin kung ano ang mga pagbabagong naranasan ng Pilipinas

at ng mundo noong 19th century,

na direktang nakaapekto sa paghubog ng pagkatao ni Rizal.

Natanong mo na ba sa sarili mo kung paano ka naging ikaw?

Ang pagkatao natin ay hindi lang dine-define ng genetics,

but by a multitude of experiences and events

that are interwoven throughout our lives.

Hindi lang iisa kung hindi maraming factors ang humubog at patuloy na humuhubog

sa pagkatao mo.

Kung medyo naguguluhan ka,

ihalintulad natin siya sa isang jigsaw puzzle.

Dito, ang mga pieces ay yung experiences at events na nangyari sa buhay mo,

at kapag pinagsama-sama natin sila, makakabuo ito ng isang larawan.

At ang larawang yun ay ikaw.

May mga factors na kaya mong kontrolin,

tulad ng pag-decide kung mag-iipon ka ba, kung trip mo bang mag-exercise,

o kung trip mo bang mag-aral kesa magbabad sa social media.

Yung ibang factors naman ay beyond our control.

Tulad ng mundong kinagisnan natin.

Kung pinanganak ka bang mayaman? Kung mapagmahal ba ang pamilya mo?

Kung sino ang mga nasa paligid mo? Kung anong mga events ang nangyayari sa mundo?

Kung saan ka nakatira? Kung anong generation ka?

Kung maganda ba lahi niyo? at marami pang iba.

Lahat ng factors na 'yan, may kinalaman kung paano ka naging ikaw.

Pumunta tayo kay Rizal.

Si Rizal, pinanganak at lumaki siya noong 19th century.

And he grew up amidst the Philippines' struggle for independence

and the shifting social, economic, and political landscape of the time.

At ang mga pagbabagong 'yun ay nag-contribute

para ma-develop ang perspective niya sa buhay.

Para mas maintindihan natin kung paano naging Rizal si Rizal,

balikan natin kung ano ang nangyayari noong 19th Century.

Anu-ano ba itong mga pagbabagong ito,

in terms of economic, social, cultural, at political landscape,

na humubog sa kanya, sa kaniyang pamilya, sa Pilipinas, at sa Mundo noon?

So 19th Century.

Ang 19th Century ay tinatawag ng ilan na birth of modernity.

Bakit?

Kaya siya tinawag na birth of modenity

ay dahil in-emphasize ng era na ito ang pag-break natin

sa mga traditional ways of life

para sa emergence ng mas modern o new ideas, attitudes, at institutions

Kung dati, monarchy. Ngayong 19th century, democracy.

Kung dati, feudalism. Ngayon, capitalism.

Kung dati, passively-accepting. Ngayon, reform-minded.

Tinawag rin ang period na ito na parte ng Age of Revolution.

Bakit?

During this time, nangyayari ang Industrial Revolution.

Nagkaroon ng mga bagong modes of production, transportation, at communication,

na nagresulta para mag-transform ang ekonomiya

dahil nag-shift ang mundo

mula sa manual labor papuntang machine-based production.

This transformation of the economy and society

resulted in new forms of work and leisure,

as well as urbanization and the growth of cities.

Nagkaroon din ng mga political revolutions noong late 18th at early 19th century.

Nandiyan ang American Revolution,

at itong nasa screen mo na French Revolution,

which were both heavily influenced by the Enlightenment,

a philosophical movement that valued reason, rationality, and individualism.

Ang mga political revolutions na ito ay humamon sa kapangyarihan ng monarchy

at nag-pave ng way sa mga bagong form of governance

na naka base sa individual rights, nationalism, at freedom.

Linawin ko lang na nangyari itong dalawang political revolution na'to

noong late 18th century.

Pero malaki ang influence nila, na achievable pala ang ganitong sistema,

na nagbukas ng pintuan para sa marami pang revolution na nangyari noong 19th Century.

The 19th Century encompasses a new way of thinking about the world

and one's place in it,

characterized by an increased focus on individualism, rationality,

and the belief in progress

and the ability to shape the world through

scientific, technological, and social advancement.

Noong 19th century rin, habang lumalakas ang iba't ibang lugar sa Europa,

tulad ng Britain, salamat sa Industrial Revolution,

at France , salamat sa French Revolution,

humihina naman ang estado ng Spain.

Bakit humihina?

Tignan natin ang *economic condition nila during this period.

At I think mas lalo natin 'yang maiintindihan kung babalik pa tayo ng ilang centuries.

Noong panahon na hindi pa tayo sinasakop ng mga Kastila.

Bago pa man tayo masakop ng mga Kastila,

nakikipag-trade na tayo sa iba't ibang mga karatig nating bansa.

Tulad ng China, Japan, Thailand, Cambodia, India, Borneo, Spice Islands...

Noong sinakop na nila tayo,

nakita ng Spanish crown ang opportunity

para kontrolin at pagkakitaan ang kalakalan na ito.

At hindi lang 'yun.

Ginawa nila itong isang government monopoly.

Sinarado nila lahat ng ports ng Maynila sa lahat ng bansa at lugar,

maliban sa *Acapulco, Mexico.

Bakit bukas pa rin sa Mexico?

Dahil at that time, ang Mexico ay parte ng Spanish Empire.

At gino-govern ng Spain ang Pilipinas from Mexico.

Dahil colony ng Spain ang dalawang bansa,

ang Spain ay may exclusive control over the trade route and the goods that were traded.

From that point, nabuo ang Manila-Apaculco Trade.

O baka mas familiar ka sa isa nitong pangalan,

ang Galleon Trade.

Ang galleon ay yung tawag sa ship na ginamit sa pakikipagkalakalan.

Throughout centuries, ang Manila ang naging center of commerce sa East.

*Nagpapadala sila ng kung ano-anong bagay.

Papuntang Apaculco, may chinese silk, may tuba, may fireworks, may kalabaw,

iba't ibang textile, perfume, precious stones…

Tapos pabalik naman, may dala silang iba't ibang flora at fauna

tulad ng guava, avocado, papaya, pinya, kabayo, baka….

In short, naging mercantilist superpower ang Spain.

Pero hindi sila habangbuhay naghari.

Bakit?

Isa pa,

ang Spain ay heavily dependent sa silver mines ng mga colonies nito

sa South America

At nauubos ang mga ito.

Kung wala silang makukunan ng yaman, wala silang pagkakitaan.

Also, tumaas ang production ng silver sa America,

at dahil *SOBRANG daming supply, ang halaga ng silver ay bumaba.

At higit sa lahat, nagkaroon ng War of Independence ang Mexico.

Nagkaroon ng revolt ang Mexico sa Spain,

thus shifting the focus and priority of consumers away from the trade.

Kaya noong unang dekada ng 19th century, dahil hindi na sustainable ang kalakalan,

tuluyang nahinto ang Kalakalang Galleon.

Dahil nahinto na ang Kalakalang Galleon, the Philippines needs a commercial purpose.

Salamat na lang at maraming economic opportunities

dahil sa Industrial Revolution.

Kaya naman, ang Pilipinas ay binuksan sa world commerce.

Nagtransition tayo bilang isang supplier ng mga raw materials

sa mga industries ng West.

Ginamit natin ang ating underutilized na land resources

at nag-venture tayo into a cash crop agriculture.

Kung dati, nagtatanim lang tayo para sa ating mga sarili,

pagdating ng 19th century, nagtatanim tayo para supplyan na ang ibang mga bansa.

Nag-invest dito ng capital ang British, Dutch,

at mga American trading companies para sa large-scale production

ng iba't ibang products, tulad ng tobacco at sugar.

Para mas mapadali ang mga transactions, ang mga foreign investors ay kailangan

ng tulong mula sa mga tao na nasa Pilipinas.

Dito pumasok ang mga Chinese, mestizo, at mga mayayamang natives.

Ang mga Chinese immigrant ay nag-serve as the middlemen between sa provinces,

kung saan tinatanim ang mga products,

at sa mga merchant houses ng mga mestizos sa Manila.

Ang mga mayayamang natives naman ay naging mga tenant o Inquilino sa Spanish.

Ganito ang ginagawa ng mga Inquilino.

Inuupa nila ang mga malalaking hacienda sa mga prayle.

Ang inupa nilang 'yon, ipa-partition nila at

ipapaupa ng mas mura sa mga indigenous farmers.

Noong inopen ang Suez Canal, isang artificial sea-level waterway,

the distance of travel between Europe and the Philippines was considerably shortened.

Kung dati inaabot pa ng tatlong buwan, ngayon forty days na lang.

(salamat sa railways at steamships)

Hindi makakaila na malaki ang epekto sa atin ng Industrial Revolution.

Binuksan tayo sa world commerce.

Foreigners were engaged in manufacturing and agriculture.

Ang economy natin ay dynamic at balanced.

There was rise of new influential and wealthy Filipino middle class.

People were encouraged to participate in the trade.

And migration and increase in population were encouraged.

Noong 1825, ang total trade lang ng Pilipinas ay 2.8 million pesos.

Pero pagdating ng 1875, 31.1 million na ito.

At nagdoble pa ;yan pagdating ng 1895.

You may be wondering,

anong kinalaman nitong mga pinagsasabi ko kay Rizal?

Dahil maganda ang ekonomiya, nagsiyaman ang mga Inquilino.

At kasama sa mga yumamang Inquilino na ito ay ang pamilyang Mercado,

sa father side ni Rizal.

Tignan natin kung gaano sila nakinabang sa economic progress na ito.

During mid-eighteenth century, noong panahon ni Domingo Lam-co,

ang Chinese ancestor ni Rizal,

ang average na hawak ng isang Inquilino ay halos tatlong ektarya lamang.

Pero pagdating ng 1890's,

After Rizal's father had moved to the Calamba hacienda,

halos 400 hectares na ang hawak ng pamilya ni Rizal.

The family Mercado became one of the most affluent family in Calamba.

At hindi lang sa father side, mayaman din ang mother side ni Rizal.

E ano ngayon kung mayaman sila?

Well,

dahil mayaman sila,

kaya nilang mamuhay ng komportable at higit sa lahat,

kaya nilang pag-aralin ang kanilang mga anak.

Ang edukasyon, aminin man natin o hindi, ay isang status symbol.

During this time (up until mid-19th century),

halos mga mayayaman at may dugong Kastila lang ang nakakatamasa

na mag-aral sa isang college o university.

'Yung bang mga nasa tuktok ng hierarchy.

Para mas maintindihan natin

kung bakit education is such a luxury during this period (until mid-19th century),

magandang i-check natin ang racial hierarchy noong 19th Century.

Sa pinakatuktok, nandiyan ang mga Peninsulares

o ang mga pure-blooded Spaniard na ipinanganak sa Iberian Peninsula,

tulad ng Spain.

Sila yung mga officials at mga prayle,

at sila lang ang may kapangyarihan at authority na mamuno sa Pilipinas.

Sa baba ng mga Peninsulares, nandiyan ang mga Insulares o ang mga Creoles.

Ang mga Insulares ay parang Penisulares lang din.

100% na may dugong Kastila.

Ang pinagkaiba lang, ang mga Insulares ay hindi pinanganak sa Spain,

kung hindi sa Pilipinas.

So kung ang tatay at nanay mo ay 100% pure-blooded Spaniard,

pero pinanganak ka naman dito,

hindi ka pwedeng tawaging isang Peninsulares.

Sa baba ng mga Insulares, nandiyan ang mga Mestizos.

Kapag sinabi nating Mestizo o Tisoy, ang ibig sabihin nito ay ikaw ay mixed.

Kunwari, ang tatay mo ay native Filipino

pero ang nanay mo ay isang Spaniard o kaya ay Chinese.

Sa pinakababa ng hierarchy, nandiyan ang Native Filipinos at ang mga Indio.

Dahil nasa baba tayo, mababa ang pagtingin sa'tin ng mga Kastila.

(derogatory term used by Spanish officials; it has lost its original meaning on their hands)

Kung mapapansin mo, malaki ang kahalagahan ng Spanish blood noong Spanish era.

Highly valued.

Para sa mga mata ng mga officials sa Kastila,

kapag ikaw ay pure-blooded, mas superior ka sa kahit sinong Filipino.

And as Spanish blood disappeared,

so did all the privileges that came with it.

Kung titignan natin, ang mga Insulares ay 100% Kastila pa rin naman.

Pero dahil lang pinanganak sila sa Pilipinas,

mas mababa sila sa racial caste system.

Ayon sa mga Peninsulares,

ang Pilipinas ay isa lamang dumping ground for misfits and dregs of society,

and to be born in such a place lowered their racial status.

Kahit ang pinaka-bobong Kastila, as long na Kastila,

titingilain pa rin siya.

Dahil kahit may katiting na patak ka lang na Indio blood,

sa mata ng mga Kastila,

hindi ka nila magiging kapantay.

Dahil maliit lang ang pagtingin ng mga Kastila sa mga Filipino,

hindi nila ito binibigyan ng kahit kaunting respeto sa pagkatao.

At kabilang dito ang access sa edukasyon.

They associated us with ideas of backwardness, primitiveness,

and inferiority.

Dahil hindi binibigyan ng oportunidad,

(likely) hindi madaling makapag-aral ang mga nasa baba ng hierarchy sa kolehiyo.

Pero kung kasing yaman mo naman ang pamilya ni Rizal, hindi ito magiging problema sa'yo.

Wealthy families during this period (latter half of 19th century)

were able to send their children to study in prestigious schools.

Ang mga babaeng anak ng pamilya Rizal, napag-aral nila sa La Concordia.

Ang anak nilang si Paciano, sa Colegio San de Jose.

The relative prosperity of the period has enabled them (wealthy Filipino families)

to send their other sons to Spain and Europe for higher studies.

Hindi lang ang pamilya ni Rizal ang nakatamasa ng ganitong edukasyon,

kung hindi marami pang yumamang Filipino ang napag-aral

ang kanilang mga anak sa Madrid at Barcelona.

Sa kolehiyo, na-expose sila sa mga secular at liberal ideas.

Na, salamat sa mga revolution tulad ng French Revolution,

achievable pala ang isang mundo na hindi tayo api-apihin nitong mga kumag na 'to.

(It may be more accurate to say that they "sought reforms.")

Ang ibig sabihin ng Ilustrado ay erudite, learned, or enlightened one.

Bilang Ilustrado, sabihin na natin na naiinggit

sila sa democracy na natatamasa ng ibang mga bansa,

at sana ay ganun din ang natatamasa ng Pilipinas.

Na sana, hindi tayo inapi-inapi.

Na sana tinatrato tayo bilang isang tao.

At isa sa mga goal nila, i-treat tayo ng mga Spaniards bilang equivalent.

To be fair, madaling sabihin na kaya nag-emerge ang nationalist movement

sa Pilipinas ay dahil sa mga Ilustrados.

Pero mas may malaking factor pa na naging dahilan para ma-stimulate ang nationalism

para sa mga natives na nasa Pilipinas.

I-examine natin itong mga educational reforms na nangyari

noong 19th Century.

Una.

Dahil sa Industrial Revolution,

napilitang baguhin ang educational system ng Pilipinas.

Hindi na pwedeng puro dasal pa rin ang ituro,

dahil kailangan ng ekonomiya ng skilled labor.

Ang mga schools, bago tayo maapektuhan ng Industrial Revolution,

ay kontrol talaga ng mga prayle.

At ang environment nun can be summed up in three words:

inadequate, suppressive, and controlled.

Mas pinapairal ang Fear of God kesa basic literacy.

Obedience to the friars imbis na matuto yung bata na magbilang.

Childrens in the schools were taught to instill in their minds that

they were inferior to others and were only capable of doing manual work.

Clearly, ang ganitong educational system ay hindi

na magwo-work to keep up with the modernizing world.

Pangalawa.

Ang Educational Decree of 1863.

Isa itong attempt ng Spanish Colonial government

to address the lack of formal education among Filipinos.

Sa decree na ito,

minamandato na ang bawat town sa Pilipinas ay kailangan magtayo

ng at least one primary school for boys and girls.

which was to be supported by municipal funds and supervised

by the local government.

This decree marked the beginning of (wider) formal education in the Philippines

and opened up educational opportunities to a wider segment of society,

including the middle and lower classes.

Ang primary education ay naging libre at bukas sa mga Filipino.

This is significant,

kasi ang pag-aaral kung paano magbasa, magsulat, at magbilang ay hindi na lang

para sa mga wealthy at elite.

Although, hindi ito perfect.

It lacked resources and qualified teachers.

May mga discriminations din na nangyayari na nararanasan ng mga natives.

At dahil nga Spaniards ang may hawak ng edukasyon,

heavily influenced pa rin ito ng Catholicism at Spanish Culture.

Kaya nahi-hinder tuloy yung development ng national identity ng mga Filipino.

Pero isa pa rin itong important step.

Dahil dito, natuto tayong maintindihan ang wikang Kastila,

at naging foundation para sa development of

formal education at sa mga susunod na educational reform.

Pangatlo, the return of the Jesuits was a significant event

that influenced the educational system in the Philippines.

Noong bumalik sa Pilipinas ang mga Jesuits o Heswita,

may dala silang mga ideas and methods na bago sa educational system ng Pilipinas.

Noong 1865, ang Ateneo, na hina-handle noon ng mga Heswita,

transformed into a secondary school.

At ang tinuturo nila ay beyond the official requirements.

Pang-kolehiyo na kahit high school pa yung studyante.

At dahil sa mga secondary schools na 'to kagaya ng Ateneo,

naging awake ang mga ideas of nationalism,

kahit sa mga Filipino na hindi naman nakapag-aral sa Europe.

Ayon nga sa isang letter ni Rizal kay Blumentritt,

Ang mga educational reform na ito ay nakatulong na bigyan ng access

'yung iba pang mga tao na magkaroon ng opportunity

na makapag-aral, makapag-basa, at matuto.

In fact, noong 1866 nga ay mas malaki pa ang proportion ng literate people

sa Pilipinas kesa sa Spain.

The proportion of Filipino children attending school was also above average

in European standards.

Bakit ganun na lang ang sigaw ng mga Filipino noong panahon ni Rizal?

Na kailangan natin ng demokrasya.

Para mas maintindihan natin siguro ay kailangan natin bumalik noong 16th Century.

Noong inintroduce sa atin ng mga Kastila ang relihiyong Christianity.

Noong inintroduce sa atin ng mga Spaniards ang Christianity,

ang sabi nila ay dapat nating mahalin ang lahat ng tao,

kahit ano pang kulay, yaman, o katangian,

dahil pare-pareho tayong mga nilikha ng Diyos.

Kaso may problema.

Nakalimutan nilang sabihin na sa word na "tao", hindi tayo kasama.

The Spanish colonial authorities did not treat brown-skinned Filipinos equally.

Naalala ko sa hypocrisy na ito yung famous quote sa book ni George Orwell,

Dahil nakalimutan nilang sabihin 'yun,

o sa totoo ay talagang kinalimutan talaga,

halos lahat ng Filipino sa Luzon ay naging Kristyano.

At throughout the next three centuries, ginamit nila ang relihiyon

para i-justify ang lahat ng kanilang maling ginagawa.

Forced labor?

Para sa Diyos.

Cultural Suppression?

Para sa Diyos.

Conquest and Violence?

Para sa Diyos.

During Rizal's time, ang Court of Justice ay notoriously corrupt.

Mas dapat nga sigurong tawagin itong "Court of Injustice."

Ang hustisya, para lang sa mayaman.

Parang mali pa nga yung mayaman e.

Ang hustisya, para lang sa Kastila.

Because at that time brown Filipinos were

often treated unfaitly and justice was costly, partial, and slow.

Kung isa kang Filipino na mahirap,

hindi mo talaga makakayang bayaran ang sobra-sobrang mga gagastusin sa litigation.

Kung isa ka namang mayaman na kulay puti, panalo ka na.

Yung Filipino na yung guilty at makukulong.

Ayon nga kay John Foreman,

Ang judicial procedure ay mabagal na nga,

making it easy for justice to be delayed or denied,

madali pang mahanapan ng butas.

Wala kang choice kung sino ang mamamahala sa lugar mo,

kasi wala ka namang karapatang bumoto.

The government enforced strict social and political hierarchies,

denying Filipinos basic political rights and freedoms.

This led to limited participation in the government,

and the responsibilities of the natives were often not adequately compensated,

(likely) leading to poor job performance.

Kung kaliwang kamay ng Spanish crown ang mga officials,

ang kanan naman ay para sa simbahan.

Kaya nilang magpakulong, at kahit may maling ginagagawa yung mga prayle,

dahil kasama sila sa batas,

'matic inosente pa rin sila.

The imposition of heavy taxes and levies on the local population resulted in

widespread poverty and deprivation.

In addition, nangungurakot yung mga officials,

Nangongolekta sila ng pera, hindi para mapaayos yung sirang tulay

o ipaayos yung mga eskwelahan, pero para sa mga sarili nilang bulsa.

I-summarize natin yung mga sinabi ko.

Ang Spanish colonial period sa Pilipinas

was marked by racial prejudice o rasismo, diskriminasyon, halos walang political rights,

pineperahan ang local population, mina-manipulate ng simbahan ang bansa

at ang tingin sa atin ng gobyerno ng Spain

ay isang money making machine kaya nagfo-focus sila on exploiting the

country's resources and labor.

Patuloy na yumayaman ang mga mayayamang Kastila,

at patuloy na humihirap ang mga mahihirap na Filipino.

Kung ganito ang nakikita mong mga hindi makatarungang bagay na ginagawa

sa bansa mo at sa mga kapwa mong Filipino, hindi ka ba magagalit?

Kasi yung galit na 'yan yung naramdaman ni Rizal,

ng mga Ilustrados, at ng mga Filipinos na exposed sa

liberal ideas nung nakita nila itong mga pangaabusong ito.

Sa tingin nila,

ang (Spanish officials and its practices) ay regressive, incompatible, childish, ang backward,

at ang rason kung bakit hindi umuunlad ang Pilipinas.

Sabi nga ni Rizal sa isa niyang sulat,

Kanina pinag-usapan natin yung mga revolutions na nangyari.

At 'yan ang mga nangyari noong 19th Century Philippines as Rizal's context,

in terms of *economic, social, cultural, at political landscape.

Kung ngayon kaya pinanganak si Rizal, siya pa rin kaya yung Rizal na kilala natin?

Mahirap sabihin.

Kung pinanganak siya on a different time period, e 'di

different din ang experiences at ideas na makukuha niya,

that would lead him down to a different path.

Pero pwede mo ring i-argue na may nagbago ba?

Hindi ba nagpapatuloy pa rin naman ang oppression at

inequality at hindi ba't passionate si Rizal na i-advocate ang

karapatan ng mga Filipino.

So kung pinanganak siya ngayon, e baka siya pa rin yung Rizal na tinuturing nating bayani.

Nonetheless, it is worth pondering how different circumstances, such as being born into a less

privileged family or not having access to like-minded

individuals, would have influenced his life's trajectory.

Ngayon, only one thing is clear,

ang pagkatao natin ay hindi lang dine-define ng genetics,

but by a multitude of experiences and events that are interwoven throughout our lives.