Akuntansi Pajak Aset Tetap

Yusi Sukmayanda

23 Jun 202020:03

Summary

TLDRThis video script discusses fixed asset accounting, highlighting differences between commercial accounting (PSAK 16) and tax regulations in Indonesia. It covers initial asset recognition, depreciation methods like straight-line and production-based, and the impact of asset life estimates on depreciation. The script also explores temporary differences, tax deferrals, and adjustments for asset revaluations or extensions of asset life, using examples to illustrate calculations and their implications for financial reporting.

Takeaways

📚 PSAK No. 16 and tax regulations are the main references for accounting and taxation of fixed assets.
🏦 Initial recognition of fixed assets can be based on acquisition cost or market value.
📈 Depreciation methods can vary between commercial accounting (straight-line, declining balance, etc.) and fiscal accounting (straight-line and declining balance).
📊 The useful life of an asset for accounting purposes can be estimated by management, while for tax purposes, it must comply with the Ministry of Finance regulations.
🚗 Example calculation: A company bought a car for 200 million on 01-01-2017, estimated to have a 4-year useful life. The annual depreciation for accounting would be 50 million.
💼 Temporary differences arise from the difference in depreciation calculations between commercial accounting and fiscal accounting.
💹 Deferred tax assets or liabilities emerge when there is a temporary difference between the accounting and tax values of an asset or liability.
🌱 Depreciation can start from the month an asset is used to generate income or maintain earnings, with approval from the Director General of Taxes.
🔄 If an asset is revalued, the new value becomes the basis for subsequent depreciation for both accounting and tax purposes.
⏫ An increase in the useful life of a fixed asset due to significant expenditure can extend the asset's life and change the depreciation calculation.
💰 Gains or losses from the sale of fixed assets can impact taxable income and may be subject to tax, depending on whether they exceed the asset's carrying amount.

Q & A

What does PSAK 16 refer to in the context of accounting for fixed assets?
-PSAK 16 refers to the Indonesian Accounting Standard for Fixed Assets, which provides guidelines on how to account for fixed assets in financial statements.
How is the useful life of a fixed asset determined for tax purposes in Indonesia?
-For tax purposes, the useful life of a fixed asset is determined according to the regulations set by the Ministry of Finance, as stipulated in the Indonesian tax law.
What are the two methods of depreciation recognized for tax purposes in Indonesia?
-The two methods of depreciation recognized for tax purposes in Indonesia are the straight-line method and the declining balance method.
What is the difference between the commercial and fiscal life of an asset as mentioned in the script?
-The commercial life of an asset is determined by management estimates, while the fiscal life is determined by tax regulations and is specific to the asset category as defined by the Ministry of Finance.
How is the depreciation expense calculated for a fixed asset that costs 200 million and has an estimated useful life of four years?
-The depreciation expense is calculated by dividing the cost of the asset by the number of years of its useful life. So, for an asset costing 200 million with a four-year life, the annual depreciation expense would be 50 million.
What is a temporary difference and how does it arise between commercial and fiscal depreciation?
-A temporary difference arises when the depreciation expense recognized for financial (commercial) accounting purposes differs from that recognized for tax (fiscal) accounting purposes due to different useful lives or methods of depreciation.
What is the tax consequence of a temporary difference where the commercial book value is greater than the fiscal book value?
-When the commercial book value is greater than the fiscal book value, it results in a deferred tax asset, which represents the future tax benefit from the deductible temporary difference.
How is the start of depreciation for tax purposes determined if a company starts using an asset partway through the year?
-With the approval of the Director General of Tax, the company can start depreciating the asset from the month it is used to generate income or when the asset starts generating revenue.
What is the fiscal correction for depreciation, and how does it affect the tax reporting?
-Fiscal correction for depreciation is the adjustment made to align the depreciation expense for tax purposes with the accounting depreciation. It can result in either a positive or negative correction, affecting the taxable income and consequently the tax payable.
How does the extension of the useful life of a fixed asset affect its depreciation for accounting and tax purposes?
-For accounting purposes, the extended useful life is added to the book value of the asset, and depreciation continues over the new life. For tax purposes, the expenditure to extend the life is treated as a new asset with its own depreciation period.
What are the implications of selling a fixed asset at a gain for tax purposes in Indonesia?
-If a fixed asset is sold at a gain, the difference between the selling price and the book value is considered taxable income and is subject to Personal Income Tax (PPh) in Indonesia.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Accounting and Taxation of Fixed Assets

This paragraph discusses the accounting and taxation of fixed assets, specifically referencing Indonesian accounting standards (PSAK) and tax regulations. It covers the initial recognition of fixed assets, their measurement based on acquisition cost or market value, and the depreciation methods used post-recognition, which can be either straight-line or revaluation models. The paragraph also explains the difference in useful life estimation between accounting (PSAK 16) and tax regulations, where the former can be based on management estimates and the latter must comply with the Ministry of Finance's regulations. It further delves into the depreciation methods in commercial accounting, such as straight-line, diminishing balance, and production or work hours, contrasting these with the fiscal methods that adhere strictly to the straight-line method and specific depreciation rates as per tax law. An example is provided involving a company, PT ABC, which purchased a car and the calculations for its depreciation for the year 2017, highlighting the differences between commercial and fiscal depreciation, and the resulting temporary differences and tax liabilities.

05:00

🌳 Depreciation and Tax Considerations for Agricultural Assets

The second paragraph focuses on the depreciation of assets in the agricultural sector, particularly for tax purposes. It mentions that depreciation must start from the month an asset is used to generate income. An example is given where a plantation company, PT Sawit Hijau, purchases a tractor in 2013 and begins to generate income in late 2014. The tractor's depreciation is allowed to start from the 2014 tax year. The paragraph also discusses the revaluation of assets for tax purposes, where the basis for depreciation becomes the revalued asset's value. It explains the concept of fiscal depreciation corrections, which can be positive or negative depending on whether the commercial accounting value is greater or lesser than the fiscal accounting value. An example is provided with PT Arjuna, which shows the calculation of taxable income, the difference between accounting and tax depreciation, and the resulting deferred tax liability.

10:02

🚚 Extension of Useful Life for Fixed Assets

This paragraph discusses the scenario where significant expenditures can extend the useful life of a fixed asset or provide future economic benefits. It outlines the accounting treatment, where such expenditures are added to the asset's book value and depreciated over the extended useful life. In contrast, for tax purposes, these expenditures are treated as separate assets with their own useful lives, leading to a longer period of depreciation. An example is given of a box truck purchased in 2017 with an estimated useful life of 10 years, which then has its life extended by three years due to additional expenditures. The calculations for depreciation in both accounting and tax perspectives are provided, illustrating the difference in the depreciation expense for the year 2014 and subsequent years.

15:03

💼 Tax Implications of Asset Transactions

The final paragraph covers the tax implications of asset transactions, including the sale or exchange of tangible assets. It mentions the tax exemptions for certain types of assets, such as donations received by religious institutions or family inheritances. It also discusses the tax treatment of losses or gains from the sale or transfer of assets used in a business, which can be deducted from gross income. The paragraph provides an example of a company selling a box truck, comparing the depreciation and book value between accounting and tax perspectives, and calculating the gain from the sale. It also touches on asset exchanges, where the depreciation method and useful life are consistent between the old and new assets, leading to the same loss or gain being recognized for both accounting and tax purposes.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Accounting

Accounting refers to the systematic and comprehensive recording of financial transactions related to a business or other organization. It is a crucial part of managing a company as it provides insights into financial health and performance. In the video, accounting is discussed in the context of accounting standards (PSAK) and how they differ from tax regulations, particularly in the treatment of fixed assets.

💡Fixed Assets

Fixed assets are long-term tangible assets that a company owns and uses to produce income. They are not intended for sale in the ordinary course of business. Examples include buildings, vehicles, and machinery. The video discusses the accounting and taxation of fixed assets, emphasizing the differences in depreciation methods and useful life estimations between commercial accounting and tax regulations.

💡PSAK 16

PSAK 16 is an Indonesian accounting standard that governs the accounting treatment of property, plant, and equipment. It provides guidelines on the recognition, measurement, and disclosure of fixed assets. The video mentions PSAK 16 as the reference for accounting practices concerning fixed assets, including their initial recognition and subsequent measurement.

💡Depreciation

Depreciation is the process of allocating the cost of a fixed asset over its useful life. It is used to spread out the expense of assets that provide economic benefits over multiple accounting periods. The video discusses different depreciation models, such as the straight-line method and units of production method, and how they are applied in both accounting and tax contexts.

💡Taxation

Taxation refers to the compulsory levy imposed by a government on workers and businesses to finance public expenditures. In the video, taxation is discussed in relation to how fixed assets are treated for tax purposes, including the rules for depreciation and the calculation of taxable income.

💡Useful Life

Useful life is the period over which an asset is expected to provide economic benefits to an entity. It is a critical factor in calculating depreciation. The video explains how the useful life of fixed assets can be estimated differently for accounting and tax purposes, leading to temporary differences that may affect tax liabilities.

💡Straight-Line Method

The straight-line method is a depreciation technique where the cost of a fixed asset is allocated evenly over its estimated useful life. This method results in equal depreciation expenses each year. The video uses this method as an example of how depreciation is calculated for both accounting and tax purposes.

💡Temporary Difference

Temporary differences arise when the tax basis of an asset or liability is different from its carrying amount in the financial statements. These differences can cause taxable or deductible amounts in future years. The video discusses how temporary differences in the depreciation of fixed assets can lead to deferred tax assets or liabilities.

💡Deferred Tax

Deferred tax represents the tax effects of temporary differences between the accounting and tax treatments of income, expenses, assets, and liabilities. It is reported as a liability (for taxable temporary differences) or an asset (for deductible temporary differences). The video explains how differences in the depreciation of fixed assets can result in deferred tax assets or liabilities.

💡Tax Provision

A tax provision is an estimate of the income taxes that will be paid on taxable income. It includes current tax liabilities and deferred tax liabilities or assets. The video discusses how tax provisions are calculated based on the differences between accounting profits and taxable income, including the impact of temporary differences.

💡Asset Revaluation

Asset revaluation is the process of adjusting the carrying amount of an asset to its fair value. This can occur when there is a significant event or change in circumstances that indicates the asset's value has changed. The video touches on revaluation as a method of subsequent measurement of fixed assets, and how it can affect the calculation of depreciation and deferred taxes.

Highlights

Introduction to accounting for fixed assets and tax regulations.

PSAK No. 16 and tax law as references for accounting and tax on fixed assets.

Initial recognition and measurement of fixed assets can be based on acquisition cost or market value.

Depreciation models such as straight-line, declining balance, and units of production are discussed.

The difference between commercial and fiscal depreciation methods and their compliance with regulations.

Explanation of temporary differences between commercial and fiscal accounting for depreciation.

Calculation of deferred tax assets or liabilities due to differences in accounting and tax valuations.

Example calculation of depreciation for a car purchased by PT ABC in 2017.

Detailed calculation of temporary differences and their impact on deferred tax.

Explanation of the impact of asset revaluation on depreciation for both accounting and tax purposes.

The treatment of asset useful life extension and its effect on depreciation calculations.

A step-by-step calculation of the impact of asset life extension on depreciation for a car box.

Discussion on the tax treatment of asset disposals and their impact on taxable income.

Explanation of the tax implications of asset exchanges and their effect on accounting records.

Highlight of the importance of aligning accounting practices with tax regulations to avoid discrepancies.

The conclusion of the lecture with a summary of the key points covered.