Journalism Ethics
Summary
TLDRIn this video lecture, Professor Mark Robaski delves into journalism ethics, addressing the public's distrust in media and exploring if such skepticism is justified. He discusses historical shifts in journalism, from the biased early American press to the rise of objectivity. Robaski scrutinizes contemporary issues like media bias, sensationalism, and the role of journalists in democracy. He also highlights the importance of ethical guidelines for journalists and the public's role in supporting quality journalism, emphasizing the media's vital function in a thriving democracy.
Takeaways
- 😀 The media's reputation is under attack, with figures like Donald Trump and Joe Biden criticizing media outlets for spreading 'fake news' or showing bias.
- 🧐 The public's distrust in the media stems from high expectations of accuracy and objectivity, which have only been a standard for about a century.
- 📰 The early American Press was known for being partisan and biased, with a significant shift towards neutrality occurring after events like the Civil War.
- 🔍 The term 'yellow journalism' emerged from unethical practices in the late 1800s and early 1900s, leading to a public demand for fair and accurate reporting.
- 🤔 Walter Lippmann criticized the New York Times for biased coverage of the Russian Revolution, arguing journalists were more focused on political narratives than facts.
- 🔄 The concept of journalistic objectivity involves being neutral, unbiased, and balanced, despite the inherent challenges due to human subjectivity.
- ✅ Journalists adopted codes of ethics in response to criticism and public backlash, emphasizing principles like objectivity and verifying facts.
- 📉 A decline in public trust is evident, with a 2018 Gallup poll showing a significant drop in Americans who believe the media separates fact from opinion.
- 🌐 The perception of media bias is a global issue, with the U.S. ranking lower than other countries in public trust, according to a 2022 survey.
- 🗣️ The media's role as the 'fourth estate' is crucial for democracy, with journalists having a duty to hold government officials accountable and inform the public.
Q & A
What is the main reason for the public's disappointment in the press as mentioned in the script?
-The public has high standards for journalists, expecting them to be accurate and objective in their reporting. However, the notion of journalists being honest and fair is relatively recent, leading to disappointment when these standards are not met.
How did the Civil War influence the reporting style of journalists during the 1860s?
-The Civil War led to a transformation in journalism where reporters from newswire organizations like the Associated Press reported on battles in a neutral and factual manner, avoiding injecting pro-north or pro-south opinions into their coverage.
What is 'yellow journalism' and how did it impact public perception of the media?
-Yellow journalism refers to the unethical practices of sensationalism and inaccurate reporting during the late 1800s and early 1900s, particularly by newspaper publishers like Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst. It led to a public backlash and a push for accurate and fair reporting.
What did Walter Lippmann criticize about the New York Times' coverage of the Russian Revolution?
-Walter Lippmann criticized the New York Times for distorting its coverage of the Russian Revolution due to the staff's bias, arguing that journalists were more concerned with political narratives than with facts.
What does 'objectivity' mean in journalism?
-In journalism, objectivity means being neutral, unbiased, balanced, and without personal ideology, values, and opinions. It involves practices like presenting both sides of a controversy, identifying sources, putting information in context, and verifying facts.
According to the script, why did the public's confidence in newspapers and television news reach an all-time low in 2022?
-The public's confidence in newspapers and television news reached an all-time low due to a perceived increase in partisan, biased, and unreliable reporting, as well as a decline in media literacy among the public.
What role does the press play in a democracy according to the U.S. Constitution?
-The press plays a crucial role in a democracy as it is considered the fourth estate, serving as a check on the government beyond the three branches. The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees press freedom and freedom of speech.
How does the lack of diversity in newsrooms contribute to bias in journalism?
-The lack of diversity in newsrooms, particularly in terms of race, socio-economic status, and political views, can lead to structural bias. A homogeneous group of journalists may not adequately cover the diverse population of the United States, leading to underrepresentation and skewed perspectives.
What are the four principles of the Society of Professional Journalists' code of ethics?
-The four principles of the Society of Professional Journalists' code of ethics are: 1) Seek the truth and report it, 2) Minimize harm, 3) Act independently, and 4) Be accountable.
Why is it important for journalists to correct their mistakes and be accountable according to the ethics code?
-Correcting mistakes and being accountable is important for journalists to maintain credibility and trust with the public. It ensures that the media remains a reliable source of information and upholds the ethical standards of the profession.
How can the public help improve the quality of journalism?
-The public can help improve the quality of journalism by becoming media literate, supporting good journalism, and being discerning consumers who demand accurate and fair reporting. Consumers' choices can influence which stories get attention and which do not.
Outlines
📰 The Erosion of Trust in Media
This paragraph discusses the historical context and current state of public distrust in media. It highlights the role of figures like former U.S. President Donald Trump and President Joe Biden in criticizing the media. The public's perception of media as unscrupulous is explored, along with the historical evolution of journalistic ethics. The paragraph explains how the concept of journalistic objectivity emerged in response to events like the Civil War and the rise of 'yellow journalism'. It also touches on the influence of propaganda and the call for an objective press to counteract bias in news reporting.
🔍 Pursuing Objectivity in Journalism
The paragraph delves into the concept of journalistic objectivity, emphasizing the need for neutrality and balance in news reporting. It discusses the importance of verifying information, using credible sources, and providing context to allow readers to form their own judgments. The paragraph also addresses the challenges of achieving complete objectivity due to human biases and the influence of emotions and experiences. It outlines the historical shift towards objectivity in response to public demand and the adoption of ethical codes by journalists to ensure better practices.
📉 The Decline of Public Confidence in Media
This section highlights the decline in public confidence in media, particularly in the United States. It references a Gallup poll that shows a significant drop in the percentage of Americans who believe the media separates fact from opinion. The paragraph discusses the perception of political bias in news coverage and the inability of many to name an objectively reporting news source. It also addresses the historical importance of a free press in democracy and the role of the media as the 'fourth estate', responsible for holding government officials accountable.
🌐 Bias and Challenges in Modern Journalism
The paragraph examines various forms of bias in modern journalism, including language, structural, commercial, visual, expediency, and narrative biases. It discusses how these biases affect news coverage and public perception. The paragraph also touches on the debate over journalistic objectivity versus activism, with some journalists advocating for a more engaged role in reporting. It highlights the complexity of the media landscape and the challenges faced by journalists in maintaining ethical standards and public trust.
📜 Ethical Guidelines and the Future of Journalism
This final paragraph focuses on the ethical guidelines that journalists should follow to ensure truth, minimize harm, act independently, and be accountable. It connects these principles to classical ethical frameworks and emphasizes the importance of maintaining a free and responsible press for a healthy democracy. The paragraph concludes by acknowledging the challenges faced by journalists and the role of the public in supporting quality journalism and improving media literacy.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Journalism Ethics
💡Distrust in Media
💡Yellow Journalism
💡Objectivity
💡Media Literacy
💡Bias in News
💡First Amendment
💡Fourth Estate
💡Master Narratives
💡Activist Journalism
Highlights
The media's reputation has been under attack, with figures like Donald Trump and Joe Biden expressing criticisms.
Professor Mark Robaski addresses journalism ethics, exploring public distrust and the roots of criticism.
The public expects journalists to be accurate and objective, a standard that is roughly a century old.
Early American Press was partisan and biased, with the Civil War influencing a shift towards neutral reporting.
Yellow journalism emerged in the early 1900s, with publishers like Hearst resorting to sensationalism for readership.
Walter Lippmann criticized the New York Times for biased coverage of the Russian Revolution.
Lippmann advocated for an objective press, using a method akin to the scientific method to reduce subjectivity.
Journalists began adopting codes of ethics to ensure better behavior, emphasizing principles like objectivity.
A 2018 Gallup poll found a significant decline in Americans' belief that the media separates fact from opinion.
Media literacy among the public is declining, with many unable to distinguish fact from opinion.
Bias in journalism can manifest in language, structural, commercial, visual, expediency, and narrative forms.
Some journalists question the need for objectivity, advocating for an activist role instead of impartial coverage.
The Society of Professional Journalists' code of ethics outlines principles for truthful, fair, and accountable reporting.
The public has a role in improving journalism by being media literate and supporting high-quality reporting.
Journalism is necessary for a successful democracy, despite its imperfections and ethical challenges.
Transcripts
foreign
[Music]
ly the media's reputation has been under
attack of course we all know how former
U.S president Donald Trump feels about
the media news now when you report fake
news which CNN does a lot you are the
enemy of the people go ahead likewise
President Joe Biden has also had his
criticisms of journalists
it's a great asset more inflation
what a stupid song
but they're not alone even the average
American doesn't hold a high opinion of
the press in short the vast majority of
the public believe the media is
unscrupulous
hi I'm Professor Mark rabaski and in
this video lecture I will address
journalism ethics I'll examine the
reasons why the public distrusts the
media and whether this criticism is
Justified I'll also discuss some of the
hot spots that raise ethical concerns
for journalists along with explaining
ethical guidelines for journalists
first let's begin with a little history
a big reason that the public is
disappointed in the Press is because
they have high standards for journalists
in short we've come to expect
journalists to be accurate and objective
in their reporting but it wasn't always
that way
the notion that journalists should be
honest and fair is only about a century
old
the early American Press was partisan
biased and often inaccurate events such
as the Civil War and public backlash
against dishonest journalism practices
led to a transformation of the
profession in America
the Civil War during the 1860s pitted
northern states versus Southern States
and newswire organizations such as the
Associated Press sold their stories to
newspapers in both regions as a result
their reporters simply reported on who
won battles in a neutral and factual
manner rather than injecting pro-north
or proth-south opinions into their
coverage
this new approach gained momentum in the
industry but problems persisted
around the beginning of the 1900s two
prominent newspaper Publishers Joseph
Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst had
been engaged in a competition for
readers and seemed to be willing to sell
newspapers at any cost for example the
United States entered in a war against
Spain in 1898 that was arguably due to a
fake news story that Hearst published in
his newspapers
these unethical practices became known
as yellow journalism
this led to a backlash and there was a
strong public push for accurate and fair
reporting in the 1920s a media critic
known as Walter lippman argued that this
crisis in journalism was undermining
democracy
he was particularly critical of the New
York Times and published a scathing
account of how its staff's bias had
distorted the newspaper's coverage of
the Russian Revolution he said that
journalists were more concerned with
political narratives than with facts
that they were telling readers how they
wished to see the world rather than how
it actually was in reality
and this in turn was a disservice to the
public who were relying on the news
media for information so that they could
make informed decisions
it was sort of a real life example of
Plato's parable of the cave and that the
public was Prisoners of an illusion
created by the media and they would be
shocked if they knew the truth
there was also a growing new problem
facing journalism around the same time
propaganda began to be more fully
understood and increasingly used by a
developing new occupation called public
relations
littmann worried about its impact on
journalism in short the world was
becoming a very complex place and people
were struggling to make sense of it all
so Littman and others argued for a new
form of Journalism that would rid the
Press of bias
he proposed having an objective press
what exactly does that mean
objectivity basically means being
neutral unbiased balanced and without
personal ideology and values and
opinions
that said we know that humans can't ever
be completely unbiased and neutral
our emotions perceptions relationships
and experiences get in the way and Cloud
our judgment
so littmann proposed using a method
similar to the scientific method that
would help journalists reduce their
subjective use and instead present the
news objectively
journalistically objective means doing
things like talking to both sides and a
controversy instead of presenting news
in a one-sided way
it means identifying sources so that
readers can judge whether they are
credible instead of using Anonymous
sources
objectivity also requires putting
information within context and verifying
facts
there's an old saying in journalism that
if your mother says she loves you verify
it
that basically means journalists should
never take any piece of information for
granted or assume anything they should
always double check to ensure accuracy
but when we talk about journalistic
objectivity it's really a careful
process of news Gathering and reporting
that helps reduce reporters biases
presenting news in this way allows
readers to make their own judgments
rather than being told what to think
in response to littmann's criticism and
the public backlash against the Press
journalists began to adopt codes of
Ethics to ensure better Behavior
principles such as objectivity telling
both sides of the story and verifying
rumors to ensure that they were actually
true became standard journalism practice
but now in the 21st century many believe
we are seeing a return to the old days
of a partisan biased and unreliable
press
a 2018 Gallup poll found that only 32
percent of Americans say the media is
careful to separate fact from opinion
compared to nearly 60 percent in 1984.
almost half of Americans see a great
deal of political bias in news coverage
up from 25 in 1989.
and a majority couldn't name a source
that reports news objectively
the trend appears to be getting worse by
the day Americans confidence in
newspapers and television news plummeted
to an all-time low in 2022.
according to a Gallup survey only 16
percent of Americans have confidence in
newspapers and only 11 percent have
confidence in television news
2022 survey of people in 40 Nations
found that media bias was perceived as a
bigger problem in the United States than
in any other country
Finland ranked highest with about 70
percent of its citizens confident in The
Finnish media
but such significant distrust in the
media is particularly concerning in the
United States where the Press has always
been considered essential to democracy
in fact America's Founders believe that
a free and vigorous press was so vital
to democracy that they wove it into
America's social contract
the First Amendment of the Constitution
guarantees press freedom and freedom of
speech
U.S Founding Father Thomas Jefferson
said the Press is the best instrument
for enlightening the mind of man in fact
he added that if I had to choose between
government without newspapers and
newspapers without government I wouldn't
hesitate to choose the latter
the American Press is often described as
the fourth estate because it serves as a
final check on Democracy beyond the
three government branches
it has an obligation to its moral
claimants who are the public to put
pressure on government officials and
hold them accountable
it is journalists duty to inform the
public about how politicians are voting
and spending their tax dollars so that
they could decide whether to re-elect
them when the next election rolls around
but most Americans don't think the Press
is fulfilling that role
a 2020 survey found that 84 percent of
Americans believe the news media is
critical for democracy but only 28
percent believe the news media is
fulfilling its role
the poll also found that 84 believe the
Press plays a role in creating political
division in the United States
now In fairness to journalists they're
not entirely to blame for this negative
perception
part of the problem can also be
attributed to a decline in media
literacy among the public
there's often confusion over who's a
journalist
today's media consists of a diverse
group of news outlets including
newspapers TV and radio shows and of
course websites and bloggers and
podcasters
everything including tabloids partisan
news sites gossip bloggers infotainment
websites and even comedians get lumped
in under the media umbrella even though
many of them don't identify as
journalists or they lack the standards
of professional journalists
studies show that many Americans
particularly younger Americans can't
distinguish fact from opinion
they can't even tell fake news from Real
News
keep in mind that in America anyone can
be a journalist you don't need a license
to practice
and there are no laws requiring fairness
and objectivity at one point in time
there was a fairness Doctrine which
required broadcast journalists to
present both sides of a controversial
issue but Congress eliminated that
policy decades ago
so as news consumers we must be careful
to not demonize the entire media
which is a really broad group of people
and organizations
and even at a specific news organization
such as the New York Times and Fox News
there are hundreds of journalists and
some are more committed to journalistic
Excellence and upholding High ethical
standards than others
so we must avoid negatively stereotyping
all journalists
that said there are some troubling
Trends and patterns in the profession
that can't be ignored
bias can be seen in today's news
coverage in many ways
first simply communicating by written or
spoken words introduces bias into news
language cannot be neutral it reflects
and structures our ideologies and World
Views for example whether a journalist
uses the term pro-life or anti-abortion
or whether they say undocumented migrant
or a legal immigrant is bound to anger
some of the news consumers who may view
their word choices evidence of political
bias
but most journalists do their jobs with
little or no thought given to language
Theory which is to say how language
works and how humans use language
second there is structural bias baked
into newsrooms
press suffers from a lack of diversity
in all forms particularly racial
socio-economic and political diversity
among today's journalists nearly 80
percent are white only seven percent are
conservative
very few come from poor backgrounds and
a significant number live in one of
three major cities so this is a
demographic that's completely
unrepresentative of America
can such a homogeneous group of
like-minded people adequately cover the
diverse population of the United States
beyond that there is also commercial
bias in journalism
the news media are money making
businesses as such they must deliver a
product to their customers to make a
profit
customers of the news media are
advertisers
the most important product the news
media delivers to its customers our
readers or viewers therefore the media
often engages in sensationalism click
baiting and other practices to attract
an audience
topics like conflict violence and sex
straw readers and viewers Harmony is
boring one poll found that more than 80
percent of Americans think the media
often sensationalizes stories and
doesn't cover important topics that
really matter
relatedly
the media has a bad news bias
good news is boring
this bias makes the world look a lot
more dangerous than it really is
plus this bias makes politicians look
far more crooked than they really are
another example of this bias can be seen
in shark attack stories shark attacks
are rare but there's so much news
coverage about them that most people
probably think it's a much bigger
problem than it actually is
another common form of bias in
journalism is visual bias
television news is especially prone to
visual bias but even newspapers and news
websites are biased toward visual
depictions of News television is nothing
without pictures legitimate news that
has no visual angle is likely to get
little attention much of what is
important in politics and policy cannot
be photographed though so it doesn't get
adequately covered and explained
there's also expediency bias
journalism is a competitive deadline
driven profession reporters compete
among themselves to break news first in
today's 24 7 News cycle where stories
are often first reported on social media
this can lead to journalists
prioritizing getting the story first
over getting it right
some journalists figure they can always
delete the Tweet later if it turns out
to be wrong
even the most respected news
organizations have been guilty of
rushing stories to press before they
adequately verified and fact checked
them
in some cases this is not only resulted
in story retractions but also huge
defamation lawsuits
finally journalism suffers from a
narrative bias
the news media covered the news in terms
of stories that must have a beginning
middle and an end in other words a plot
with antagonists and protagonists much
of what happens in our world however is
ambiguous the news media apply a
narrative structure to ambiguous events
suggesting that these events are easily
understood and have clear cause and
effect relationships
good storytelling requires drama and so
this bias often leads to journalists to
add or seek out drama for the sake of
drama
controversy creates drama lastly
narrative bias leads many journalists to
create and then hang on to master
narratives or set story lines with set
characters who act in set ways once a
master narrative has been set it is very
difficult to get journalists to see that
their narrative is simply one way and
not necessarily the correct or best way
of viewing people and events
and now on top of all these biases and
making matters worse many journalists
are questioning whether they should
still try to be objective
many journalists believe they should
take on more of an activist role instead
of covering news in an impartial and
balanced way
a 2022 poll by Pew Research Center found
that 55 percent of journalists believe
that when reporting the news every side
does not always deserve equal coverage
in contrast 76 percent of Americans
believe that journalists should always
strive to give equal coverage
journalists who favor abandoning the
traditional approach of a balanced news
coverage argue that some views shouldn't
be Amplified
as NYU journalism Professor Jay Rosen
observed if we say the world is round we
won't feel obliged to find someone to
argue the Flat Earth position
but other media critics including me
contend that's a straw man fallacy how
often do journalists tackle a settled
issue like the Earth's shape they
practically never do
the biggest news stories usually involve
controversies that reasonable people can
disagree on and require difficult
solutions for example experts have
debated and flip-flopped on how to
handle the Coronavirus
journalists undermine their search for
the truth when they deprive their
coverage of critics who ask different
questions and make different background
assumptions
studies show that group think leads to
poor problem solving conservatives and
liberals alike can fall victim to
motivated reasoning and confirmation
bias
so what can be done to fix this problem
how can we make journalism more fair
neutral and accurate so that it lives up
to Walter lippman's vision
unfortunately there is no easy fix
new laws can't fix journalism government
regulation would violate the First
Amendment and could hinder the press's
independence and Watchdog roll
imagine if the president decided who
could be a journalist or what
constituted fake news Donald Trump and
Joe Biden would likely have very
different opinions on what's legitimate
news and both would probably censor some
truthful stories they don't like
with very few government regulations the
profession instead must rely on ethics
to govern its own behavior
many media Outlets follow the code of
ethics written by the Society of
professional journalists
it's organized around four principles
first and most important principle is to
seek the truth and report it
journalists should be honest fair
objective and accurate this means that
facts should be verified and based on
solid evidence quotes from sources
should be accurate and unaltered and
sources should be identified and
attributed in stories a truthful story
should promote understanding given time
and space constraints the goal should be
to provide an account that is
essentially complete
enough relevant information should be
included as to preclude misunderstanding
of either the facts or the context of
the facts the article should be fair and
balanced and it should be free of
plagiarism and Fabrication which is to
say give other credits if you copy the
words or use their ideas and never ever
make facts up
lastly journalists should try to avoid
using deceptive news Gathering practices
get information
the second principle is to minimize harm
journalists must realize that they're
covering human beings so they should be
respectful tasteful and sensitive note
that the code says minimize harm and
this precept is ranked second behind
telling the truth in terms of priority
here's why journalists may not be able
to completely avoid causing harm if
you're doing investigative reporting for
example your story May expose corruption
and cause someone to get fired but in
the end the greater good will be served
by your reporting
the third principle in the ethics code
is to act independently so don't accept
gifts or favors or bribes your only
obligation is to serve the Public's
interest
this is why it's so important to avoid
conflicts of interest and avoid covering
people in organizations that you may
have a relationship with either good or
bad doing so would make it difficult to
be objective and even if we are
objective there will be a perception
that we aren't
the final major principle of the
journalism ethics code is to be
accountable that means correct mistakes
and expose unethical practices by
journalists
too many news organizations ignore
unethical Behavior inside their own
Newsroom where they cover it up which
Hurts The profession's credibility for
example a troubling common practice is
stealth editing in which journalists
change incorrect information in a news
story on their website but don't note
the correction to readers
it's four ethical principles and the
Society of professional journalists code
of ethics sound familiar to you it's
because they are rooted in classical
ethical Frameworks
for example the notion of Truth being
important is a well-established moral
value that can be found in Greek
philosophy
the Bible and really just most ethical
Frameworks and religions
the precept to minimize harm is a bit
utilitarian you know we should try to
achieve the outcome that will bring the
greatest good for the greatest number or
inflict the least harm on the fewest
people
you can also see John Stuart Mill's
ideology reflected in the code if you
read the entire code which goes into
detail well beyond the summary I
provided it says that journalists should
support the open and civil exchange of
ideas even views they find repugnant
recall that Mill was a big supporter of
the marketplace of ideas and strongly
opposed censorship
meanwhile Emmanuel Khan's philosophy can
also be seen in the code Kant emphasized
that we need to treat people with
dignity and as ends in themselves rather
than as a means to an end
the journalism ethics code similarly
states that ethical journalism treats
sources subjects colleagues and members
of the public as human beings deserving
of respect so the Society of
professional journalist code of ethics
is a carefully thought out set of
ethical guidelines for professionals
working in the media and that's because
the profession understands that its most
valuable asset is its reputation
if the public distrusts the media to
tell the truth and to be fair they're
going to stop listening to them and
instead get their news elsewhere
however as we all know the ethical
Heights journalists set for themselves
are not always reached which is one of
the big reasons many Legacy news outlets
are hemorrhaging readers and viewers
but all in all journalism is an
honorable profession practice for the
most part by people trying to do the
right thing
having worked as a journalist for
several years before I became a lawyer
and journalism Professor I can tell you
that most journalists especially those
outside the Beltway aren't evil most
don't commit journalistic sins such as
fabrication and plagiarism most want to
get the facts right but they may be
understaffed or overworked deadline
pressures can affect accuracy and
judgment and sometimes hairy situations
are unavoidable being a journalist often
involves a conflict between providing
information the public wants or needs to
know and respecting individuals privacy
this isn't to excuse all of the media's
problems America's press is far from
perfect
but it is necessary for a successful
democracy
as journalism Professor Jonathan Peters
observed journalists write draw design
record and make photos ensuring that
freedom of thought is possible some are
killed for it others arrested most work
hard to produce Fair inaccurate reports
mistakes are made too many of them but a
free and responsible press however
imperfect is the lifeblood of a healthy
democracy
that said there's still plenty of room
for improvement and that's where the
public comes in the public has an
important role to play in fixing the
problem
journalism is an institution but it's
also a business as I mentioned
ultimately consumers will be The
Gatekeepers by deciding which stories
get clicks and shares and which stories
don't get attention so be part of the
solution not the problem become media
literate support good journalism
well this has been Professor Mark
robowski and thanks for watching
[Music]
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