Al-Nakba: The Palestinian catastrophe - Episode 1 | Featured Documentary

Summary

この動画は、1799年から1948年にかけてのパレスチナとイスラエルの歴史を描いたドキュメンタリーです。ナポレオンのユダヤ人への呼びかけから始まり、英国の影響力の下でのユダヤ人移住、シオニズム運動、バルフォア宣言、アラブの反発と抗議活動など、多くの歴史的出来事が詳細に語られます。特に、英国の政策がパレスチナの地に与えた影響と、ユダヤ人国家の形成をめぐる対立が強調されています。これにより、現在の中東問題の根源を理解するための重要な視点が提供されています。

Takeaways

• 📜 1948年、パレスチナ人にとっては「ナクバ（大災害）」の年であり、多くの人々が家を追われましたが、イスラエル人にとってはイスラエル国家の創設を記念する年です。
• 🏰 ナポレオン・ボナパルトが1799年にオスマン帝国支配下のパレスチナを攻撃し、ユダヤ人にパレスチナを提供する提案をしましたが、失敗に終わりました。
• 🇬🇧 1840年、英国の外務大臣パーマーストンがオスマン帝国にユダヤ人移民を促進するよう提案しました。
• 💰 フランスの貴族バロン・エドモン・ド・ロスチャイルドは1880年代にパレスチナを訪れ、ユダヤ人入植地の設立を支援しました。
• 📖 1896年、オーストリア・ハンガリーのジャーナリスト、テオドール・ヘルツルが『ユダヤ国家』という本を著し、初期のシオニズムの重要なテキストとなりました。
• 🎭 1907年、英国政府はパレスチナにユダヤ人国家を設立することで中東地域を分断し、帝国の支配を維持するための計画を策定しました。
• 💣 第一次世界大戦後、1917年のバルフォア宣言により、英国はパレスチナにユダヤ人の国家を設立することを約束しました。
• 📝 1922年、国際連盟はパレスチナの英国支配を正式に承認し、ユダヤ人国家の設立に向けた政策が進められました。
• 🚩 1936年、パレスチナ全土で反英抗議運動が広がり、英国の強硬な報復措置が取られました。
• 🏠 英国は多くのパレスチナ人の家を破壊し、抗議活動を抑圧しましたが、シオニスト指導者たちはパレスチナ人の土地からの追放を推進しました。

Q & A

1948年はパレスチナ人にとってどのような年に代表されると説明されていますか？

1948年はパレスチナ人にとって「ナクバ」と呼ばれる悲劇的な年であり、何十万人もの人々が自らの家から強制的に追い出されたと説明されています。

ナポレオンのパレスチナに対する計画とは何でしたか？

ナポレオンの計画はパレスチナをフランスの保護下に置くことでユダヤ人に対して祖国を提供し、彼らが「圧圧者」に立ち向かうように呼びかけたものですでした。

イギリス外相のロド・パリストンはどのようにパレスチナを扱うことを提案しましたか？

1840年にイギリス外相のロド・パリストンは、パレスチナへのユダヤ人移民の促進をオスマン帝国の宰相に提案しました。これはエジプトの支配者ムハンマド・アリの台頭を阻止する手段として計画されました。

バルオン・エドモンド・ド・ロートシュイルドはパレスチナのユダヤ人社会にどのような影響を与えましたか？

バルオン・エドモンド・ド・ロートシュイルドはパレスチナを訪れたフランス貴族であり、ユダヤ人コミュニティの主要な支援者となり、ユダヤ人の植民地を30ヶ所設立するために1400万フランス・フラン以上を費やしました。

ザイオン主義の意味と、ナタン・バムが初めて用いたのはいつですか？

ザイオン主義とはパレスチナにユダヤ人祖国を樹立することを意味しており、1885年にオーストリアの作家ナタン・バムによって初めて用いられました。

テオドール・ヘルツルの「ユダヤ国家」という書籍はどのような影響を与えましたか？

テオドール・ヘルツルの「ユダヤ国家」は初期ザイオン主義の最も重要な文献の一つであり、将来の独立したユダヤ国の創立を想定していました。

1917年のバラフォーマ宣言とは何であり、なぜ重要なのでしょうか？

1917年のバラフォーマ宣言は、イギリス外相のアーサー・ジームズ・バルフォーから影響力のある英ザイオン主義者であるロルド・ロスチャイルド卿への手紙であり、パレスチナにユダヤ人祖国を樹立することを誓約したものです。これはユダヤ人移民と英国のパレスチナ政策に大きな影響を与えました。

1936年のアラブ反乱の主な理由は何でしたか？

1936年のアラブ反乱は、パレスチナの政治指導者による説明によれば、イギリス政府のパレスチナ政策に対する反発であり、その政策が続けばユダヤ人によってアラブ人を置き換えることになるという懸念からでした。

イギリスのパレスチナ統治はどのように変化しましたか？

イギリスのパレスチナ統治は、1922年にリーグオブネーションズによって正式に定められ、イギリスはパレスチナに政治的、行政的、経済的条件を設けることでユダヤ人国民の家を確立することが求められました。

1929年のブラーク反乱の原因は何でしたか？

1929年のブラーク反乱は、ユダヤ人移民の増加とそれに伴うパレスチナ住民の土地の奪取に伴い、パレスチナ人々の憤りが爆発した結果であり、特にエルサレムの歓待壁（ウォイリングウォール）でのユダヤ人集会が反乱の火種となりました。

イギリス政府は1936年の反乱にどのように対応しましたか？

イギリス政府は1936年の反乱に対して厳しい懲役措置を行い、反乱者と関与していると疑われる者全員を逮捕し、彼らの家を破壊する集団的懲役を行いました。

パレスチナのユダヤ人移民増加の影響はどのようなものですか？

パレスチナへのユダヤ人移民の増加は、新興のユダヤ人社会やイギリスの支配を強化し、一方でパレスチナのアラブ住民に対する土地の奪取や社会の変化をもたらし、両民族間の緊張を高めました。

Outlines

00:00

📜 ナポレオンから始まるパレスチナの歴史

1799年、ナポレオン・ボナパルトはパレスチナの都市アクレを包囲し、フランスの保護下でユダヤ人の祖国を提供する書簡を発表しました。ナポレオンの計画は失敗しましたが、40年後にイギリスによって復活され、ユダヤ人移住が進展しました。フランスの資産家バロン・エドムンド・ド・ロスチャイルドが1880年代にパレスチナを訪れ、ユダヤ人コミュニティの支援者となりました。

05:00

📘 テオドール・ヘルツルとシオニズムの始まり

1896年、オーストリア・ハンガリーのジャーナリスト、テオドール・ヘルツルが『ユダヤ国家』を執筆し、シオニズム運動の重要なテキストとなりました。ヘルツルの同僚、マックス・ノルダウはパレスチナの調査を指示し、初のシオニスト会議を1897年にスイスのバーゼルで開催しました。

10:02

📝 英国のパレスチナ支配とバルフォア宣言

1907年、英国政府はムスリム・アラブ人口への対策を策定し、パレスチナにバッファーステートを設立することを提案しました。1917年にはバルフォア宣言が発表され、ユダヤ人国家の設立が約束されました。宣言後、ユダヤ人軍事部隊がエルサレムを占領し、シオニストの夢が現実に近づきました。

15:03

🏛️ イギリスの統治下での変化とパレスチナ人の反発

1920年、ハーバート・サミュエルが初代英国高等弁務官に任命され、ユダヤ人移民を支援しました。1922年に国際連盟が英国のパレスチナ統治を正式に認め、ユダヤ人国家建設の条件が整いました。これに対し、パレスチナ人は反発し、デモや反対運動が頻発しました。

20:21

🌍 パレスチナでのユダヤ人移民の増加と社会の変化

1920年代後半、ユダヤ人の移民が急増し、テルアビブの自治権やヘブライ大学の開校など、ユダヤ人社会の発展が進みました。これに対し、パレスチナ人はストライキや抗議活動を行い、英政府の政策に強く反発しました。

25:27

⚖️ バルフォア宣言の影響と反ユダヤ感情の高まり

1929年、ワイリングウォールでのユダヤ人集会が暴動を引き起こし、アラブ人とユダヤ人の間で多くの死傷者が出ました。英国のジョン・チャンセラー高等弁務官は厳しい処罰を命じ、3人のパレスチナ人が処刑されました。

30:31

📈 シオニズムの進展とパレスチナ人の抵抗

1930年代に入り、ユダヤ人の移民数が急増しました。パレスチナの詩人たちはこれに反発し、1936年には大規模なストライキと抗議が発生しました。英国政府はこれに対して厳しい措置を取り、パレスチナ人の家屋を破壊するなどしました。

35:34

🛠️ 英国とシオニズムの協力とパレスチナ人の反発

1933年、パレスチナへのユダヤ人移民が急増し、英国とシオニストの協力が強化されました。これに反発するパレスチナ人の抗議活動が活発化し、英国当局は厳しい対応を取りました。

40:36

🔍 ユダヤ人移民とパレスチナ人の抵抗

1930年代、ユダヤ人移民が増加し、パレスチナ人の反発が強まりました。革命家アブドゥル・カディル・アル＝フセイニは1935年に反シオニストグループを結成し、英国とシオニストのターゲットを攻撃しました。

45:48

💥 1936年のパレスチナ大反乱

1936年、パレスチナ全土で大規模なストライキと反乱が発生し、パレスチナ人は英国政府に対してユダヤ人移民の即時停止を要求しました。英国当局は反乱に対し厳しい対応を取り、多くの家屋を破壊しました。

🏘️ パレスチナ人追放計画

アラブ反乱中、シオニスト指導者ダヴィッド・ベン＝グリオンは英国高等弁務官に、ユダヤ人入植により土地を追われたパレスチナ人をトランスヨルダンに再定住させる提案をしました。この提案は高等弁務官にとって「良い考え」とされました。

Keywords

💡ナポレオン

ナポレオン・ボナパルトはフランスの統治者で、1799年にオスマン帝国の支配下にあるパレスチナを攻めた。彼はユダヤ人に対してパレスチナを母国として提供する手紙を発行し、彼らがフランスの保護下で迫害者から立ち上がるよう呼びかけた。この行為は、後にイギリスによるパレスチナへのユダヤ人移民計画の原型となった。

💡バルフォール宣言

1917年にイギリス外相のアーサー・ジェームズ・バルフォールがユダヤ人代表者に対してパレスチナでのユダヤ人の国家家园の確立を約束した書簡を指す。この宣言は、ユダヤ人移民と国家の設立を後押しする重要な政治的文書であり、アラブ人居住地であるパレスチナに対するイギリスの政策の重要な一環となった。

💡シオニズム

シオニズムは、パレスチナでユダヤ人の国家家园を確立することを目指す政治運動である。この概念は、19世紀末にオーストリアのライターテオドール・ヘルツルが提唱し、20世紀にかけてユダヤ人移民の増加と国家建設の動きにつながった。

💡イギリス委任統治

第一次世界大戦後の1919年、リーグ・オブ・ネイションズによってイギリスにパレスチナの委任統治が認められた。この統治は、ユダヤ人の国家家园の確立を目指す一方で、アラブ人の権益を損なうことにつながり、パレスチナの緊張を高めた。

💡アーラブ反乱

1936年のアーラブ反乱は、パレスチナのアラブ住民がイギリスの委任統治とユダヤ人移民に対する反感を表明した大規模な抗議活動である。この反乱は、イギリス当局による厳しい鎮圧と、多くの死傷者を出した。

💡ユダヤ人移民

19世紀末から20世紀にかけて、シオニズムの影響を受けてパレスチナに向かうユダヤ人移民の流れが増加した。これらの移民は、ユダヤ人国家の設立を目指して、パレスチナでの土地開発や社会構築に貢献した。

💡テルアビブ

テルアビブは、20世紀初頭にユダヤ人移民によってパレスチナで設立された都市であり、シオニズムの重要な拠点となった。この都市は、ユダヤ人社会の文化と経済の中心地として発展し、後にイスラエルの主要都市の一つとなった。

💡ハシム

ハシムは、ユダヤ人移民によるパレスチナでの開発を守るために設立された民間軍事組織である。この組織は、ユダヤ人移民の安全とシオニズムの目標を守る役割を果たした。

💡アラブの独立

アラブの独立は、20世紀にかけて中東地域のアラブ諸国が自己の国家を築き上げる動きを指す。この独立運動は、シオニズムと対立し、パレスチナにおけるアラブ人とユダヤ人間の緊張を高めた。

💡ユダヤ人国家

ユダヤ人国家は、シオニズムの目標として提唱されたユダヤ人が主体とする国家を指す。この概念は、1917年のバルフォール宣言によって正式に支持され、後にイスラエル国家的建国につながった。

Highlights

1948年对巴勒斯坦人来说是灾难性的一年，他们被迫离开家园；而对以色列人来说，这一年标志着以色列国家的诞生。

拿破仑在1799年提出将巴勒斯坦作为犹太人的家园，尽管他最终败于阿克，但他的计划后来被英国人复兴。

英国外交大臣帕利斯顿在1840年提出向犹太人开放巴勒斯坦，以对抗埃及总督穆罕默德·阿里的崛起。

法国贵族巴伦·埃德蒙·德·罗斯柴尔德成为犹太社区的主要赞助者，资助建立犹太定居点。

1885年，奥地利作家纳坦·巴姆首次提出“锡安主义”一词，意指在巴勒斯坦建立犹太人的家园。

1896年，西奥多·赫茨尔撰写《犹太国》一书，成为早期锡安主义的重要文献。

1897年，赫茨尔召集第一届锡安主义大会，通过在巴勒斯坦建立犹太人家园的计划。

1907年，英国政府建议在巴勒斯坦建立一个对欧洲友好的缓冲国，以确保其在中东的统治。

1915年，赫伯特·塞缪尔提出将巴勒斯坦并入大英帝国，为犹太人在巴勒斯坦建立家园铺平道路。

1917年，英国外交大臣亚瑟·詹姆斯·巴尔福致信罗斯柴尔德，承诺在巴勒斯坦建立犹太人的家园。

1919年，美国总统伍德罗·威尔逊委托调查前奥斯曼帝国非土耳其地区，报告指出绝大多数非犹太人反对锡安主义计划。

1920年，英国任命赫伯特·塞缪尔为巴勒斯坦的第一位高级专员，他是一个坚定的锡安主义者。

1922年，国际联盟正式批准英国在巴勒斯坦的统治，并规定建立犹太人的国家家园。

1929年，巴勒斯坦爆发了被称为“布勒克起义”的暴力示威，导致100多名阿拉伯人和犹太人死亡。

1930年代，犹太人移民到巴勒斯坦的数量显著增加，1935年达到62,000人。

1936年，巴勒斯坦爆发了阿拉伯起义，抗议英国政府的政策，导致严厉的镇压和集体惩罚。

大卫·本-古里安，锡安主义运动的杰出领袖，曾建议将被犹太人定居点驱逐的巴勒斯坦人重新安置在约旦河对岸的外约旦。

Transcripts

[Music]

1948

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for Palestinians that year is anba or

the

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catastrophe when hundreds of thousands

were forced out of their

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homes for Israelis that year marks the

creation of the state of Israel

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as a filmmaker and as a Palestinian this

documentary series was my way to

understand the events of the past that

are still shaping the present

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our story starts here in

1799 outside the walls of AA in ottoman

controlled

Palestine an army under Napoleon

bonapart besieged the city all part of a

campaign to defeat the Ottomans and

establish a French presence in the

region in search of allies Napoleon

issued a letter offering Palestine as a

Homeland to the Jews under French

protection he called on the Jews to rise

up against what he called their

oppressors Napoleon's appeal was widen

publicized but he was ultimately

defeated in acre today the only memory

of him is a statue a top a hill

overlooking the city yet Napoleon's

project for a Jewish homeland in the

region under a colonial protectorate did

not

die 40 years later the plan was revived

by the British this time as a means of

thwarting the rising power of Egyptian

Governor Muhammad Ali

in 1840 British foreign secretary Lord

paliston wrote to his Ambassador in

Constantinople urging him to convince

the sultan and his Entourage to open

Palestine for the immigration of

Jews at that time there were estimated

to be no more than 3,000 Jews in ottoman

controlled

Palestine over the years Jewish

immigration to Palestine increased

helped on by wealth

benefactors one of these was the French

Aristocrat Baron Edmund de

Rothchild he began visiting palestin in

the 1880s and became one of the Jewish

community's leading sponsors he spent

over 14 million French Franks to

establish 30 Jewish settlements the most

important was rishan Leon founded in

1882 today the remains of Baron D

Rothchild lie in a melum in Northern

isra Israel it's a popular site for

Israeli school children learning about

the wealthy Patron who bankrolled Jewish

settlement building in Palestine over

100 years

ago in 1885 the term Zionism was first

coined by Austrian writer Nathan bbam

it's derived from the word Zion one of

the biblical names for

Jerusalem Zionism came to mean the

establishment of a Jewish homeland in

Palestine but not all Jews supported

this in 1896 Theodore Herzel an austr

Hungarian journalist wrote a book called

the Jewish state it is considered one of

the most important texts of early

Zionism Herzel envisioned the founding

of a future independent Jewish State

during the 20th

century his colleague Max nordau sent

two rabbis to Palestine to investigate

the prospects for a Jewish State

there their report concluded the bride

is beautiful but she is married to to

another

man the rabbis understood that

palestine's spouse was the Palestinian

Society rooted in its

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soil in 1897 Herzel with bbam and nordal

convened the first Zionist Congress in

the Swiss city of

Basil the Congress adopted a program for

the establishment of a Homeland for the

Jewish people in Palestine

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in 190 7 the British government set up a

committee to devise a strategy toward

the Muslim Arab population of the

Ottoman

Empire the committee's report submitted

to British prime minister Henry Campbell

Bannerman in 1907 recommended

establishing a so-called buffer state in

Palestine the report proposed this state

be hostile to its neighbors and friendly

to Europe the aim was to divide the

region and so assure Britain's continued

Imperial

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dominance in 1907

Kim vicman a chemist who had emerged as

a leader among British zionists visited

Palestine for the first time he set out

to establish a company in Jaffa to

develop the land of Palestine a

practical means to pursue the Zionist

dream of building a Jewish State his

Venture was supported by Baron de

roile within three years a major deal

was struck the Jewish National Fund set

up to buy land in Palestine purchased

some 10,000 Dunhams in the Maj bin Amar

region of Northern

Palestine the sale to the Jewish

National Fund had dire consequences for

the thousands of Palestinian Farmers

living on the land

a more uh drastic form of

colonialism than the average classical

European colonialism in the sense their

purpose was actually not so only to

exploit the locals but uh to drive them

out from the very early moment the

Zionist movement targeted

Palestine as the the place for Jewish

Independence and statehood and it was

clear that there were Palestinians on

the land uh Zionist leaders and common

people alike were got used to the idea

that the only way of making Palestine a

Jewish state is by causing the

Palestinians to leave

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a Jewish militia known as Hashim was

established to protect the growing

number of Jewish

settlements Jews held demonstrations to

demand the recognition of Hebrew as an

official language under ottoman rule

n in 1908 najib nasar a Palestinian

pharmacist began publishing a newspaper

called Al Carl in it he warned of

Zionism as a movement aimed at

displacing the Palestinians

he wrote the Jewish state would be a

poisonous dagger in the heart of the

Arabs the outbreak of World War I in

1914 created new opportunities to

reshape the Middle East

in 1915 a secret memorandum was

presented to the British cabinet under

the title the future of

Palestine it was drafted by Herbert

Samuel a British politician and Zionist

committed to Palestine becoming a home

for the Jewish

people in the document Samuel advised

that the time was not right for the

establishment of an autonomous Jewish

state in

Palestine he recommended instead that

Palestine be annexed to the British

Empire describing this as the most

welcome solution to the supporters of

the Zionist movement he expressed the

hope that under British rule and over

time more Jews would settle in the land

and grow into a majority among what he

called the muhammadans of Arab

race Samuel's recommendations were taken

into account in the secret British

French agreement formulated by British

politician Sir Mark Sykes and French

diplomat franois George

Pico the Sykes Pico agreement opened the

way for the establishment of a Jewish

state in 1917 the British cabinet headed

by Prime Minister David Lloyd George

pledged to establish a Homeland for the

Jews in

Palestine The Pledge came in the form of

a letter from the British foreign

secretary Arthur balur to the

influential British Zionist Lord Walter

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Roth Lord

Ro

can

can World zist organization

Britain had no moral or political or

legal right to promise the land that

belonged to the Arabs to another people

so the Bala Declaration was both immoral

and

illegal a month after bala's pledge a

meeting took place in London to

celebrate the Declaration speakers

included Lord Lord Rothchild Herbert

Samuel Mark Sykes and Kim

[Music]

vican just several days later on

December the 11th

1917 the British army commanded by

General Edmund Allenby captured

Jerusalem entering the holy city

alongside Allenby was a Jewish military

unit established under British

aaces one member of this unit was David

benan who would later be Israel's first

prime

minister the unit also included zeev

jainy a future Zionist leader as well as

nemah Rabin soon to be father of young

boy yitzak

Rabin within a month General alen

welcomed Heim vican in

Jerusalem the are approximately 50,000

Jews in Palestine at this time 10% of

the population among half a million

Arabs the Great War ended in 1918 and

preparations were made for a peace

conference in Paris president of the

United States woodro Wilson commissioned

an investigation into the non-turkish

areas of the former Ottoman Empire the

commission was headed by the academic Dr

Henry King and politic ition Charles

crane when it was eventually published

The Crane King report proved to be

political Dynamite the report stated

that the non-jewish population of

Palestine nearly 9/10 of the whole was

emphatically against the Zionist

program the report went on to warn that

anti-zionist feeling in Palestine in

Syria was intense and not likely to be

flouted it divulged convers ations with

British officers who suggested a force

of not less than 50,000 soldiers would

be required to initiate the Zionist

program the authors judged all this as

evidence of what they described as a

strong sense of the Injustice of the

Zionist program the report concluded

Jewish immigration should be definitely

limited and the project for making

Palestine distinctly a Jewish

Commonwealth should be given

up the King report fell on deaf

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ears at the Paris peace conference in

1919 Britain was represented by Prime

Minister David Lloyd George and Arthur

balur a delegation from the Zionist

organization attended headed by Kim

BisMan they presented a map seen here

proposing the area to be allocated for a

Jewish

homeland the map included both Palestine

and the East Bank of the Jordan River as

well as parts of what are today Southern

Lebanon and

Syria parallel to the conference the

leader of the Arab delegation Prince

fisel bin Hussein signed with the

Zionist delegation's leader what became

known as the fisel vican

agreement it outlined fil's approval for

a Jewish homeland in Palestine and an

Arab nation in the larger Middle

East the agreement was mediated by

leftenant Colonel Thomas Edward Lawrence

known as Lawrence of

Arabia fisel signed adding in his own

handwriting that the agreement be

dependent on the Arabs gaining their

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independence New York or

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Washington

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fore

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for when

in 1920 the first British High

Commissioner for Palestine was

appointed controversially London

selected her but Samuel for the Post

Samuel was a committed Zionist many

suspected he would set out to implement

what he had proposed 5 years earlier by

favoring Jewish immigration to transform

Palestine into a Jewish homeland in 1922

the League of Nations formalized British

rule in Palestine the second Clause of

the British mandate document approved by

the League of Nations stipulated the

British mandatory shall be responsible

for placing the country under political

administrative and economic conditions

that will secure the establishment of

the Jewish National

Home British High Commissioner Herbert

Samuel decreed Hebrew as an official

language of Palestine alongside Arabic

and English the letters e and Y were

added to the word Palestine in Hebrew as

an abbreviation of the words eret Israel

meaning land of Israel

herit someone

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Britain provided the

muscle um under which they could simply

immigrate I mean they couldn't have

immigrated were it not for uh the

British presence um because the the um

the crucial battle in the early stages

was simply getting Jews into Palestine

and acquiring land they couldn't have

done that without uh British uh

government

um sponsorship

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for

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Palestinians viewed the British

mandatory Authority and British troops

on the ground as siding with the

Jews more and more Palestinian Farmers

expelled from farmlands began to join

newly formed revolutionary

groups in 1921 Palestinians organized

large demonstrations against Jewish

immigration

at that time the Palestinian leadership

was in effect hereditary within one

family the grand Muti of Jerusalem Amin

al- husseini inherited his position at

the age of 25 following the death of his

brother who had in turn succeeded their

father the leadership sent successive

delegations to London to discuss the

Palestinian question

for for

the changes on the ground in Palestine

can be noted in the British government's

report to the Council of the League of

Nations in

1925 the document reported the

immigration of more than 33,000 Jews who

were granted Palestinian

nationality this was three times the

figure of the previous

year 13 new settlements were built

according to the report a Jewish labor

union called the histadrut had been set

up under under the direction of David

benan and the Jewish town of Tel Aviv

was accorded Municipal

autonomy in addition the Hebrew

University was officially opened in

1925 at a ceremony attended by British

High Commissioner Herbert Samuel the

former British foreign secretary Arthur

balur and the head of the Zionist

organization Kim vican as vian's guest

balur visited a number of Jewish

settlements in Jerusalem he met with

Samuel and alanby the two men who had

helped implement the policy he himself

had laid out 8 years earlier in the

famous Bala

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declaration the Palestinians went on

strike to protest against bala's

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visit they raised black flags to Signal

their opposition to the the policies

Bala had set in

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train the Palestinians were in somber

mood not so the zionists

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vican congratulated Samuel for his work

towards the establishment of a national

Jewish

homeland the Zionist movement was active

in its propaganda this film in French

showed the map of Palestine with areas

highlighted as land the zionists claimed

to have acquired as of 1925

[Music]

the film also shows the areas zionists

planned to acquire within the next 25

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years in the summer of 1929 Ardent

Zionist groups organized a gathering at

the Wailing Wall in Jerusalem known to

the Palestinians as

alarak the incident ignited violent

demonstrations called the Burak Revolt

led by a Palestinian farmer named Farhan

alsadi more than 100 Arabs and Jews were

killed on both

sides Sir John Chancellor the new

British High Commissioner in Palestine

issued a strongly worded memorandum

calling for all those who took part in

the Revolt to be severely

punished three Palestinians were

arrested and accused of participating in

the Revolt they were fuad Hassan hijazi

from

safad ATA Ahmed alzir from

Hebron and Muhammad Khalil Jam jum whose

picture could not be found the three men

were jailed here at AA prison the

British sentenced them to

death Arab delegations pleaded for their

sentences to be commuted but on June the

17th 1930 the British authorities had

had the three men

executed a cemetery in acre still

contains the graves of the three

men in a final statement before their

execution they had written at the end of

our Lives we say to the Arab leaders and

Muslims all over the world do not trust

the foreigners we lived and died for the

Arab cause

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such Sentiments of anticolonialism and

pan arabism would become increasingly

common in subsequent

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decades during the first 10 years of the

British mandate the number of Jews in

Palestine more than doubled to reach

175,000 zionists all over the world were

proud of their achievement

I am here today to ask you my fellow

zionists which attitude shall we

take which of the possible attitudes

that we Face shall be our

own I would say to England though I am

only an American Jew but an oldtime

reverencing admirer of Great Britain I

would say to England if I could

an Arab

Palestine is a threat to Great Britain

and a menace to the world a Jewish

Palestine is an asset to Great Britain

and a blessing to the

world D is in

G the CH his health and long life to the

right honorable Lord God

with Kim vican beside him former British

Prime Minister David Lloyd George

reaffirmed his own Zionist

credentials it is as your German has

reminded

you it is nearly 16 years since he

recruited me to the Zionist movement

Palestine Bon and malarial

swamp have been converted into

Happy

settlements science has been harnessed

to Waters which had been running wild

and waste since the early days of

creation without vegetation and without

life empty desolation that is Palestine

British news bulletins at the time

described Palestine as akin to a

desert the reality was very

different we had the

foreign

foreign

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spee spee

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British politicians of the early 20s

Century had a distorted view of

Palestinian Society frequently labeling

it as muhammadan despite the population

including over 100,000 Palestinian

Christians they did not regard them as

yet belonging to either an Arab National

group in general or to local National

groups uh the only way they were able to

view them was as a religious uh uh group

of Believers so I think they they missed

the point for instance that um

Christians and Muslims actually founded

a new identity not the religious one but

the national one

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by

1933 protests against Jewish immigration

were becoming ever more frequent in

Palestine women took Parts side by side

with men the British authorities cracked

down on demonstrations and arrested

thousands many were killed and

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wounded Musa kazim al- husseini the

80-year-old former mayor of Jerusalem

was beaten by British soldiers during a

demonstration in

Jaffa he later died of his injuries the

British authorities became ever more

were

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heavy-handed this letter was written by

a Palestinian policeman condemning the

behavior of his British senior officer

John

Faraday a number of other complaints

were filed against

Faraday the officer was never charged

four years later Faraday was awarded the

king's police medal for his valuable

services in Palestine

[Music]

only still images of the Palestinian

demonstrations are available in the

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archives movie cameras did capture

Jewish life in Palestine as well as

British Pomp and

Ceremony this footage shows the Star of

David flag over the Tel Aviv

municipality

building this is footage of work in the

diamond factories of Tel Aviv and this

footage shows the flow of new immigrants

and the building of new

[Music]

settlements footage of Palestinian life

in the early 20th century proved more

difficult to find

a Palestinian film archive had once

existed but had since been lost or gone

mysteriously

[Music]

missing we spent months searching for

pictures of Palestinian

lives eventually in the vaults of the

British Library we found glimpses of

this bygone era

most of the Palestinians intellectuals

leaders journalists were still unaware

how determined the Zionist movement is

of dispossessing them from

Palestine in the 19 1930s the number of

Jews immigrating to Palestine began to

increase

significantly from 4,000 in

1931 the figure jumped to

9,500 the following year in 1933 the

number Rose to 30,000 in 1934

42,000 and in 1935 a further jump to

62,000 that same year Palestinian poet

Abdul Rahim Mahmud wrote a poem which he

read aloud to Prince sa bin abdulaziz of

Saudi Arabia who was visiting

Jerusalem he asked did you come to visit

the holy AXA mosque or to bid it

farewell before it is

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lost

for she alasam established a

revolutionary group to strike at Zionist

and British Targets in 1935 in the Hills

near janin he and a small band of men

were surrounded by British

forces making a defiant stand Alam and

those with him were killed

in

sh

pH the Palestinian political leadership

came under pressure to Halt negotiations

with the

British Palestinian poet ibraim Tuan

addressed a poem to the leadership in

1935 a poem dripping with

irony oh you sincere Patriots you who

carry the heavy burden of the cause only

a fragment of the country remains for us

so please step down before the the

remaining parts Fly

Away on April the 19th 1936 Palestinian

anger boiled over protests erupted in

the city of Jaffa in coordination with a

general strike the wave of anger spread

throughout

Palestine the reasons for the protests

were explained by a spokesman for the

Palestinian political leadership the

main case of the Arabs is against the

British government's policy in

Palestine a policy which if continued

will surely have as a result the

replacement of the Arabs by the Jews

against all principles the British

government imposed the B for declaration

which is abhor by all Arabs in the near

East and on favoring the establishment

of a national home for Jews forgot

intentionally to safeguard the civil

rights of the non-jewish

population the Arabs who decided on a

general and a complete strike until the

total and immediate stoppage of Jewish

immigration is brought about and until

the government introduces an essential

change in its present

the 1936 Revolt shocked the British

mandatory authorities who carried out

harsh punitive actions anyone suspected

of links with the revolutionaries was

arrested their homes destroyed in Jaffa

alone more than 200 houses were

demolished as a collective

punishment demolitions in other Villages

and cities followed the British insisted

that destroying Palestinian houses was

justified as a means to end the

[Music]

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revolt

foree spee

fore

[Music]

during the Arab Revolt David benan then

a prominent leader of the Zionist

movement reportedly made a startling

suggestion to the British High

Commissioner Arthur

warhop benorian is said to have

suggested all Palestinians expelled from

their land by Jewish settlement building

should be resettled in neighboring trans

Jordan the British High Commissioner is

reported to have replied that this was

in his words a good idea