Quantitative Research Design

Summary

This video script delves into the realm of quantitative research design, elucidating its significance in academic research. It defines research design as a blueprint for data collection and analysis, emphasizing its role in structuring research around a problem or hypothesis. The script distinguishes between experimental and non-experimental designs, outlining specific types such as descriptive, longitudinal, correlational, true experimental, and quasi-experimental. Each design's purpose, from establishing cause-effect relationships to describing phenomena, is explored. The script also highlights the importance of randomization and control variables in true experiments, contrasting them with the limitations of quasi-experimental approaches. Practical examples are provided to illustrate how these designs can be applied in educational research, offering viewers a clear understanding of selecting the most appropriate research design for their studies.

Takeaways

• 📚 Research design is a master plan specifying methods and procedures for data collection and analysis.
• 🔍 The significance of research design is to guide the collection and analysis of data to answer research questions.
• 📈 Quantitative research design focuses on numerical data and relationships between variables.
• 📊 Non-experimental designs include descriptive, longitudinal, and correlational research methods.
• 🔬 Experimental designs involve cause and effect and are divided into true experimental and quasi-experimental.
• 📝 Descriptive research uses quantifiable descriptors like frequency count and percentage to describe phenomena.
• 📉 Longitudinal research extends over a longer period and involves repeated observations.
• 🔗 Correlational research seeks to find significant relationships between variables.
• ⚖️ True experimental design requires randomization, manipulation of the independent variable, and a control variable.
• 🧬 Quasi-experimental design lacks randomization or control variables, including pre-experimental and time series designs.

Q & A

What is quantitative research design?

Quantitative research design is a master plan specifying the methods and procedures for collection and analyzing needed information, focusing on numerical data to answer research questions and control variants.

Why is research design significant in writing a research paper?

Research design is significant as it provides a structured approach to solving research problems, helps in selecting the most appropriate method for gathering information, and ensures the research is anchored to the research problem.

What are the objectives of the session on quantitative research design?

The objectives are to familiarize with the definition, purpose, and nature of different research designs under quantitative research, and to identify and select the most appropriate research design for a given problem.

According to William Hickman, what is a research design?

According to William Hickman, a research design is a master plan specifying the methods and procedures for collection and analyzing needed information.

What is the role of research design in planning research?

Research design plays a role in planning research by outlining the methods or procedures on how to collect and analyze data, ensuring a better plan based on the identified problem, hypothesis, and research questions.

What are the two types of quantitative research design?

The two types of quantitative research design are experimental, which focuses on cause and effect, and non-experimental, which describes and relates variables.

What are the three types of non-experimental research design?

The three types of non-experimental research design are descriptive, longitudinal, and correlational research designs.

What is a descriptive research design and how is it used?

A descriptive research design is used to describe a certain condition or phenomenon in a given sample using quantifiable descriptors like frequency count, percentage, mean, and standard deviation.

How does a longitudinal research design differ from a descriptive research design?

A longitudinal research design differs from a descriptive research design in that it involves a prolonged process and often requires a greater amount of time to gather data over an extended period.

What is a correlational research design and what is its purpose?

A correlational research design is used to seek significant relationships between identified variables to determine if changes in one variable are associated with changes in another.

What are the characteristics of a true experimental research design?

The characteristics of a true experimental research design include randomization, manipulation of the independent variable, and the presence of a control variable.

What is the difference between experimental and quasi-experimental designs?

The difference between experimental and quasi-experimental designs is that experimental designs have randomization and control variables, while quasi-experimental designs lack randomization or the ability to manipulate variables and may not have a control group.

What are the examples of quasi-experimental designs mentioned in the script?

Examples of quasi-experimental designs mentioned are pre-experimental and time series designs, which include one-shot case study, one group pre-test post-test design, and static group comparison.

How does the Solomon 4 group design combine elements of other experimental designs?

The Solomon 4 group design combines elements of the pretest posttest control group design and the post test control group design by including four setups with two control groups and two experimental groups.

Outlines

00:00

🔬 Introduction to Quantitative Research Design

This paragraph introduces the concept of quantitative research design, emphasizing its importance in the research paper writing process. It outlines the session's objectives, which include familiarizing the audience with the definition, purpose, and nature of different research designs under the quantitative research umbrella. The paragraph also discusses the selection of the most appropriate research design for a given problem. Hickman's definition of research design as a master plan for data collection and analysis is presented, along with Kerlinger's view of it as a plan to obtain answers to research questions and control variants. The paragraph concludes with a distinction between quantitative and qualitative research methods, highlighting the focus on numerical data in quantitative research.

05:05

📊 Types of Quantitative Research Design

The second paragraph delves into the two main types of quantitative research design: experimental and non-experimental. Experimental designs are cause-and-effect studies, while non-experimental designs describe and relate variables. The paragraph further categorizes non-experimental designs into descriptive, longitudinal, and correlational research designs. Descriptive research is explained as a method to describe conditions or phenomena using quantifiable descriptors, such as frequency count and mean scores. Longitudinal research design is characterized by a prolonged process of data collection over time. Correlational research design aims to find significant relationships between variables. The paragraph provides examples of each type of design, such as a teacher's study on student performance or the relationship between family status and class attendance.

10:06

🧪 Exploring Experimental Research Designs

This paragraph focuses on experimental research designs, starting with the true experimental design that requires randomization, manipulation of the independent variable, and control variables. The paragraph explains that if any of these characteristics are missing, the design falls under quasi-experimental. It outlines examples of quasi-experimental designs, including pre-experimental and time series designs. The symbols for experimental observations (X for treatment, O for observation, R for random assignment) are introduced. The paragraph provides examples of pre-experimental designs such as one-shot case studies, one-group pre-test post-test designs, and static group comparisons, all of which lack random assignment.

15:07

📚 Examples of Pre-Experimental and True Experimental Designs

The fourth paragraph provides concrete examples of pre-experimental designs, such as a one-shot design where students are given a lecture followed by exercises, and a one-group pre-test post-test design where a diagnostic test is followed by the use of educational software and then an achievement test. It also describes a static group design where one group receives an intervention and the other does not. The paragraph then transitions to true experimental designs, which include pre-test post-test control group design, post-test only control group design, and Solomon four-group design. Each design is explained with an example, such as monitoring the effect of a new teaching method or evaluating the impact of reading intervention on academic grades.

20:08

📈 Solomon Four-Group Design and Conclusion

The final paragraph discusses the Solomon four-group design, which combines elements of pre-test post-test control group design and post-test only control group design. It is highlighted as the best experimental design due to its comprehensive setup with two control groups and two experimental groups. The paragraph summarizes the key points about research design, emphasizing its significance in structuring a research paper. The speaker concludes by expressing hope that the audience has gained a better understanding of research design and its application in research.

Keywords

💡Quantitative Research Design

Quantitative Research Design refers to a systematic approach to conducting research that involves numerical data collection and analysis. It is central to the video's theme as it forms the basis for understanding how to structure a research paper that aims to quantify relationships or effects. The script discusses various types of quantitative research designs, such as experimental and non-experimental, emphasizing their significance in planning and conducting research.

💡Research Design

Research Design is defined as a master plan that outlines the methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing information needed to address a research problem. It is integral to the video's narrative as it guides viewers on how to approach their research systematically. The script mentions that a well-thought-out research design helps in planning data collection and analysis methods.

💡Experimental Research Design

Experimental Research Design is a type of research design that seeks to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between variables. It is highlighted in the video as a method that involves manipulation of an independent variable and control of other variables. The script provides examples such as true experimental and quasi-experimental designs to demonstrate how experiments are structured to test hypotheses.

💡Non-Experimental Research Design

Non-Experimental Research Design is used to describe and relate variables without manipulating them. The video explains that this type of design is useful for observing and analyzing existing phenomena. Examples from the script include descriptive, longitudinal, and correlational research designs, which are used to describe conditions or phenomena and identify relationships between variables.

💡Descriptive Research Design

Descriptive Research Design is utilized to depict a certain condition or phenomenon in a population using quantifiable measures. It is mentioned in the script as a common type of research design in education and humanities, often involving measures of central tendency like frequency counts, percentages, means, and standard deviations.

💡Longitudinal Research Design

Longitudinal Research Design involves observing the same variables over an extended period. The video script uses this term to illustrate a design that requires a significant amount of time for data collection and analysis, focusing on changes or developments over time.

💡Correlational Research Design

Correlational Research Design is aimed at finding significant relationships between identified variables. The script explains that this design helps researchers determine if changes in one variable are associated with changes in another, such as whether a certain intervention affects student performance.

💡True Experimental Design

True Experimental Design is characterized by randomization, manipulation of the independent variable, and control of extraneous variables. The video emphasizes this design as the gold standard for causal inference, where the script provides examples of pre-test post-test control group designs to demonstrate its application.

💡Quasi-Experimental Design

Quasi-Experimental Design is a research design that lacks full randomization or control. The video script clarifies that this design is used when true experimentation is not feasible, and it includes designs like one-group pre-test post-test and static group comparison.

💡Solomon Four-Group Design

Solomon Four-Group Design is a combination of pretest-posttest control group design and post-test only control group design. The video script highlights this design as the best experimental design because it provides a robust way to control for history and maturation threats to validity by including multiple control and experimental groups.

💡Randomization

Randomization is the process of assigning research subjects to treatment or control groups by chance. The video script underscores the importance of randomization in true experimental designs to ensure that the groups are equivalent before the experiment, which is crucial for establishing causality.

Highlights

Introduction to quantitative research design and its significance in research papers.

Definition of research design as a master plan for methods and procedures according to William Hickman.

Research design's role in solving problems identified in the research.

The importance of anchoring all research activities to the research problem.

Quantitative research design focuses on numbers and variables.

Qualitative research design focuses on meanings through verbal or non-verbal data.

Quantitative research design comprises experimental and non-experimental types.

Descriptive research design involves frequency count, percentage, and statistical measures.

Example of descriptive research: Determining the number of non-readers by sex.

Longitudinal research design requires a prolonged process for data gathering.

Correlational research design seeks significant relationships between variables.

Example of correlational research: Investigating the relationship between sex and English performance.

True experimental design requires randomization, manipulation, and control variables.

Quasi-experimental design lacks randomization or control variables.

Pre-experimental designs include one-shot case study, one group pre-test post-test, and static group comparison.

Example of one-shot design: Lecture on sentence patterns followed by exercises.

Solomon 4 group design combines pre-test post-test control group and post-test only control group designs.

Conclusion on the importance of understanding research design for writing research papers.

Transcripts

hello everyone we are going to discuss

and this video

is about quantitative

research design

we're going to look into what is

research design

and what is the significance of the

research design

in writing a research paper

here in radical research 2

we are already know that what we are

going to look into is to write a

quantitative

type of research

so we are going to look back on what's

a quantitative research design since we

already discussed some points of the

quantitative research design during the

first quarter

the objectives for this session is we

familiarize ourselves

with the definition purpose

and nature of different research design

under the quantitative research

and then the second objective is to

identify

and select the most appropriate research

design

applicable for a given research problem

so let's look into the definition of a

research design

according to william

hickman

she defined research design as a master

plan

specifying the methods and procedures

for collection and analyzing the needed

information

we use the research design in order for

us to come up with a better plan on what

we are going to do on our research since

we already have our problem

our hypothesis

our research questions we already done

with the conceptual framework so we are

going to look into how we are going to

collect our data and from this research

design we are able to master it by

planning properly on the methods or

procedure on how we collect and analyze

our data

another definition

of research design is that

it is the plan

structure

and strategy of

investigation conceived so as to obtain

answers to research questions and to

control variants

this is according to

kerlinger in 1986

let us take note that when we use

research design we identify the

appropriate method of gathering

information

uh

research problem let us take note that

the research design is ideal to solve

the problems that we identify

let's take note also that all of what we

are doing should be anchored to our

research problem

research

let's look into this research methods

let's take note that we are focusing on

the quantitative research method we're

going to look into the

caricature the comics that we have

for the quantitative method you can see

there's a free ice cream

and according to another person only one

in 30 take the free ice cream

interesting so you will notice that the

there is a significant relationship

among variables through the numbers

research nato so quantitative research i

numbers

well on the qualitative method you will

see

one talking about what did you feel when

you saw the free ice cream

then yeah and

then the other person answered excited a

little scared

and

the other person asked again and why was

that so you will notice that uh the

qualitative research method

more focus

or focuses more on the meaning of

responses through verbal or a non-verbal

reactions or data

so what we are going to emphasize on the

research design that we are going to

choose that we are going to use

in our own research is that we are going

to look into the numbers

and the quantitative research design

comprises of two types we have the

experimental which is the cause and

effect and we have the non-experimental

which describes and relates variables

so

let's look into the

the different types or kinds

of experimental and non-experimental

research design

for the non-experimental research design

we have three we have descriptive

research design we have longitudinal

research design and we have

correlational research design

for experimental we have through

experimental design and a quasi

experiment design

let's have this example for descriptive

research a descriptive research it is a

design used to describe a certain

condition or phenomenon in a given

sample using quantifiable descriptors

it involves the use of frequency count

percentage likert scale

the mean

and standard deviation in answering the

research question so in the descriptive

type of research we use

the what we call in statistics the

measures of central tendency

the numbers that we are able to get from

this uh statistical data

will be under the descriptive type of

research

likert scale

descriptive

research

example

a teacher wants to determine the number

of her students group according to their

sex who are still

non-readers here there is a frequency

count

according

gender sex

so

belonging there's a frequency count

percentage

so that's an example of a descriptive

research design

another example is that a teacher wants

to determine the general academic

performance of her students

in mathematics so we have here

the mean scores

of their academic performance so we are

going to look into

on this type of research is a

descriptive research design this is much

common type of research design

for

education

and the descriptive type of research

so humanities students

and ict students may use

descriptive design

um more often compared to the stem

students

another example

of a non-experimental research design is

the longitudinal research design

it is used to describe a certain

condition or phenomenon in a given

population using quantifiable

descriptors when we say longitudinal

uh research design it

has a prolonged process

of a descriptive research major mahaba

and uh

it involves the use of frequency count

percentage record scale mean and

standard deviation in answering the

research questions as i said

longitudinal you need a

greater amount of time in order for you

to analyze to gather your data because

when you do the

longitudinal research you are

often to come up with

experiments or

treatments which needed

a much longer

time

for your

inter interventions

the last type of

experimental research design is the

correlational research design it is a

design used to seek significant

relationship between identified

variables so here you are going to look

into whether

variable a

has a significant relationship with

variable b or the independent variable

has a significant relationship with the

depend in the with the dependent

variable

so more on

if the

one increases maybe the other one

increases or if the one if one increases

the other one

decreases so we can look into that kind

of relationship

example a teacher wants to find out if

sex

can be a predictor of performance in

english

in his class

so there is

a relationship

you are going to find the relationship

between sex

and

performance in english sex means the

gender

male female on the performance in an

english class

then you have another example

a teacher wants to determine if

belonging to a broken family has a

relationship to students attitude

towards attending classes so here we are

going to look into

the relationship between a broken family

and attending classes

so if

there

so there is a correlational

uh research that will take place in this

kind of

situations

let's move on to

the experimental type of research so the

first one is the true experimental when

we say true experimental there are three

characteristics that we need

to

take note the first one

is it should be randomized

number two

it should be manipulated your

independent variable should always be

manipulated and there is

or there should be

a control variable

let us take note that in the

experimental in the true experimental

type of research

it should always be

or it should always have

a randomization which means that there

should be no bias

that will take place

on our research and if this type of uh

experimental research design small form

on on

uh

the stem students

let's take note that if one of the

characteristics is missing then it will

fall now under quasi-experimental

the quasi-experimental is a semi

experimental research design which lacks

the randomization

or that you will not be able to

manipulate or uh the variable or you

don't have a control variable so we have

two

examples of quasi-experimental we have

pre experimental and the time series

design

let's look into the symbols before we

uh

see the examples for experimental

research so x is the exposure of a group

to an experimental

or on a certain group

then o is for the observation so after

treatment or before treatment we measure

our

variables and then r is for the random

assignment of test units

so for our pre-experimental design we

have three

example types we have one short case

study

we have one group pre-test post-test

design and we have static group

comparison all of this have no random

assignment

we will not pick

samples from the population but what we

are going to do is to get the samples

who is available or which is available

already

or the researcher will choose

who will participate on a certain

experiment

in a one-shot case study you will have

the independent variable as your x

this is where you will have your

treatment or your experiment then after

that you will observe

the

outcome so that's all so that will be

your dependent variable

for the one group pretest post test

design you have an observation first

so you may have for example you want to

test

the performance of a student before you

conduct a certain module

as your treatment

so you will have

a post test right after

your treatment so you have your

observation and then your treatment and

then observation afterwards for the

static group comparison you now have an

experimental group and the control group

in the experimental group you have your

treatment which is x then you observe

what will happen

it's just like you have a one shot case

study but you have a control group where

you did not do anything

on that kind of group that's why it's

called a control group so

no circumstances some variables

starting control

group

on this kind of

pre-experimental design

so example one shot design a group of

students were given a lecture about

sentence patterns in english and then

were given a sum

exercises about it so you have

the x which is the treatment is the

exercises about

sorry we have the lecture

on the sentence patterns in english so

that's your treatment and then the

observation now is the exercises given

after the lecture

has been given

so that's one shot design

for one group pretest post test design

for example we have students in

homogeneous section hello

sorry

all boys or old girls homogeneous

section we're given a diagnostic test in

mathematics

or

all students with a grade of 90 in math

they are in one section that's how

homogeneous is

then

they designed a software to improve

learning outcomes in this subject

afterwards they were given an

achievement test to show

how technology can be successfully

implemented in the school so you have

your observation first

there is a diagnostic test given so

that's the first observation

and then the treatment is the use of

a technology

software that will improve the learning

outcomes

of the students

and then the last observation

as the post test is a achievement test

to show if the

program or the software is successfully

implemented

in the school

example for static group design so we

have a teacher is handling two groups of

non-readers

in order to find out the effectiveness

of their intervention she applied it to

one group while applying a traditional

approach to the other

so they have

here the experimental group

which uh

given a certain intervention for reading

and the control group did not receive

or

did not apply

the teacher did not apply on the control

group the intervention given to the

experimental group then right after that

they were observed

for the outcome of the

experiment

for true experimental design

so this

has random assignments we have pretest

post test control group design

so the difference of this to

the one

group pretest post this design is that

this has a random assignment

then we have post test only control

group destiny and then the solomon for

group testing

so for the random assignment sorry we

still have

yeah the pretest process control group

design or the fascicle experimental

design that we use

so you observe

first for experimental and control

and then you do the treatment on the

experimental and no treatment

on the control group

and right after the treatment on the

experimental we observe what happens to

the experimental and what happens to the

control group so that's pretest posttest

control group

for post test only control group design

there's no observation that will take

place

prior to the treatment

but we have a control group design

sorry i control group

so we have

the treatment and then the observation

while for the control group we only have

the

observation so let's have this example

in the pretest posttest control group

design researchers want to monitor

the effect of a new teaching method upon

two groups of children both with

pre-test and post-test

only the second group has the treatment

other areas included evaluating the

effects of counseling testing medical

treatments and measuring psychological

constructs

the only stipulation is that the

subjects must be randomly assigned to

groups

in a true experimental

display

so here

we have two observations

for the experimental we have the prey

and the post

after the treatment and in the control

group we have two observations but

without any

experimental

approach or treatment on that kind of

group and those who

were belong to the experimental group

and the control group has been randomly

selected

for the post tests only control group

design

let's have this example a teacher is

handling two groups of non-readers

in order to find out the effectiveness

of her intervention she applied it to

one group while applying a traditional

approach

to the other

so here we have a control

group

a random group

as well

and we have treatments right

and post tests after

the treatment

in the solomon 4 group design so it's a

combination of the pretest posttest

control group design and the post test

control

group design

so this is the example of solomon for

group design a researcher would like to

find out the effect of reading

intervention in the student's english

academic grade all groups undergo

randomization

and then

first group

students with intervention pre-tests and

posters

second group students with pre-test and

post-test only

the third group students with

intervention and post-test only and the

fourth group

students were given post tests only so

you will notice that the solomon for

group design

which is known to be the best

uh experimental

design

because you have four set ups with two

control group and two

experimental group

so that's the quantitative research

design i hope that you have learned

something and that we have able to

grasp the knowledge

to answer

our first question what is a research

design and what's the significance of

having research design and writing our

research paper

thank you very much and

goodbye