9º ano | História | Governo constitucional e Estado Novo | Aula 01

Summary

In this engaging video, Professor Juliano explores the Vargas Era in Brazilian history, spanning from 1930 to 1945. The narrative covers key events, including the breakdown of the 'café-com-leite' political system, the coup of 1930, and the rise of Getúlio Vargas to power. It also delves into significant movements like the Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932, which led to calls for a new constitution and elections. The video highlights Vargas' shift from provisional to constitutional government and the social and political pressures that shaped his regime. A critical perspective is emphasized, urging a balanced view of Vargas' impact on Brazil's history.

Takeaways

• 😀 The Vargas Era in Brazil lasted from 1930 to 1945, with key periods including the Provisional Government, Constitutional Government, and Estado Novo dictatorship.
• 😀 The 'café-com-leite' policy defined the Brazilian oligarchic republic, with alternating power between elites from São Paulo and Minas Gerais.
• 😀 Washington Luís, the president of Brazil from 1926 to 1930, broke the coffee-with-milk tradition by appointing a candidate from São Paulo instead of Minas Gerais, causing tension and political unrest.
• 😀 A coalition of elites from Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, and Paraíba, known as the Liberal Alliance, opposed Washington Luís and supported Getúlio Vargas in the 1930 election.
• 😀 Vargas became president in 1930 after a coup (also known as the Revolution of 1930), which involved elite factions and the military but did not involve a popular revolution.
• 😀 The Vargas Era's initial phase, the Provisional Government (1930-1934), involved authoritarian measures, including the dissolution of Congress and suspension of the Constitution.
• 😀 The 1932 Constitutionalist Revolution, sparked by São Paulo's opposition to Vargas, led to civil conflict and the martyrdom of four students, who became symbols of resistance.
• 😀 Vargas faced pressure from Paulistas who demanded a new constitution and direct elections. This led to the creation of a new electoral code and the drafting of a constitution by 1934.
• 😀 The Constitutionalist Revolution was a three-month conflict that saw thousands mobilize for the creation of a new constitution, but ultimately the rebels were defeated by Vargas' military forces.
• 😀 The constitutional government under Vargas (1934-1937) began with the establishment of a new constitution, marking a shift from the provisional government to a more formalized political system.

Q & A

What is the café-com-leite policy, and how did it influence Brazilian politics?

The café-com-leite policy was a political arrangement where power alternated between the elites of São Paulo (café) and Minas Gerais (leite). This system ensured political stability but also reinforced the dominance of these two states in Brazilian politics until it was disrupted in the 1930s.

How did the conflict between São Paulo and Minas Gerais elites lead to the coup of 1930?

The conflict arose when São Paulo's president, Washington Luís, nominated another Paulista, Júlio Prestes, instead of a representative from Minas Gerais, breaking the café-com-leite tradition. This decision angered Minas Gerais, leading to the formation of a Liberal Alliance with support from Rio Grande do Sul and Paraíba, which eventually orchestrated a coup in 1930.

What role did the assassination of João Pessoa play in the events of 1930?

João Pessoa, Vargas's vice-presidential candidate, was assassinated, which intensified suspicions and conspiracy theories. This event galvanized opposition against São Paulo's dominance and contributed to the Liberal Alliance's decision to overthrow the government, leading to the 1930 coup.

What was the outcome of the 1930 election, and why was it contested?

Júlio Prestes, the São Paulo candidate, won the 1930 election, but due to the assassination of João Pessoa and the political tensions between São Paulo and other states, the result was contested. The opposition, supported by the military, claimed that São Paulo sought to monopolize Brazil’s political power, leading to the coup.

What was the significance of the Liberal Alliance in the 1930 coup?

The Liberal Alliance, formed by elites from Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, and Paraíba, played a pivotal role in the coup of 1930. They supported Vargas and the military in overthrowing the São Paulo government, leading to Vargas assuming power.

How did the Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932 challenge Vargas's government?

The Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932 was a rebellion led by São Paulo, demanding a new constitution and direct elections. This was a response to Vargas’s authoritarian provisional government, which had suspended the 1891 Constitution and dissolved Congress.

What were the main demands of the Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932?

The main demands of the revolution were the calling of a new constituent assembly to draft a new constitution and the holding of direct presidential elections. The revolution was driven by São Paulo’s dissatisfaction with Vargas's rule.

How did Vargas respond to the Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932?

Vargas's government responded forcefully by crushing the revolution. Despite support for the rebellion from other states, Vargas managed to maintain control, eventually calling for elections and the drafting of a new constitution, which came into effect in 1934.

What was the significance of the MMDC group in the Constitutionalist Revolution?

The MMDC group was formed in honor of four students who were killed during the Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932. The group became a symbol of resistance against Vargas’s government and was key to the mobilization of public support for the revolution.

How did the events of 1930 and 1932 shape the trajectory of Vargas's government?

The events of 1930, including the coup and Vargas's rise to power, and the 1932 Constitutionalist Revolution, significantly shaped his government. Initially taking power as a provisional leader, Vargas faced significant opposition, but these events paved the way for his eventual establishment of the Estado Novo in 1937, an authoritarian regime.