Kidney anatomy
Summary
TLDRThis educational video delves into the anatomy of the kidneys, focusing on their structures and location within the body. Positioned between T12 and L3, the kidneys are retroperitoneal, with the right kidney slightly lower due to liver pressure. The video highlights the kidneys' relationship with surrounding organs like the spleen and adrenal glands, and explains their blood supply via renal arteries and veins. It also explores the internal structure, including the cortex, medulla, and nephrons, emphasizing how these components contribute to the kidney's function in filtering blood and producing urine.
Takeaways
- 🧠 The video discusses the anatomy of the kidney, focusing on its structure rather than its physiology.
- 📍 Kidneys are located posteriorly between the levels of T12 and L3 vertebrae, with the right kidney slightly lower due to the liver.
- 🦴 Ribs 11 and 12 protect the kidneys, which are found low in the back.
- 🩺 Kidneys are retroperitoneal, meaning they are located behind the peritoneal cavity.
- 🔍 The spleen should not be confused with the kidneys; the spleen is higher up and more lateral, located between ribs 9, 10, and 11 on the left side.
- 🩸 The kidneys have a superior and an inferior pole, with the adrenal glands sitting on top of them.
- 💉 Blood supply to the kidneys comes from the renal arteries, and blood is drained by the renal veins. The left renal vein is longer and can be compressed by the superior mesenteric artery.
- 💧 The kidneys filter blood, removing excess water and toxins, and this process involves significant blood flow.
- 🏞️ The internal structure of the kidney includes the cortex (outer layer) and medulla (inner layer), with urine collecting in the minor calyces, major calyces, and finally the renal pelvis before draining into the ureter.
- 🔬 Nephrons, the functional units of the kidney, include structures like Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting duct.
Q & A
Where are the kidneys typically located in the human body?
-The kidneys are located between the levels of T12 and L3, posteriorly in the abdominal cavity. The right kidney is slightly lower than the left due to the liver pushing it down.
What is the difference between the right and left kidneys in terms of position?
-The right kidney is positioned slightly lower than the left kidney, by a few centimeters, due to the liver's influence.
What structures help protect the kidneys?
-The kidneys are protected by the ribs, specifically ribs 11 and 12, as well as the posterior abdominal wall muscles.
What is the term used to describe the position of the kidneys relative to the peritoneal cavity?
-The kidneys are described as being retroperitoneal, meaning they are located behind the peritoneal cavity.
What is the function of the adrenal glands located above the kidneys?
-The adrenal glands, also known as suprarenal glands, produce adrenaline and other important hormones.
What major muscles are the kidneys situated on top of?
-The kidneys are situated on top of the iliacus and quadratus lumborum muscles.
How does the anatomical position of the kidneys relate to their blood supply?
-The kidneys have a rich blood supply due to their function in filtering the blood. They receive blood through the renal arteries and drain it through the renal veins.
What is the difference between the renal arteries and veins in terms of their position relative to the abdominal aorta?
-The renal veins are anterior to the renal arteries. The left renal vein can be compressed by the superior mesenteric artery, which could potentially affect drainage.
What is the structure through which urine drains from the kidneys to the bladder?
-Urine drains from the kidneys through the renal pelvis and into the ureters, which then descend to the bladder.
How are the functional units of the kidneys, known as nephrons, structured?
-Nephrons consist of the Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubules, loops of Henle, distal convoluted tubules, and collecting ducts. They are found in the cortex and medulla of the kidneys.
What is the significance of the renal pyramids and calyces in the kidney's structure?
-The renal pyramids are part of the medulla where urine collects at their tips in the minor calyces. These minor calyces then drain into the major calyces and finally into the renal pelvis.
Outlines
🔍 Anatomy of the Kidney: Introduction and Overview
The speaker begins by discussing the anatomy of the kidney, emphasizing that the video will focus on the structure rather than the physiology of the kidneys. They introduce a model to assist with the explanation and note the position of the kidneys in the body, between vertebral levels T12 and L3. The right kidney is slightly lower than the left due to the liver's position. They explain the protective role of ribs 11 and 12 and the muscles around the kidneys, such as the psoas major, iliacus, and quadratus lumborum. The kidneys are described as retroperitoneal organs, meaning they are located behind the peritoneal cavity.
🩸 Blood Supply and Structure of the Kidneys
This paragraph dives into the blood supply and positioning of the kidneys in relation to other organs. The speaker explains the relationship between the kidneys and adjacent organs like the spleen, liver, pancreas, and colon. The renal veins and arteries, as well as their positions, are described in detail, noting how the left renal vein passes between the superior mesenteric artery and the aorta, potentially causing compression. The speaker emphasizes that the kidneys handle significant blood flow due to their role in filtering blood and mentions the renal hilum as the entry and exit point for blood vessels and the ureters.
🛠 Kidney Structures: Cortex, Medulla, and Urine Collection
Here, the speaker explains the internal structure of the kidney, describing the cortex and medulla. They highlight the renal pyramids (or medullary pyramids), where urine collects at the tips and drains into minor calyces, which in turn lead to major calyces. The renal pelvis collects urine before it drains into the ureter, which transports it to the bladder. The speaker emphasizes the three-dimensional structure of the pyramids and the muscular nature of the ureter, allowing urine flow even in challenging conditions like zero gravity.
🔬 Nephrons and the Filtration Process
The final section discusses the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney. The speaker explains the blood flow through the afferent and efferent arterioles and describes structures such as the Bowman's capsule, proximal and distal convoluted tubules, and the loop of Henle. They illustrate how substances that are not reabsorbed collect in the collecting ducts, which empty into the renal pyramids, continuing into the minor and major calyces. The paragraph concludes with a summary of the anatomical and structural information covered, linking it to the kidney's physiological function of blood filtration.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Kidney
💡Retroperitoneal
💡Suprarenal glands
💡Peritoneum
💡Hilum
💡Cortex
💡Medulla
💡Renal pelvis
💡Ureter
💡Nephron
💡Loop of Henle
Highlights
Anatomy of the kidney will be discussed without diving into physiology.
The right kidney is slightly lower than the left due to the position of the liver.
The kidneys are located between the levels of T12 and L3 in the body.
Ribs 11 and 12 offer some protection to the kidneys, especially in the lower area.
Kidneys are retroperitoneal, meaning they are located behind the peritoneal cavity.
The spleen should not be confused with the kidneys; it is located higher and laterally.
The kidneys sit on top of two muscles: iliopsoas and quadratus lumborum.
Major nerves like ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric run posterior to the kidneys.
Blood enters and leaves the kidneys via the renal arteries and veins at the hilum.
The left renal vein can sometimes be compressed by the superior mesenteric artery.
Kidneys filter blood to remove excess water and toxins, making renal blood vessels quite large.
Each kidney contains a cortex and medulla; blood vessels reach into the cortex.
Urine collects at the tips of renal pyramids in the minor calyces.
The minor calyces drain into larger spaces called major calyces, which eventually lead to the renal pelvis.
Urine moves from the renal pelvis into the ureters, which transport it to the bladder.
Transcripts
boy this week if I talk about the
anatomy of the kidney I never know how
long my videos again at thee I always
aim the keys in shorter than they end up
being because I never know how long
they're going to be because I haven't
recorded them yet long edited them but
we're gonna talk about the kidney how
much could I possibly talk about the
kidney in a through the kidneys all that
much I'm not going to do the physiology
I'm not a physiologist I'm just going to
talk about the structures of the kidney
so here's a nice model he's a big model
and to do this is also good
however awesome torso model for Moses
let's use this guy right okay there's a
lot of it got my usual skeleton here
facing backwards because the kidneys are
fine posterior they're found between the
levels of our t12 and l3 the kidney on
the right is a little bit lower than the
kidney on the left just by a few
centimeters because of the liver pushing
it down but they're generally at these
levels here so though here's the last
width of t12 l1 l2 l3 l4 l5 l 1 2 3 so
they're directly very low down you know
they're down here and notice what the
ribs they curve around and they descend
so that the last couple of ribs ribs 11
and 12 are protecting the kidneys down
here right so they're you're kind of
you're kind of in here somewhere and in
fact the more inferior kidney the the
kidney on the right-hand side
he's only you know a couple of fingers
above this quest here so they're they're
very posterior and they're quite low
down they are there's a whole lot of
muscle
the posterior abdominal wall here which
is protecting the kidneys and we'll look
at that in a moment don't make the
kidneys up with clean the kidneys of
retroperitoneal well as retroperitoneal
means so the peritoneal cavity is the
cavity within the abdomen that all this
stuff is within the small intestine
stomach and all these bits and bobs
within the small intestine if you don't
know what I'm talking about with
peritoneum peritoneal cavity and median
trees go and have a look at my cling
film and territory and video now clear
it all up for you hopefully but if most
of the GI tract is within these
peritoneal sac within the greatest act
within the peritoneal cavity then the
kidneys are behind that that bag of
peritoneum there posterior is that bag
of peritoneum for there retroperitoneum
right
and we'll dishum will disembowel this in
a bit to see where those are the first
of all I want to point out this here
this is the spleen do not mix up the
kidneys for the spleen the spleen is
lateral so you have lateral this is and
it's higher up is between ribs what nine
ten and eleven and it's on the left side
two three one spleen two kidneys don't
look so here we go
and here are the two kidneys this one
has been partially dissected this one is
complete we can see the suprarenal
glands here these are the two adrenal or
supervene or glands will produce
adrenaline and a lot of very important
still region we'll have you his a spleen
here the kidney so there retroperitoneal
we've taken the peritoneum off to see
the two kidneys so this muscle here is
so as major here is iliacus they come
together to form iliopsoas and here you
see these these fibers here these are
the quadratus lumborum
so iliopsoas is a major hip flexor
and quadratus lumborum will give lateral
flexion of the spine so the two kidneys
are sat on top of those two muscles
there Illya Saracen quadratus lumborum
necessarily by far they've got the nice
facial faces and we've got the imio
inguinal and the iliohypogastric nerve
of running around from the lumbosacral
plexus posterior to the two kidneys in
these three muscle layers of muscle here
forming the abdominal wall to get around
here and we can see the blood vessels we
talked about the kidneys having a
superior pole and an inferior pole I'm
taking all this stuff out but the left
kidney so you see the pancreas here the
stomach goes on top if we take the
stomach out you can see there's a little
bit of a superior pole of the kidney in
here here's the adrenal gland here's the
spleen here's the pancreas if we take
this out again so you can see if the
pancreas is running across the mid part
of the left kidney and the inferior part
of the kidney wallet here's the splenic
flexure of the large colon so that's up
here and look here's the hepatic flexure
here up against this kidney and then of
course we've got the liver covering much
of this side
and the stomach goes in there now here's
the inferior vena cava and here's the
aorta so the blood supply and drainage
to and from the kidneys from the renal
arteries in the renal vein
but look the renal veins are anterior
and the renal arteries are posterior if
this is the abdominal aorta we see these
three anterior branches here the celiac
trunk the superior mesenteric artery and
the inferior mesenteric artery supplying
blood to the GI tract and look how this
left renal vein gets trapped between the
superior mesenteric artery as it comes
out of the aorta and goes to the GI
tract that's an interesting piece of
anatomy there I mean there's a
possibility that drainage through the
renal vein could be affected by the
superior mesenteric artery compressing
it doing funny things right so the
inferior vena cava the blood drains from
the kidney through these renal veins to
the inferior vena cava and here is one
renal artery here on the right the other
being larger on the left is hidden so
the author is is to the left for the
renal artery on the right is longer the
renal artery on the left is shorter and
these are big blood vessels because of
course the function of the kidney is to
look at the blood to take out excess
water to take out toxins and has a few
other jobs so the kidneys see a lot of
blood because their job is to do with
filtering the blood so these are big
blood vessels the blood vessels enter
and leave the kidneys at the hilum just
like most organs have a highland where
things go in and out so the kidneys
complete around here has this hilum here
with renal arteries and veins enter and
leave but also we see the ureter coming
out here
year to descending down on either side
to the bladder we can see here some of
the structure of the kid you go let me
get a bigger model so here we can see on
this model those ureters are complete
and they descend down to the bladder
here and into the bladder on either side
but we're not talking about the ureters
and below today we're talking about the
kidney now if we like many organs the
kidney is described as having a cortex
on the edge side and the does root issue
on the inside but you can see that the
blood vessels are passing into the
cortex and these here so these are
cortical columns this is a cortex around
here these are the renal pyramids or the
medullary pyramids so you can imagine as
we saw on the other model that these are
cut in sections and coronal sections are
their flattened triangles almost but if
they were in three dimensions maybe more
the pyramidal shape so urine collects at
the tip of the renal pyramids and this
small space here and here and here these
small spaces are the minor calyce's
so urine drip drip clip collecting the
minor calyce's so three or four of these
minor calyce's will drain into a larger
space and major calyx again imagine
these in three dimensions we've got some
pyramids out here as well some KFC minor
K diffusion three dimensions and then
three or four of these major Calif fees
will drain into this larger space here
and this larger space is the renal
pelvis so the urine collections of renal
pelvis and from the renal pelvis we find
the ureter and the yearling can drain
them ureter so the bladder has loss the
ureter is muscular so you can do this
upside down and you can do this in
zero gravity it'll work oh here's the
bigger model so here's our cortex here's
the medulla and the gallery pyramid that
hero our hero our nephrons you can see
the blood vessels coming in here these
are the efferent and afferent arterioles
there's the Bowman's capsule so there
are the capillaries there and then here
is proximal convoluted tubules there is
the loop of Henle descending down into
the medulla the big is a bigger one down
here loop of Henle and then we have the
distal convoluted tubule and this is the
collecting duct here the collecting
system so you know the fluid passes
through this tubules
the stuff does not reabsorbed back into
the blood collects in the collecting
tubules here you can see how it collects
at the tip of the medullary pyramid and
down here would be the four minor calyx
here as your Bowman's capsule so you
find these in the cortex and you find
the loops of Henle and the collecting
systems in the medulla so how's that
we've talked about where you find the
kidneys anatomically the structures
nearby we've talked about their blood
supply and we've talked about you and
collecting systems and we've talked
about the structures within the kidney
and that's about it all right so the
structure of the kidney relate to the
function of the kidneys when you look at
the physiology when you look all those
ducks and tubules just advance your
anatomy and your understanding will be
more complete see Taj is going to be
short
浏览更多相关视频
Ginjal: Anatomi dan Fisiologi | Ilmu Biomedik Dasar | Brainy Panda
Sistema Excretor/Urinário: Aula 1/2. Anatomia e Fisiologia Renal
The Human Kidney: Anatomy and Physiology
Resumão: ANATOMIA DOS RINS
NEPHRON Structure & Function Made Easy - Human Excretory System Simple Explanation.
Development of the Kidneys | Renal Embryology | Development of the Urinary System | Embryology
5.0 / 5 (0 votes)