HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING AND ASSESSMENT
Summary
TLDRThis video delves into the rich history of psychological testing and assessment, highlighting significant milestones and figures. From ancient Chinese emperors' use of testing for officials to the development of modern intelligence tests by pioneers like Alfred Binet and Henry H. Goddard, the narrative underscores the evolution of psychological measurement. It also touches on the contributions of Hermann Rorschach and the emergence of personality testing, emphasizing the importance of understanding this history to inform current practices.
Takeaways
- 📚 The history of psychological testing dates back to 2200 BC with Chinese emperors testing officials' fitness for office.
- 🔍 Early psychological testing was influenced by early psychiatry and the examination of the mentally ill in the 19th century.
- 🧠 In 1885, Hubert von Grassy developed a memory drum to test brain-injured patients, contributing to the evolution of psychological testing.
- 🌟 Wilhelm Wundt is credited with founding the first psychological laboratory in 1879, which was pivotal for the development of psychological testing.
- 🏛️ The 'brass instruments era' of psychological testing in the late 1800s focused on measuring sensory thresholds and reaction times, mistakenly equating these with intelligence.
- 🔬 Sir Francis Galton, obsessed with measurement, attempted to quantify various human traits, including intellect and beauty.
- 🏫 James Cattell, a student of Wundt and Galton, continued the study of reaction time and sensory discrimination as indicators of intelligence.
- 🌐 Alfred Binet, alongside Simon, developed the first modern intelligence test in 1905 to assess the intelligence of children for educational purposes.
- ✈️ World War I accelerated the development of group testing, with Robert M. Yerkes convincing the US military to use intelligence tests for recruit classification.
- 🧐 The Rorschach test, developed by Hermann Rorschach, is an example of projective testing, which assumes that individuals reveal their unconscious conflicts when responding to ambiguous stimuli.
- 📊 The development of psychological testing has been marked by both empirical approaches and the integration of psychoanalytic theories, shaping the field into what it is today.
Q & A
What is the significance of studying the history of psychological testing and assessment?
-Studying the history of psychological testing and assessment is significant as it provides a fascinating story with abundant lessons and is relevant to present-day practices.
When did rudimentary forms of testing exist, and what was the purpose?
-Rudimentary forms of testing existed as early as 2200 BC when the Chinese emperor had its officials examined every third year to determine their fitness for office.
Who is credited with founding the first psychological laboratory?
-Wilhelm Wundt is credited with founding the first psychological laboratory in 1879 in Germany.
What was the 'brass instruments era' of psychological testing?
-The 'brass instruments era' refers to the period when early experimental psychologists used brass instruments to measure sensory thresholds and reaction times, mistakenly believing these abilities were at the heart of intelligence.
Who is considered the father of mental testing and why?
-James McKeen Cattell is considered the father of mental testing because he adapted time-consuming psychophysical procedures to simple and quick sensory motor measures to study individual differences.
What was the first major textbook on the treatment of mental degradation?
-The first major textbook on the treatment of mental degradation was 'Idiocy and its Treatment by the Physiological Method' published by O. Edward Seguin in 1866.
Who developed the first modern intelligence test and in what year?
-Alfred Binet developed the first modern intelligence test in 1905.
What was the purpose of the intelligence tests given to US Army recruits during World War One?
-The purpose of the intelligence tests given to US Army recruits during World War One was for classification and assignment of soldiers to appropriate roles.
Who developed the Rorschach test and what was its basis?
-Hermann Rorschach developed the Rorschach test, which was based on the projective hypothesis that individuals reveal their innermost needs, fantasies, and conflicts when responding to ambiguous stimuli.
What is the significance of the MMPI in the history of psychological testing?
-The MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory), published in 1942, is significant as it was one of the first comprehensive personality inventories designed to assess various aspects of personality and psychopathology.
What was the unethical experiment conducted by Henry Murray at Harvard that involved undergraduates?
-Henry Murray conducted unethical experiments in which he subjected 22 Harvard undergraduates to vehement sweeping and personally abusive attacks, one of whom was Theodore Kaczynski, later known as the Unabomber.
Outlines
📚 History of Psychological Testing
This paragraph delves into the origins of psychological testing, dating back to 2200 BC with Chinese emperors assessing officials. It highlights the evolution of testing methods over centuries, including the introduction of written exams during the Han Dynasty. The influence of early psychiatry is noted, with the 19th-century development of various tests to examine the mentally ill, although these were not standardized. The paragraph also mentions significant figures like Hubert von Grashy, Wilhelm Wundt, and Sir Francis Galton, who contributed to the field with their experiments and theories on intelligence. The 'brass instruments era' is discussed, where sensory processes were mistakenly linked to intelligence, and the work of Hermann Ebbinghaus in memory testing is acknowledged.
🧠 Pioneers in Mental Health and Intelligence Testing
Paragraph 2 focuses on the contributions of French physicians and the shift in understanding mental retardation as a lifelong condition distinct from mental illness. It discusses the humanitarian approach of O. Edward Seguin and his influential work in the United States. The paragraph also covers James McCosh Cattell's work on reaction time and sensory discrimination as indicators of intelligence, and the impact of his students, particularly Clark Whistler, on the field. Whistler's findings led to a temporary abandonment of certain testing methods. Alfred Binet's development of the first modern intelligence test is mentioned, as well as Henry H. Goddard's work at Ellis Island, which was influenced by societal fears about mental deficiency and immigration.
🌟 Milestones in Psychological Assessment
This paragraph discusses the introduction of the IQ concept by William Stern and the development of the Stanford-Binet intelligence scales by Lewis Terman. It covers the impact of World War I on group testing and the efforts of Robert M. Yerkes in classifying army recruits through intelligence tests. The beginnings of modern personality testing are explored, with a focus on Woodworth's work and the influence of Hermann Rorschach's projective tests. The paragraph also mentions the establishment of the Psychological Corporation and the contributions of various psychologists like Florence Goodenough, Edward K. Strong, and Henry Murray to the field of psychological testing and assessment.
🌐 Global Expansion and Ethical Considerations in Psychology
Paragraph 4 discusses the global expansion of psychological testing, with the establishment of the Philippine Psychological Corporation in 1961. It also touches on the creation of culturally specific measures like the 'Panukat na Makatao ng Filipino' by Anna Deisse and Carlotta. The paragraph concludes with a reflection on the lessons that can be learned from the history of assessment psychology, encouraging viewers to consider the ethical implications and the importance of cultural sensitivity in psychological assessment.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Psychological Testing
💡Standardization
💡Intelligence
💡Reaction Time
💡Mental Retardation
💡Projective Tests
💡IQ (Intelligence Quotient)
💡Group Testing
💡Personality Testing
💡Vocational Interests
Highlights
Psychological testing has a rich history dating back to 2200 BC with Chinese emperors examining officials.
Early psychological testing was influenced by the examination of the mentally ill in the 19th century.
Hubert von Grassy developed a memory drum in 1885 to test brain-injured patients.
Wilhelm Wundt is credited with founding the first psychological laboratory in 1879.
Francis Galton, a pioneer in experimental psychology, believed in the measurability of virtually anything.
James Cattell, a student of Wundt and Galton, focused on reaction time and sensory discrimination as indicators of intelligence.
Clark Wissler's 1901 study showed no correlation between mental tests and academic performance, influencing the abandonment of certain testing methods.
Alfred Binet, alongside Theodore Simon, developed the first modern intelligence test in 1905.
Henry H. Goddard translated and adapted the Binet-Simon scale for American children.
William Stern introduced the IQ concept, calculating it as mental age divided by chronological age.
Lewis Terman revised the Binet-Simon scales, creating the Stanford-Binet intelligence scales in 1916.
Group testing advanced significantly during World War One for military classification and assignment.
Hermann Rorschach developed a projective test focusing on responses to ambiguous stimuli to reveal unconscious conflicts.
The Psychological Corporation, founded in 1921, was the first major test publisher.
Florence Goodenough developed the Draw a Person test, contributing to non-verbal intelligence assessment.
Edward K. Strong's Strong Vocational Interest Blank, published in 1927, became a widely used career guidance tool.
The MMPI, published in 1942, was developed to measure personality and psychopathology.
David Wechsler published the Wechsler Bellevue Intelligence Scale, a widely used test for assessing intelligence.
The history of psychological testing teaches us about the evolution of methods and the importance of understanding individual differences.
Transcripts
[Music]
welcome to another video by
psychology for life
[Music]
this video is about the history of
psychological testing and assessment
there is a saying that goes those who do
not remember the past
are destined to repeat it it is
worthwhile for us to look back at the
history of psychological testing and
assessment
because it is a fascinating story and it
has abundant lessons for us to learn
and it is relevant to present-day
practices
historians note that rudimentary forms
of testing
existed as early as 2200 bc when the
chinese emperor had its officials
examined every third year
to determine their fitness for office
such testing was modified and refined
over the centuries until
written exams were introduced in the han
dynasty
five topics were tested civil law
military affairs
agriculture revenue and geography
psychological testing owes much to early
psychiatry
in fact the examination of the mentally
ill around the middle of the 19th
century
resulted in the development of numerous
early tests
however these tests were not
standardized and were later on forgotten
they were nonetheless influential in
determining the course of psychological
testing
in 1885 the german physician hubert von
grashy developed the antecedent of the
memory drum
as a means of testing brain-injured
patients
shortly thereafter the german
psychiatrist conrad
riggier developed an excessively
ambitious test battery for
brain damage his battery took over 100
hours to administer and soon fell
out of favor most sources credit wilhelm
wundt
with founding the first psychological
laboratory in 1879 in deep sleep germany
however as early as 1862 wand was
already using his thought meter
supposedly to measure the swiftness of
thought of observers
experimental psychology flourished in
the late 1800s in continental europe and
great britain
however the new experimental psychology
was itself a dead end
at least as far as psychological testing
was concerned
the problem was that the early
experimental psychologists
mistook simple sensory processes for
intelligence
they used assorted brass instruments to
measure sensory threshold and reaction
times
thinking that such abilities were at the
heart of intelligence
hence this period is sometimes referred
to as the brass instruments era of
psychological testing
as what was propagating experimental
psychology in germany
sir francis dalton pioneered a new
experimental psychology in 19th century
great britain
galdon was obsessed with measurement and
his intellectual career
seems to have been dominated by a belief
that virtually anything is measurable
his attempts to measure intellect by
means of reaction time and sensory
discrimination tasks are well known
yet to appreciate his wide-ranging
interests he also devised techniques for
measuring beauty
personality the boringness of lectures
the effects a prayer to name a few
galdon's two most important works were
hereditary genius published in 1869
which is an empirical analysis to prove
that genetic factors were overwhelmingly
important
for the attainment of eminence and his
second work
his inquiries into human faculty and its
development
published in 1883 which is a series of
essays that emphasized individual
differences in mental faculties
calzon borrowed the time-consuming
psychophysical procedures practiced by
bond and others on the european
continent and adapted them
to a series of simple and quick sensory
motor measures
he is credited as a father of mental
testing to further a study of individual
differences galvin set up a psychometric
laboratory in london
at the international health exhibition
in bbc before
it was later transferred to the london
museum where it was maintained for six
years
at least 17 000 individuals were tested
during 1880s and 1890s
[Music]
hermann ebbinghaus was a german
psychologist to pioneer the experimental
study of memory in 1897 he created the
first
sentence completion test during those
times the western world of late 1800s
was just emerging
from centuries of indifference and
hostility toward the psychiatrically and
mentally impaired
at the forefront of these developments
were two french physicians
j e d eskerel and o.e sagin
each of whom revolutionized thinking
about those with mental retardation
escuro's diagnostic breakthrough was
noting that mental retardation
was a lifelong developmental phenomenon
whereas mental
illness usually had a more abrupt
concept
he thought that mental retardation was
incurable
for as mental illness might show
improvement
perhaps more than any other pioneer in
the field of mental reservation
o edward seguin helped established a new
humanism toward those with mental
retardation in the nuclear
conference his treatment efforts earned
him international acclaim
and he eventually came to the united
states to continue his work
in 1866 he published idiocy and its
treatment by the physiological method
the first major textbook on the
treatment of mental degradation
james mccain cattell studied the new
experimental psychology with both
wand and galton before settling at
columbia university
where for 26 years he was the undisputed
dean of american psychology
he spent his career following the
footsteps of calton studying reaction
time and sensory
discrimination as an indicator of
intelligence
cattell had many famous doctoral
students among them were
e.l thorndike who made monumental
contributions to learning theory and
educational psychology
r s woodworth who was the author of the
very popular and influential
experimental psychology
and ek strong whose vocational interest
black
since revised is still in wide use
but among catal students it was probably
clark whistler
who had the greatest influence on the
early history of psychological testing
whistler obtained both mental tests
scores and academic grades for more than
300 students at columbia university in
barnard college
his goal was to demonstrate that test
results could predict
academic performance unfortunately
results
showed virtually no tendency for mental
test force to correlate with academic
achievement
with the publication of whistler's 1901
discouraging results
experimental psychologists largely
abandoned the use of reaction time and
sensory discrimination
as measures of intelligence for his part
wesler was apparently so discouraged by
his results that he immediately switched
to anthropology
where he became a strong
environmentalist in explaining
differences between ethnic viewers
almost every student in psychology knows
that alfred
invented the first modern intelligence
test in 1945.
however less well-known about him was
that he began his career in medicine
but was forced to drop out because of a
complete emotional breakdown
he switched to psychology and later
selected an apprenticeship with the
neurologist
j m chargo for a brief period of time
binay's professional path paralleled
that of sigmund freud
later on he four studies supposedly
demonstrating that reversing the
polarity of a magnet
could induce completing changes or
transfer hysterical paralysis
in a single hypnotized subject
renee later published the recommendation
of his findings because of criticism
from other psychologists
this was a painful episode for renee and
it sent his career into temporary metoo
nonetheless he learned important lessons
from this environment first was that he
never again
used sloppy experimental procedures that
allowed for
unintentional suggestions to influence
his results
in 1904 the minister of public
instruction in paris appointed a
commission to decide upon the
educational measures
that should be undertaken with those
children who could not profit from
regular
instruction binay and his colleague
simon were called upon to develop a
practical tool for justice purpose
thus arose the first formal scale for
assessing the intelligence of children
[Music]
in 1906 henry h goddard was hired by the
vinland training school in new jersey
to do research on the classification and
education of people-minded children
he soon realized that a diagnostic
instrument would be required
and was therefore pleased to read of the
1908 renee simon scale
he quickly set about translating the
scale making minor changes so that it
would be applicable to
american children
in 1910 goddard was invited to ellis
island by the commissioner of
immigration
to help make the examination of
immigrants more accurate
a dark and foreboding popular had grown
up around mental deficiency and
immigration in the early 1900s it was
believed that the people-minded were
degenerate beings
responsible for many if not most social
problems
that they produced at an alarming rate
and menaced the nation's overall
biological fitness henry h goddard
became one of the most influential
psychologists during his time
he is most remembered for testing
immigrants at ellis island
unfortunately he interpreted the results
of testing to mean that they were
human-minded
william stern was a german psychologist
who introduced the iq or intentions
potion
the mental age divided by chronological
age
previously vinay and simon had
subtracted the mental age from the
chronological aid
[Music]
in 1916 lewis turman revised the binay
simon scales
and published the stanford binet
intelligence skills
that continues to be used up to now
the slow pace of developments in group
testing picked up dramatically as the
united states entered
world war one in 1917 it was then that
robert
m yerkes a well-known psychology
professor at harvard
convinced the us government and the army
that all of its 1.75 million recruits
should be given intelligence tests for
purposes of classification and
assignment
modern personality testing began when
woodward
attempted to develop an instrument for
detecting army recruits
who were susceptible to psychoneurosis
virtually all the modern personality
phenomena's
schedules and questionnaires all adapt
to woodward's personal data sheet
[Music]
while the americans were pursuing the
empirical approach to objective
personality testing
a young swiss psychiatrist hermann
rashak was developing a completely
different vehicle for studying
personality
rorschach was strongly influenced by
jungyeon and psychoanalytic thinking
so it is natural that his new approach
focused on the tendency of patients to
reveal their innermost conflicts
unconsciously when responding to
ambiguous stimuli
the rorschach and other projective tests
discussed subsequently
were predicated upon the projective
hypothesis
when responding to ambiguous or
unstructured stimuli
we inadvertently disclose our innermost
needs
fantasies and conflicts
the psychological corporation was
founded in 1921
it was the first major test publisher
founded by cattell
thorndike and whitworth
one of the few women in the history of
psychological testing was
florence gulenov she worked with louis
turman and in 1926
she published the measurement of
intelligence by drawing and created the
draw a man test
which is now called the draw a person
test but
her greatest contribution to psychology
was her advancement of sampling in 1920.
edward kellogg strong was the one who
published the strong vocational
interwest plan
in 1927 it became the most widely used
test of all time and is still used today
as the strong interest inventory it is
used in vocational guidance to guide
persons to the career that best suits
them
louise leon thurston developed the
thirst on personality schedule
an inventory of neurosis in 1935
she together with e.l thorndike and j.p
gilford
founded the journal psychometrica and
also the psychometric society and he
became its first president
henry murray together with christiana
morgan his mistress
created the thematic appreception test
which was published in 1935.
this was supposed to be a test that
measured normal personality in terms of
needs
david bacheler was a romanian american
psychologist
in 1939 together with bellavue he
published the wechsler belly view
intelligence scale
provisions of this scale were published
in 1955
1981 and 1997. it continues to be used
until now
in 1942 the mnpi was published
the mmpi is the minnesota multifaceted
personality inventory
created by mckinley and hathaway
in 1948 john n bonk published the house
three-person test to measure
intellectual ability
in 1949 the webster intelligence scale
for children was published
by david wexler in 1947 henry muir
established a psychological clinic annex
in harvard
between 1959 to early 1962
murie was responsible for unethical
experiments in which he used 22 harvard
undergraduates
and submitted them to vehement sweeping
and personally abusive attacks
one of the 22 was theodore kaczynski
a mathematics prodigy who later on
became the una bomber
targeting academics and technologists
for 18 years
meanwhile in the philippines in 1961 the
philippine psychological corporation was
founded
[Music]
in 1985 anna deisse carlotta following
the footsteps of
vergilio enriquez created the panukat
nampa catan filipino
the first measure of filipino
personality
later on gregorio h del billar created
the masakalao napanu
or mapanangdo the foregoing presentation
is a brief summary of the history of
assessment psychology
the question for reflection is what are
the lessons we can learn from the
history of assessment psychology
and there you have it thank you so much
for watching this video until the very
end
please like share and subscribe
[Music]
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