Taktik Fusi Parpol Ala Rezim Orde Baru | Jejak Pemilu tvOne

Summary

The script outlines Indonesia's political landscape during Soeharto's era, marked by the 1977 general elections and the consolidation of political parties under the 'New Order' regime. It details the fusion of parties into Golkar and PDI, aiming to simplify the political sphere and strengthen Golkar's dominance. The script also touches on the 'floating mass' concept, which aimed to distance rural populations from political activities, except during elections. The period saw discontent among intellectuals and students, leading to the 1974 Malari incident, reflecting the challenges faced by Soeharto's government amidst corruption and foreign investment criticisms.

Takeaways

• 🗳️ The 1977 general election in Indonesia was conducted in an orderly, direct, free, and secret manner across the country.
• 📅 On March 27, 1968, Soeharto was appointed as president by the MPRS, a position he held until a new president was elected in June 1971.
• ✌️ In the 1971 election, Golkar won a significant victory, becoming the single majority party in the DPR and MPR, allowing them to nominate their candidate for president.
• 🔴 The concept of a strong single party in Indonesia was favored due to past political conflicts and ideological polarizations, leading to a simplification from 11 parties to two, with Golkar being a special case.
• 🏛️ In 1973, the MPR issued a decree emphasizing the need for the grouping of political party participants, which led to the fusion of several parties into two main parties: P3 (Partai Persatuan Pembangunan) and PDI (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia).
• 🤝 The fusion of Islamic parties into P3 and nationalist parties into PDI was a strategic move to streamline political representation and ensure a unified national direction.
• 🚫 The government under Soeharto's 'New Order' era implemented policies to limit the influence of political parties, including restrictions on establishing local branches below the district level.
• 📉 The fusion of parties did not grant them full freedom to operate independently, as Soeharto's government maintained control through various directorates and ministries.
• 📉 The original identities of the fused parties were gradually eroded, leading to a loss of distinct party characteristics, especially in the case of PDI.
• 📚 The 'floating mass' concept was introduced to keep the rural population distant from political activities, except during elections, aiming to strengthen Golkar's position.
• 🚨 The period from 1970 to 1974 was marked by dissatisfaction among intellectuals and students with the government's policies, leading to protests and the eventual 'Malari' incident on January 15, 1974, which highlighted social and political tensions.

Q & A

What significant event took place on May 2, 1977, in Indonesia?

On May 2, 1977, general elections were held across Indonesia, which were conducted in an orderly, direct, free, and secret manner.

Who was appointed as the president by MPRS on March 27, 1968, and until when was he supposed to serve?

On March 27, 1968, Soeharto was appointed as the president by MPRS, and he was supposed to serve until a new president was elected through the general elections scheduled for June 1971.

What was the outcome of the 1971 general elections in Indonesia?

In the 1971 general elections, Golkar won a significant victory, becoming the single majority party in the People's Consultative Assembly (DPR) and the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly (MPR).

How did the political party landscape in Indonesia change under Soeharto's rule, and what was the rationale behind it?

Under Soeharto's rule, the political party landscape was simplified from multiple parties to two main parties, with Golkar being a special case standing alone. The rationale was to reduce political conflicts and polarities, aiming for political stability as a prerequisite for development.

What was the concept of 'floating mass' in the context of Indonesian politics during the New Order era?

The 'floating mass' concept referred to a group of people or masses without a specific political party ideology. It was particularly used to describe rural populations who were kept distant from political activities except during elections, aiming to strengthen Golkar's position in the elections.

What was the significance of the 'Deklarasi pembentukan Partai Persatuan Pembangunan' and when was it signed?

The 'Deklarasi pembentukan Partai Persatuan Pembangunan' was significant as it marked the formation of the Development Unity Party (P3). It was signed on January 5, 1973, by leaders of Islamic parties, signifying a unification of Islamic political forces.

What was the role of the 'Direktorat Sosial dan Politik' in guiding the fused political parties in Indonesia?

The 'Direktorat Sosial dan Politik' within the Indonesian military and the Ministry of Home Affairs played a role in guiding and controlling the fused political parties, ensuring they did not deviate from the government's intended path.

How did the fusion of political parties affect the original identity and independence of parties like Parkindo and Murba?

The fusion of political parties led to the erosion of the original identity and independence of parties like Parkindo, Murba, and others. They were absorbed into larger parties like PDI, which eventually lost its distinct characteristics and became more aligned with the government's agenda.

What was the Malari incident, and what were its implications for the Soeharto regime?

The Malari incident, also known as the 'Malapetaka 15 Januari', was a major protest and subsequent riots that occurred on January 15, 1974. It involved students and high school students protesting against Japanese investment in Indonesia. The incident highlighted growing dissatisfaction with the Soeharto regime and led to social and political wounds.

What were the restrictions placed on political parties by the government during the New Order era regarding their organizational structure?

During the New Order era, the government proposed that political parties should not establish 'underbow' or satellite organizations. Additionally, there was a proposal to forbid political parties from having branches or extensions below the sub-district (Kecamatan) level, which effectively limited their grassroots organizational capabilities.

How did the government's policies and the Malari incident influence the perception of foreign investment, particularly from Japan, in Indonesia during the 1970s?

The Malari incident, which involved protests against Japanese investment, and the government's policies reflected a complex relationship with foreign investment. While the government sought foreign aid and investment, especially from Japan, to boost the economy, it also faced domestic opposition and criticism, leading to a nuanced perception of foreign investment.

Outlines

00:00

🗳️ Indonesian Political Landscape in the 1970s

The script discusses the political climate in Indonesia during the 1970s, focusing on the general elections held on May 2, 1977. It highlights the establishment of Soeharto's presidency on March 27, 1968, and his re-election through parliamentary means in 1971. The script also covers the dominance of the Golkar party in the 1971 elections, leading to its candidate Soeharto's uncontested presidency. The narrative delves into the political consolidation efforts that reduced the number of political parties from 11 to two, with Golkar being a significant player without officially being a party. The script also touches on the 1973 MPR decision to streamline political parties, aiming to simplify the political landscape and reduce ideological polarization, which was seen as a prerequisite for political stability and development.

05:02

🌐 Political Party Consolidation and the Rise of Golkar

This paragraph continues the discussion on the political reformation in Indonesia, particularly the efforts to consolidate political parties. It mentions the formation of the Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (PPP) and Partai Demokrasi Indonesia (PDI) as a result of the fusion of various parties. The script also describes how the government, under Soeharto's leadership, steered these parties through social and political engineering, including the establishment of the P3 and PDI parties. The narrative highlights the strategic positioning of Golkar as a non-partisan entity to strengthen its political influence, while other parties were gradually marginalized. The paragraph also touches on the concept of 'floating mass' to describe the apolitical stance of the rural population, which was manipulated to strengthen Golkar's position during elections.

10:05

📢 Challenges and Dissent During Soeharto's Rule

The script describes the challenges faced by Soeharto's government, particularly the growing dissatisfaction among intellectuals and students during the early 1970s. It discusses the restrictions placed on opposition parties like PDI and P3, highlighting the preferential treatment given to Golkar. The narrative also covers the period of political unrest leading up to the Malari incident on January 15, 1974, where a protest against Japanese investment and the visit of Japanese Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka escalated into riots. The script suggests that the government's response to the protest was heavy-handed, leading to social wounds and highlighting the tensions between the government and the populace during this period.

15:09

🏛️ Foreign Policy and Political Choices

This paragraph is brief and does not contain substantial content, making it difficult to provide a detailed summary. It appears to touch upon foreign policy and political decisions but lacks the depth to offer a comprehensive understanding of the topic.

20:59

🎵 Music Interlude

This section of the script does not contain any spoken content but serves as a musical interlude, possibly used to set the tone or provide a transition between different parts of the video script.

Keywords

💡Soeharto

Soeharto, also known as Suharto, was the second president of Indonesia, serving from 1967 to 1998. His administration is marked by the script's mention of his rise to power and his role in shaping the political landscape of Indonesia during his tenure. The script refers to his election as president in 1971 and his influence in consolidating political parties, which is central to understanding the political narrative of the time.

💡Golkar

Golkar is an Indonesian political party that played a significant role during Soeharto's 'New Order' regime. The script highlights Golkar's victory in the 1971 election and its status as the majority party in the Indonesian parliament. The party's influence was used to maintain political stability and control, as seen in the script's discussion of party consolidation and the government's policies.

💡MPRS

MPRS stands for Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Sementara, which translates to the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly. It was a political body in Indonesia that functioned during the transition period before the formal establishment of a democratic parliament. The script mentions MPRS's role in appointing Soeharto as president, illustrating its importance in the political developments of the era.

💡Pemilu

Pemilu is an Indonesian term for 'election.' The script discusses the 1971 general elections, where Golkar won a significant victory, and the subsequent influence on the political structure. The term is crucial for understanding the democratic processes and the distribution of power in Indonesia during the period covered by the video.

💡Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (PPP)

Partai Persatuan Pembangunan, or the United Development Party, was one of the political parties formed during Soeharto's era. The script refers to its establishment as part of the consolidation of political parties, aiming to streamline political forces and reduce ideological conflicts. The PPP's formation is indicative of the government's efforts to centralize power and control.

💡Depolitisasi

Depolitisasi, or depoliticization, refers to the process of reducing the influence of political issues or conflicts in society. The script mentions the 'orde baru' regime's strategy to depoliticize the public, particularly in rural areas, to maintain political stability. This concept is key to understanding the government's approach to control and manage political dissent during the period.

💡P3

P3, or Partai Persatuan Pembangunan, is another name for the United Development Party. The script discusses the fusion of Islamic parties into P3, which was part of the government's strategy to simplify and control the political landscape. The term is significant as it represents the government's efforts to consolidate religious and political factions under one party.

💡PDI

PDI stands for Partai Demokrasi Indonesia, or Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle. The script mentions PDI as one of the parties that underwent changes and consolidations during Soeharto's regime. The party's evolution and its relationship with the government reflect the broader political dynamics and the challenges faced by opposition parties in the era.

Highlights

The general election on May 2, 1977, was conducted throughout Indonesia in an orderly, direct, free, and secret manner.

On March 27, 1968, Soeharto stepped into the plenary hall of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPRS) and was appointed president until a new president could be elected in June 1971.

The 1971 election saw Golkar win by a landslide, becoming the single majority party in the People's Representative Council (DPR) and MPRS.

Soeharto smoothly transitioned to the highest executive position in the country, with Golkar's victory.

The idea of having too many political parties in Indonesia was seen as a source of conflict due to past political struggles and ideological polarization.

A series of policies were implemented to stabilize politics, which became a prerequisite for development, simplifying the political party system from 11 parties to two, and then adding one more.

Golkar was established as a non-partisan organization, marking the beginning of the depoliticization of Indonesian society.

The MPR issued a decree in 1973 about the general guidelines of the state, emphasizing the need for the grouping of political party participants.

Pak Harto, referring to the complexity of managing multiple parties, suggested that one party was sufficient to manage life's purposes, including politics.

Islamic parties were consolidated into a single party called P3 (Partai Persatuan Pembangunan), while nationalist parties were merged into PDI (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia).

Golkar maintained a special position as a standalone party, separate from other groups.

The concept of 'floating masses' was introduced, referring to groups of people without a specific political party ideology, particularly in rural areas.

The government initially proposed banning political parties from building 'underbows' or political wings, and also from having branches below the sub-district level.

The fusion of political parties into P3 and PDI was not entirely smooth, with some parties maintaining their identities within the new structures.

The fusion of parties did not allow them to act freely and was controlled by Soeharto through the Social and Political Directorate of the Armed Forces and the Ministry of Home Affairs.

The original identities of the fused parties were gradually eroded, leaving only the ideas of Islam and nationalism.

After Soeharto's fall, the legacy of the three-party system still influenced local politics, creating a sense of inequality among other parties.

Golkar's leadership during the New Order era under Soeharto was crucial, as it was strongly positioned as the party that could issue policies and control the political landscape.

The concept of 'floating masses' was used to distance rural populations from political activities, except during elections.

The government's control over political party activities was strict, with Golkar having an easier time campaigning compared to other parties.

The period from 1970 to 1974 was marked by dissatisfaction among intellectuals and students with the government's policies, leading to protests and criticism in the media.

The Malari incident on January 15, 1974, was a significant event where protests against Japanese investment in Indonesia escalated into riots.

Transcripts

pemilihan umum 2 Mei 1977 di seluruh

daerah pemilihan Indonesia telah

berjalan dengan tertib langsung umum

bebas dan rahas

[Musik]

27 Maret

1968 Soeharto melangkahkan kakinya masuk

ruang pleno gedung Majelis

Permusyawaratan

Rakyat pada hari itu MPRS menetapkan

Soeharto sebagai presiden sampai ada

presiden baru hasil pemilu yang akan

digelar bulan Juni 1971

pada pemilu

1971 Golkar memperoleh kemenangan besar

dan menjadi mayoritas tunggal di DPR dan

MPR sebagai partai pemenang Golkar

berhak mengajukan calonnya sebagai

presiden dalam parlemen Soeharto pun

melenggang mulus ke singgah

tertinggiaga eksekutif

negaraelah pemil

tak perlu Terlalu banyak partai di

Indonesia pasalnya sebab kuat dari

konflik-konflik politik pada masa lalu

karena adanya sistem multipartai dan

polarisasi

ideologi lantas dibuatlah serangkaian

kebijakan dengan dalh stabilitas politik

yang menjadi prasyarat utama

pembangunan penyederhanaan

partai dari banyak partai dari 11 partai

menjadi dua partai

kemudian ditambah satu

Golkar tanpa menggunakan kata partai

waktu

[Musik]

itu pada

1973 MPR mengeluarkan ketetapan tentang

garis besar haluan negara yang

menegaskan mengenai perlunya

pengelompokan organisasi peserta pemilu

artinya parpol-parpol yang dianggap

sejenis akan difusikan

Pak Harto bilang soal partai-partai ini

kan ribet terus dari zaman Bung Karno

memang ribet terus gitu kan Nah lalu apa

penataan yang harus dilakukan supaya dia

punya kontribusi pada negara

gitu intinya kira-kira itu lalu

solusinya Pak Arto sangat Jawa nah dia

bilang hidup itu untuk apa tujuan hidup

itu kan Sangkan par Ning Dumadi ujung

kehidupan itu

Keabadian

yaitu masa setelah kita mati

surga lalu partai untuk apa

banyak-banyak satu partai cukup ngurusi

tujuan kehidupan ini termasuk kehidupan

politik nah yang ngurus kehidupan ee

setelah mati e ujung dari kehidupan itu

dikumpulkanlah partai-partai Islam

menjadi satu partai namanya P3 Partai

Persatuan Pembangunan gitu nah lalu di

ee yang ngurusi kehidupan itu e

digabungkanlah partai-partai yang dalam

kategori

eh kajian akademik itu namanya

partai-partai nasionalis itu

bergabunglah di situ kemudian menjadi

PDI PNI segala macam eh menjadi

PDI Golkar sendiri menduduki posisi

istimewa sebagai partai yang berdiri

sendiri tanpa digabungkan dengan

kelompok lain taktik fusi partai ala

orde baru ini merupakan awal

depolitisasi masyarakat

Indonesia satu partai ngurusi akhirat

namanya P3 satu partai ngurusi dunia

yang namanya PDI nah Nah karena Cukup

dua harus ada yang memastikan supaya

partai-partai ini enggak melenceng dan

jalannya lurus supaya enggak tersesat

belok-belok itu namanya

Golkar sebenarnya gagasan fusi parpol

sudah sempat tertuang dalam t MPRS tahun

1966 kemudian Ida fusi parpol juga

pernah disampaikan oleh Presiden

Soeharto dalam pidatonya di Kongres PNI

pada 11 April

1970 di

Semarang gagasan tersebut sempat

diwacanakan jelang Pemilu

1971 karena memicu pro dan kontra

termasuk penolakan dari partai Kristen

Indonesia dan Partai Katolik maka

rencana penyederhanaan partai-partai

politik belum bisa diterapkan di Pemilu

pertama rezim orde baru pada tanggal 5

Januari

1973 tokoh-tokoh partai Islam yaitu Idam

khid k. Maskur dari nandatul ulama HMS

minta direja dari parmusi Anwar Cro

aminato dari psii dan Rus khil dari

Perti bersepakat untuk menandatangani

Deklarasi pembentukan Partai Persatuan

Pembangunan itu yang kemudian terjadi

lagi P ada ini rahm

tersembunyiaksakan P tetapi akhirnya

umat Islam

bersatu Ris amnya bahisri presiden

parttainya Idam Kholid Ketuanya mintaja

itu dari

parmusi jadi semua bersatu memperkuat

partai

ini 5 hari kemudian lima partai berhalua

nasionalis yaitu ipki murba partai

Katolik parkindo dan PNI bersepakat

untuk bergabung membentuk Partai

Demokrasi Indonesia Muhammad Isnaini

dari PNI terpilih sebagai ketua umum ini

kan makin mengkristal ini di yang fusi

ini bagaimanapun masih terbawa-bawa

pni-nya masih terbawa-bawa murbanya

masih terbawa-bawa parkindonya di sini

juga begitu masih terbawa-bawa

alwaslinya syariahnya tarbiahnya masih

terbawa-bawa nah makin mengkristalah

mereka itu di tahun 77

[Musik]

partai-partai hasil fusi ternyata tidak

lantas bisa bebas bergerak begitu saja

dengan kekuasaannya Soeharto menyetir P3

dan PDI lewat Direktorat sospol di tniad

dan Kementerian Dalam Negeri identitas

asli partai-partai yang berfusi pun

perlahan tergerus sehingga hanya Menisa

idei bes yakniai Isam danai

fusi yang cepat itu

terjadi itu di

PDI PDI itu tidak lagi tidak lagi apa

tidak lagi

mempermasalahkan latar belakang

partai-partai terutama dari parkindo

Katolik murba dan sebagainya mereka itu

betul-betul ya PDI jadi yang semula 77

itu sudah tinggal tiga ya kan berkembang

sampai akhirnya pemerintahan Soeharto

setelah Soeharto jatuh ini beranak pinak

lagi bukan tiga

lagi nah jejak yang tiga ini masih

dirasakan di sampai di daerah-daerah

membikin kecemburuan partai yang lain

ini dapat dapat kantor semua ini jadi di

Ponegoro itu kantor P3 sama apa PDI

warisan zaman Soeharto itu kemudian

Golkar yang di apa sana Jalan Anggrek di

Tomang sana itu yang

[Musik]

[Musik]

Golkar kepemimpinan Soeharto di masa

orde baru menjadi sangat penting mkuat

posisi golk sebagaiaik

peseremil selain mengeluarkan kebijakan

fusi partai politik penguasa orde baru

pun telah menerapkan konsep massa

mengambang atau floating

m Ma mengambang bisa dimaknai sebagai

sekelompok orang atau Ma yang tidak

memiliki ideologi partai politik

tertentu rakyat di daerah pedesaan

dijauhkan dari kegiatan-kegiatan politik

memutuskan hubungan mereka dengan partai

politik kecuali di saat pemilu

Konsep ini hadir untuk memperkuat posisi

Golkar di ajang

pemilu pada mulanya pemerintah hanya

mengusulkan agar partai politik dilarang

membangun underbow atau organisasi sayap

politik lantas muncul usul tambahan agar

partai politik juga dilarang untuk

memiliki cabang atau ranting lebih

rendah dari level

Kecamatan Konsep ini sejatinya

memandulkan partisipasi politik

masyarakat pedesaan

itu di bant ada Islam namanya Anwar

Anwar itu dulu itu salah satu anggota

istimewa saya ketemu dengan Ketua

umumar

pakad dia

mengatakan katakan Saya ini keluar bes

Bulan Bintang yangedang beruh diahon

ingin jadi misalnya PDI mau kampanye

sampai ke Kabupaten

dihalangi mau datang ke Katakanlah ke

Kabupaten Tangerang enggak gampang harus

ada izinnya tapi kalau Golkar mudah ya

kayak gitu gitu terus Kemudian pada

penusukan ya Suka hati mereka ya kan

kemudian orang P3 orang PDI enggak boleh

dekat-dekat

situ mereka l w konyol-konyol waktu itu

artinya itu norak lah konyol-konyolah

aku sendiri yang meliput Sebagai

wartawan lapangan kita lihat kasat mata

itu permainan itu mau melawan ada

tentara periode

1970 hingga

1974 menjadi tahun-tahun ketidakpuasan

kalangan cendekiawan dan mahasiswa

terhadap berbagai kebijakan pemerintah

Soeharto

potensi lahirnya pertentangan besar dari

kalangan masyarakat pun tak bisa

dihindari aksi-aksi mahasiswa dan

kerasnya kritikan pers terhadap

praktik-praktik penyelewengan seperti

korupsi dan modal asing merupakan

tantangan bagi Soeharto di awal

kekuasaannya kekecewaan terus berlanjut

sampai meletus kerusuhan di ibuota yang

dikenal dengan peristiwa malapetaka 15

Januari atau Malari

aksi yang terjadi pada tanggal 15

Januari

1974 ini dilakukan bertepatan dengan

kedatangan perdana menteri Jepang kakue

Tanaka ke

Indonesia Presiden Soeharto dan beberapa

menteri bertemu dengan Tanaka serta

rombongannya di istana

negara pada saat bersamaan Ribuan Orang

yang sebagian besar terdiri dari

mahasiswa dan pelajar SMA

turun ke jalan melancarkan protes mereka

berteriak lantang menentang derasnya

investasi Jepang yang masuk ke

Indonesia waktu itu kan sedang

kuat-kuatnya bantuan igji untuk

Indonesia

intergovernmental Group on Indonesia n

eh ada Perdana Menteri Kak Tanaka datang

ke Jakarta didemo oleh mahasiswa itu

sampai ada kerusuhan

nah mahasiswa diskenariokan gampang

dituding sebagai perusuh nah ini

analisanya ya karena

ee siapa yang menang siapa yang benar

Siapa yang salah kita juga dalam

kerusuhan seperti itu pasti

luka-luka luka-luka sosial luka-luka

politik akibat

[Musik]

memilih

foreign

[Musik]