ektomikoriza dan endomikoriza 🍄

Summary

In this presentation, Siti Mustikaningsih from the Forestry Study Program at the University of Jambi explores the mutualistic symbiosis between fungi and plant roots, focusing on ektomikoriza (ectomycorrhiza) and endomikoriza (endomycorrhiza). She discusses their characteristics, including how fungi aid plants by providing nutrients and water while benefiting from the plant's photosynthesis. Various studies on fungal diversity and their effects on plant growth, such as in pine forests, coffee seedlings, and post-mining rehabilitation, highlight the significant role of these fungi in ecological restoration and plant development.

Takeaways

• 😀 Ectomycorrhiza is a mutualistic symbiosis between fungi and plant roots, where fungi benefit from photosynthesis, and plants receive nutrients and water through fungal hyphae.
• 😀 Plants that form ectomycorrhizal relationships are primarily flowering trees, with some shrubs and bushes also being associated with fungi.
• 😀 Ectomycorrhiza is characterized by the formation of a fungal mantle that covers the root tip, and the fungal hyphae spread between root cells, creating complex structures.
• 😀 Endomycorrhiza, unlike ectomycorrhiza, allows fungal hyphae to penetrate the root cortex and invade plant cells.
• 😀 Research on *Pinus merkusii* found two types of ectomycorrhizae: *Scorodermia* and *Scleroderma* species, each with unique fungal hyphal structures and behaviors.
• 😀 Studies in *Shorea pinanga* and *Gnetum gnemon* also revealed various ectomycorrhizal fungi, including different morphological characteristics in the fungal hyphae and mycelium.
• 😀 In Matarawa Village, *Pinus merkusii* harbors multiple ectomycorrhizal fungi, such as Russula and Amanita species, each displaying distinctive fruit body and cap shapes.
• 😀 In the Tanjungpura University arboretum, 30 types of macroscopic fungi were identified, with a focus on the Basidiomycota class, some of which are ecologically significant as ectomycorrhizal fungi.
• 😀 Research on *Eucalyptus pellita* in peatland revealed that spore abundance varied by depth, with more spores found at deeper layers (40-60 cm).
• 😀 The application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculants showed a positive effect on the growth of *Coffea arabica* seedlings, particularly in increasing plant height with optimal doses of inoculant.

Q & A

What is the definition of ectomycorrhiza?

Ectomycorrhiza is a mutualistic symbiosis between fungi and plant roots, where fungi obtain photosynthesis products from plants, while plant roots receive nutrients, water, and other benefits from the fungi.

What types of plants typically form symbiotic relationships with ectomycorrhiza?

Mostly flowering trees, with some types of shrubs and bushes also found to form associations with ectomycorrhizal fungi.

What are the key morphological characteristics of ectomycorrhizae?

The three main characteristics are: the formation of a fungal mantle or layer around the root tip, the development of hyphae between root cells forming complex structures called Hartig nets, and hyphae extending out from the mantle into the soil.

How does endomycorrhiza differ from ectomycorrhiza?

Endomycorrhiza, unlike ectomycorrhiza, involves fungi whose hyphae penetrate the root cells, specifically into the cortex, rather than forming a mantle around the root.

What fungi species were found on Pinus merkusii in the first journal study?

The study found two types of ectomycorrhiza fungi: Scorodermia and Scleroderma detoxicorum, both with white hyphae and monopodial branching.

What are the characteristics of the fungal species found in the Matarawa village study?

The study identified nine fungal species from Basidiomycota, including Russula and Amanita species, with each having distinct morphological features such as fruit body shapes, surface texture, and cap color.

Which fungal species were observed in the Tanjungpura University's Silva Arboretum?

The species identified include indospores, Scleroderma citrum, and Astero spora gastrum, which are classified as ectomycorrhizal fungi and are also toxic.

How does the depth of peat affect the density of spores in Eucalyptus pellita plantations?

Spores were found to be more abundant at depths of 40-60 cm, and as the depth increased, the spore density decreased.

What impact did the inoculation of Glomus aggregatum have on Khaya anthotheca growth?

Inoculating Khaya anthotheca with Glomus aggregatum, combined with the addition of humic acid, improved plant growth, survival, and root mycorrhizal infection, making it an effective treatment for post-mining land restoration.

What ecological function do ectomycorrhizal fungi serve in the environment?

Ectomycorrhizal fungi play a crucial ecological role by enhancing plant nutrient uptake, particularly for water and mineral elements, and supporting plant health in nutrient-poor soils.