Chapter 1 - pt2a - Cellular Foundation pt1
Summary
TLDRThe video script introduces the cellular foundations of biochemistry, explaining the categorization of living organisms into bacteria, archaea, and eukarya based on 16s RNA sequences. It discusses the six kingdoms of life—archaea, bacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia—highlighting their cellular organization as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic and unicellular or multicellular. The script contrasts bacterial and animal cells, noting their size differences and common features like the plasma membrane and ribosomes, while emphasizing the unique aspects like the absence of a nucleus in bacteria and the presence of membrane-bound organelles in animal cells.
Takeaways
- 🌳 The cellular foundations of biochemistry are categorized into three domains based on 16s rRNA sequence: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
- 🔬 The six kingdoms of life are Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia, each with distinct cellular and molecular characteristics.
- 🌿 Archaea and Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes without membrane-bound organelles, while Protista are unicellular eukaryotes.
- 🍄 Fungi can be either unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes, unlike Plantae and Animalia which are multicellular eukaryotes.
- 🧬 All cells, regardless of their complexity, share common features such as a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes for protein synthesis.
- 🌱 Plant cells typically have a photosynthetic center, unlike animal cells, which reflects their different functions.
- 🔬 Bacterial cells are approximately one micrometer in size, while animal cells are about 50 micrometers, making them 50 times larger.
- 🚫 Animal cells have a nucleus enclosed by a nuclear membrane, whereas bacterial cells have a nucleoid without a membrane.
- 🧠 In animal cells, genetic material is stored in a nucleus, and there are various membrane-bound organelles, unlike in bacterial cells.
- 🌐 The organization of cells into prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and unicellular or multicellular forms, provides a framework for understanding life's diversity.
Q & A
What are the three major categories that living organisms are divided into based on their 16S rRNA sequence?
-Living organisms are divided into three major categories based on their 16S rRNA sequence: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
How do the six kingdoms of life differ in terms of cellular organization?
-The six kingdoms of life are Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Archaea and Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes without membrane-bound organelles. Protists are unicellular eukaryotes, while Fungi can be either unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes. Plantae and Animalia are multicellular eukaryotes.
What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
-The primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that prokaryotic cells do not have membrane-bound organelles, whereas eukaryotic cells do.
How do plant cells differ from human cells in terms of unique components?
-Plant cells are likely to have a photosynthetic center, which human cells do not have, due to their different functions.
What are the common features shared by bacterial and animal cells?
-Bacterial and animal cells share common features such as having a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. Both types of cells exist within an aqueous environment provided by the cytosol.
What is the approximate size difference between a bacterial cell and an animal cell?
-An animal cell is approximately 50 times as large as a bacterial cell, with bacterial cells being about one micrometer and animal cells about 50 micrometers.
How are ribosomes organized differently in bacterial cells compared to animal cells?
-In bacterial cells, ribosomes are scattered throughout the cell, while in animal cells, they are often linked to the endoplasmic reticulum, indicating a more fixed spatial arrangement.
Where is genetic information stored in animal cells, and what is the structure that encloses it?
-Genetic information in animal cells is stored in the nucleus, which is enclosed by a nuclear membrane.
How does the storage of genetic information differ between bacterial and animal cells?
-In bacterial cells, genetic information is stored in the nucleoid, which is not enclosed by a membrane, unlike the nucleus in animal cells.
What is the role of the plasma membrane in both bacterial and animal cells?
-The plasma membrane in both bacterial and animal cells establishes the boundaries of the cell and separates the cell from its external environment.
Why do animal cells have membrane-bounded organelles while bacterial cells do not?
-Animal cells have membrane-bounded organelles to compartmentalize different functions within the cell, which is a characteristic of eukaryotic cells. Bacterial cells, being prokaryotic, do not have such organelles and perform all their functions in a single cellular compartment.
Outlines
🌿 Cellular Foundations of Biochemistry
The paragraph introduces the fundamental concepts of a biochemistry course, focusing on the cellular foundations. It discusses the classification of living organisms into three domains based on their 16S rRNA sequence: bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. A phylogenetic tree is mentioned as a tool to illustrate the relationships between these domains. The text further explains the six kingdoms of life—archaea, bacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia—and how they differ in cellular organization. Archaea and bacteria are prokaryotes, lacking membrane-bound organelles, while protists, fungi, plantae, and animalia are eukaryotes with such structures. The paragraph also touches on the distinction between unicellular and multicellular organisms and highlights that all cells share common features despite having unique components based on their functions.
🔬 Comparative Cell Biology
This paragraph delves into the comparative aspects of bacterial and animal cells. It begins by noting the size difference, with bacterial cells being approximately one micrometer and animal cells about 50 micrometers in size. The common features between these cells are identified as the presence of a plasma membrane and ribosomes, with the latter being the site of translation. Bacterial cells have ribosomes dispersed throughout, while in animal cells, they are often associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. The paragraph contrasts the organization of genetic material storage, with animal cells having a nucleus enclosed by a nuclear membrane and bacterial cells having a nucleoid without such a membrane. It also points out the absence of membrane-bound organelles in bacterial cells, which are present in animal cells, allowing for a division of labor and function within the eukaryotic cell.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Biochemistry
💡Cellular Foundations
💡16S rRNA
💡Phylogenetic Tree
💡Prokaryotes
💡Eukaryotes
💡Unicellular
💡Multicellular
💡Cytoplasm
💡Ribosomes
💡Plasma Membrane
Highlights
Living organisms are categorized into bacteria, archaea, and eukarya based on their 16S rRNA sequence.
A phylogenetic tree illustrates the relationships between different domains of life.
The six kingdoms of life are archaea, bacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia.
Archaea and bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes without membrane-bound organelles.
Protists are unicellular eukaryotes, while fungi can be either unicellular or multicellular.
Plantae and animalia are multicellular eukaryotes with complex cellular organization.
Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles, whereas eukaryotes possess them.
All living organisms are composed of cells, which can be unicellular or multicellular.
Cells have common features such as cytoplasm and a plasma membrane.
Ribosomes are present in all cells and are the site of translation.
Bacterial cells have ribosomes dispersed throughout, while animal cells have them attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Animal cells are approximately 50 times larger than bacterial cells.
Bacterial cells have a thick cell wall, whereas animal cells do not.
The nucleus in animal cells stores genetic information and is enclosed by a nuclear membrane.
Bacterial cells have a nucleoid region for genetic information without a nuclear membrane.
Animal cells contain membrane-bound organelles that are absent in bacterial cells.
Cells can have unique components depending on the organism, such as photosynthetic centers in plant cells.
Transcripts
all right so the
first sort of foundation of a
biochemistry course
is to talk about and the way that our
textbook is structured is to talk about
the cellular foundations
of biochemistry and cellular foundations
of this field
and so living matter and living
organisms are divided based on their 16s
rna sequence into
three major categories into
the bacteria archaea and eukarya
and so each of these this right here is
a phylogenetic tree that shows
the difference in those different or um
or sorry the relationship between these
different
um domains of life so it's our
our ribosomal rna that has been
sequenced
and that causes these or that is how
these different
groups have been delineated okay
now the six kingdoms of life
defined by organismal cellular and
molecular differences
go into a couple of different or sorry
can be classified in the following ways
so the six kingdoms
are archaea bacteria
protista fungi
plantae and animalia now
these different kingdoms have slightly
different organization in terms
of their cellular makeup so
archaea and bacteria are both
unicellular organisms
and they're prokaryotes meaning that
they do not have
any sort of uh subcellular organization
in terms of sorry any sort of
membrane-bound organelles
within their cells now protists
are also unicellular but they're
eukaryotes
now fungi are a little bit more
complicated
because they can be unicellular or some
fungi
are unicellular some are multicellular
but they are all eukaryotes
plantae and animalia are multicellular
eukaryotes
so if you wanted to look at it kind of
in
a broad brush approach you could say
well a
prokaryote does not have any
membrane-bound
organelles whereas a eukaryote is going
to have membrane-bound organelles
now we can divide all these different
types of organisms up based on a couple
of different things
are they prokaryotes other eukaryotes
and
are they unicellular or are they
multicellular
so the cell however is our
kind of common building block
so living organisms are made up of cells
the simplest living organisms are
unicellular we've already kind of
addressed those
single-celled larger organisms
are multicellular meaning they have many
different cells
and those different cells have different
functions
and cells have some common features but
can contain unique components
for different types of organisms if you
think about
um a plant versus a
uh human cell or
a cell from a human um well a plant cell
is going to likely have
a photosynthetic center
um compared to a human cell which is not
going to have that
and so that's something to they have
different functions and
based on that okay so all
all cells are going to share some common
features
we've got a bacterial cell versus an
animal cell
the first thing that i want to compare
about them is the size
so a bacterial cell is approximately one
micrometer
an animal cell is approximately 50
micrometers
okay so an animal cell is
approximately 50 times as large as a
bacterial cell
okay now let's identify the things that
are common amongst them
okay the first thing that is common
amongst them is they have
a cytoplasm so they basically exist in
an aqueous environment
or sorry within the the confines of the
the plasma membrane they have
a cytosol and they have this aqueous
environment
okay now
what establishes their boundaries
so the kind of parameters that the
boundaries the the borders of their
cell is a plasma membrane
now what happens or what is beyond that
plasma membrane
is going to vary um for instance there
are some bacteria
that are going to have a thick cell wall
some plant cells will or sorry plant
cells will have thick cell walls
uh animal cells do not have cell walls
so we're going to
leave this common feature as a plasma
membrane
another common feature is a ribosome
now these ribosomes are where
translation is going to take place
if you look at a bacterial cell well
those bacterial cells have those
ribosomes kind of floating
all around whereas in an
animal cell you know if you wanted to
look at i mean this is just organized
for the sake of
the visual here to show
kind of spatial arrangement but
the ribosomes are linked to this guy
right here
so these ribosomes are kind of in a
fixed area compared to the ribosomes of
a bacterial cell which are not
now they that's basically where the
common features
end more or less and then become a
little bit more complicated
or there's there's kind of differences
in division amongst them
so the nucleus is where
your genetic information is going to be
stored in an animal cell
whereas the nucleoid is where your
genetic information is going to be
stored
on a bacterial cell that nucleus
is going to be enveloped in a nuclear
membrane
then are in an animal cell no such
membrane exists within a bacterial cell
likewise you are going to have
membrane-bounded organelles
that exist within an animal cell that
well none such exist in a bacterial cell
so you can have this division of
function and division
of or these barriers within the animal
cell that
do not exist in a bacterial cell
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