Psychological Foundations of Curriculum
Summary
TLDRThis script explores the integral role of psychology in shaping curriculum and learning. It outlines three major learning theories: behaviorist, cognitivist, and humanistic. Behaviorism focuses on stimulus-response and reinforcement, while cognitivism views learning as a cognitive process influenced by the environment. Humanistic psychology emphasizes self-concept and emotional needs, suggesting they significantly impact learning. The script highlights how understanding these theories can enhance educational practices and student development.
Takeaways
- 🧠 Psychology is central to understanding how people learn, which is integral to curriculum development.
- 🔗 Teaching and learning are interrelated processes, with psychology providing the theoretical framework to understand their dynamics.
- 👨🏫 John Dewey's perspective emphasizes the interaction of the learner with the environment as a determinant of learning quality.
- 🎯 Ralph Tyler viewed psychology as a tool for setting educational objectives and understanding learning processes.
- 🏫 Behaviorist theories focus on stimulus-response and reinforcement, influencing how educators design learning experiences.
- 🤔 Cognitive theories, inspired by Piaget, see learning as a cognitive process influenced by social, psychological, and physical development.
- 📈 Piaget's stages of cognitive development provide a framework for organizing curriculum to match learners' developmental stages.
- 🌱 Taba's approach to curriculum development considers Piaget's cognitive processes, emphasizing the transformation of complex concepts to suit learners' stages.
- 🌟 Bruner's theory of learning involves acquisition, transformation, and evaluation of information, aligning with Piaget's cognitive processes.
- ❤️ Humanistic psychology, with Maslow's hierarchy of needs, suggests that fulfilling basic human needs is essential for effective learning.
- 🌈 Humanistic learning theories, focusing on self-concept and wholeness, can enhance mental health and personal growth among learners.
Q & A
What is the fundamental question that psychology seeks to answer in the context of learning?
-Psychology seeks to answer the fundamental question of how people learn.
How does psychology contribute to curriculum development?
-Psychology contributes to curriculum development by providing theories and principles that influence student and teacher behavior within the learning process.
What role does psychology play in the relationship between teaching and learning?
-Psychology cements the relationship between teaching and learning by providing the theoretical framework that underpins educational practices.
How did John Dewey view the role of psychology in learning?
-John Dewey saw psychology as the basis for understanding how individual learners interact with their environment, with the quality of these interactions determining the amount and type of learning.
What was Ralph Tyler's perspective on the utility of psychology in curriculum design?
-Ralph Tyler considered psychology as a screen for determining educational objectives and the mechanisms of learning, thus influencing curriculum design.
What are the three major theories of learning mentioned in the script?
-The three major theories of learning mentioned are behaviorist theories, cognitive theories, and humanistic psychology.
How does behaviorist theory approach the concept of learning?
-Behaviorist theory approaches learning as a process of conditioning behavior through environmental changes to elicit desired responses.
What are the key ideas of cognitive theory in relation to learning?
-Cognitive theory views learning as a cognitive process influenced by the learner's interaction with the environment, emphasizing the development of mental structures and the growth of cognitive abilities.
How does humanistic psychology differ from behaviorism and cognitive theories in its approach to learning?
-Humanistic psychology emphasizes the learner's self-concept and the wholeness of the individual's experience, focusing on personal growth, self-actualization, and the affective domain of learning.
What are the implications of Maslow's hierarchy of needs for teaching and learning?
-Maslow's hierarchy of needs implies that fulfilling basic psychological needs is essential for learners to be motivated in acquiring knowledge and that the classroom environment should support the fulfillment of these needs.
Why is it important for educators to consider the stage of cognitive development when designing curricula?
-Educators should consider the stage of cognitive development to ensure that curricula are appropriate for the learner's developmental capabilities, enhancing the effectiveness of teaching and learning.
Outlines
🎓 Psychology's Role in Curriculum Development
This paragraph explores the intersection of psychology and curriculum development. It emphasizes the importance of understanding how people learn, which is central to curriculum design. Psychology provides theories and principles that influence student and teacher behavior within educational contexts. John Dewey's ideas on learning through interaction with the environment are highlighted, as are Ralph Tyler's views on using psychology to determine educational objectives and learning processes. The paragraph also introduces three major learning theories: behaviorist, cognitivist, and humanistic, each offering different perspectives on learning and their implications for curriculum design.
🧠 Cognitive Development and Its Impact on Learning
The second paragraph delves into cognitive theories of learning, particularly those influenced by Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development. It discusses how Piaget's theories have been applied to curriculum design by educators like Tyler, Taba, and Bruner. The paragraph explains how curriculum should be organized to reflect continuity, sequence, and integration, allowing learners to build upon previous knowledge and experiences. Taba's approach to curriculum design, which considers Piaget's stages and cognitive processes, is also examined. The paragraph concludes by discussing the importance of aligning curriculum with the developmental stages of learners.
🌟 Humanistic Psychology and Its Contribution to Education
The final paragraph focuses on humanistic psychology and its emphasis on the individual's self-concept and emotional well-being in the learning process. It discusses Maslow's hierarchy of needs and how fulfilling these needs can impact a student's interest in learning. The paragraph highlights the importance of considering human emotions and qualities like creativity and values in education. Humanistic psychology, as represented by Maslow, suggests that a child's experience is fundamental to learning and that the classroom environment should support the psychological development and potential of learners, enhancing mental health and human awareness.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Curriculum
💡Psychology
💡Behaviorism
💡Cognitivism
💡Humanistic Psychology
💡John Dewey
💡Ralph Tyler
💡Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
💡Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
💡Assimilation and Accommodation
💡Self-Actualization
Highlights
Psychology's fundamental question is how people learn, which is crucial for curriculum development.
Psychology provides answers for understanding the teaching-learning process, influencing curriculum decisions.
Teaching and learning are interrelated, with psychology cementing this relationship through theories and principles.
John Dewey viewed psychology as essential for understanding how individual learners interact with their environment.
Ralph Tyler used psychology as a screen for determining educational objectives and learning processes.
Psychology is a unifying element of the learning process, influencing methods, materials, and activities of learning.
Behaviorist theories focus on stimulus-response and reinforcement, impacting how educators design learning experiences.
Cognitivist theories view the learner in relation to the total environment, emphasizing cognitive development.
Humanistic psychology emphasizes attitudes, feelings, and the affective domain of learning.
Behaviorism, with its conditioning approach, was predominant in the first half of the 20th century and has regained importance.
Cognitive theories, such as Piaget's stages of development, influence curriculum principles and learning organization.
Piaget's theory of cognitive development underpins curriculum principles by Tyler, Taba, and Bruner.
Taba's analysis of Piaget's stages suggests transforming complex concepts into mental operations suitable for learners' stages.
Bruner's structure of knowledge is based on assimilation and accommodation, similar to Piaget's cognitive process.
Humanistic psychology, with Maslow's hierarchy of needs, has implications for teaching and learning, emphasizing self-actualization.
Maslow's theory suggests that unfulfilled basic needs can hinder a child's interest in acquiring knowledge.
Humanistic learning theory focuses on the wholeness of the learner, emphasizing creativity, values, and individual dignity.
Transcripts
psychology is concerned with the basic
question how do people learn
the curriculum specialist however asked
how the psychology contribute to
curriculum
psychology has provided various kinds of
answers for the understanding of the
teaching learning process
as long as teaching and learning are
important considerations for curriculum
psychology will be important as well
teaching and learning are interrelated
and psychology cements the relationship
it provides the theories and principles
that influence student teacher Behavior
within the context of curriculum for
John Dewey Psychology was the basis for
understanding how the individual learner
interacts with persons and objects in
the environment and the quality of
interactions determine the amount and
type of learning
Ralph Tyler considered psychology to be
a screen for determining what our
objectives are and how our learning
takes place
in short
psychology is the unifying elements of
the learning process it forms the basis
for the methods materials and activities
of learning and it subsequently serves
as the imputes for many curricular
decisions
there are three major theories of
learning that include behaviorist
theories which deal with various aspects
of stimulus response and reinforcement
scheme cognitivist theories which view
the Learner in relationship with the
total environment and the human
psychology which emphasizes attitudes
and feelings the affective domain of
learning
behaviorism is the first School of
Psychology which studied the nature of
learning behavior is emphasize
conditioning Behavior by changing the
environment to elicit the selected
responses from the learner this theory
was predominant in the first half of the
20th century and has regained currency
with the Advent of individualized
Education broadly the behavior is
Advocate that behavior is likely to be
influenced by the conditions under which
learning takes place
attitude and abilities of Learners can
change or improve over time through
proper stimuli learning experiences can
be designed and controlled to create
beside learning and selective
reinforcement is actually essential
we can see that behaviorism has a major
impact on education Educators who are
behaviorists and in charge of curricula
use many principles of behaviorism to
guide the creation of the new program
contrary to behaviors the cognitive
school of thought believes that learning
is cognitive in nature it explains the
phenomenon of human growth and
development as cognitive social and
psychological and physical growth and
development refer to changes in the
structure and function of human
characteristics
in 1950 describes the cognitive stages
of development from birth to maturity
prj's cognitive stage describes Learning
and Development as a process of
maturation which continues and it is
based on previous growth the stages
follow a hierarchical order and
attainment in each stage varies
depending on the hereditary and
environmental factors however the
sequence of development as propounded by
pajay Remains the Same for all
individuals PJ's learning theories form
the basis of curriculum principles
propounded by Tyler taba and Bruner in
fact Tyler 1962 propounds three methods
of organizing learning which were based
on Piaget's theory of cognitive
development
these three methods include continuity
so in continuity skills and Concepts in
the curriculum should have vertical
recurrence which enable the learner to
practice those Concepts
or concepts the second is sequence it is
the understanding of Concepts should be
in a sequence such as that each
successive experience Builds on the
preceding one
and the last of course is the
integration curricular experiences
should be horizontally interrelated and
should be unified in relation to other
elements Concepts in a particular
subject should not be an isolation to
Concepts in another subject
taba on the other hand reviews Piaget's
four stages of cognitive development and
Analysis there analyze their
implications for intelligence and mental
development
complex Concepts and subject matter
should be transformed into mental
operations appropriate to the Learners
developmental stage taba also take into
considerations Piaget's cognitive
process of assimilation
accommodation and equilibration taba's
curricular experiences are compatible
with existing experiences the concept
should be organized so as to move from
concrete principles and classifying new
relationship or equilibration
on the other hand Bruner's structure of
knowledge knowledge is based on Piaget's
concept of assimilation and
accommodation Bruner's process of
learner learning is actually similar to
Piaget's cognitive process
these include acquisition
getting new information which mainly
correspond to assimilation the
information acquired may be new or may
replace previous information or merely
qualify it
the next is transformation it is the
individual's capacity to process new
information it corresponds to
accommodation and the last is evaluation
it determines the extent to which the
information has been processed
appropriately enough to in to deal with
a problem it corresponds to
equilibration it is important for
teachers and curriculum specialists to
determine the appropriate emphasis to be
given to a particular P adjacent stage
of development and thinking the process
into consideration this is particularly
critical for school teachers it is
during this stage of schooling the
children move from one from the second
to the third and fourth stages of
development
meanwhile in humanistic psychology
is actually not considered as a school
or wing of Psychology by the traditional
psychologist
nonetheless a number of observers have
viewed humanist thinking as a third
Force learning theory
after behaviorism and cognitive
development human psychologists
emphasize that the way we look at
ourselves is basis for understanding our
Behavior our action and learning are
determined by our concept of ourselves
their ideas are rooted in early field
theories and field ground ideas these
theories view the total organism in
relation to the environment and the
personal meaning constructed in a given
situation
learning is explained in terms of the
wholeness of the problem human beings do
not respond to as isolated stimuli but
to an organization of pattern stimuli
Maslow's Theory Maslow is a humanist has
developed a hierarchy of human needs
that needs and are arranged
hierarchically in order of importance
like for example
psychological needs which is necessary
to maintain life such as the need of
food water and oxygen
Then followed by safety needs it is the
needs to protect oneself or avoid Danger
next a hierarchy the next stage is love
and belongingness needs to having a
relationship with people and to have a
place in the society
the next in the hierarchy is the esteem
needs needs to be recognized as a
worthwhile person
Then followed by self-actualization
needs to develop into a best person in
accordance with one's fullest potential
these needs have definite implications
for teaching and learning for example if
a child's basic needs of love and
belongingness are not fulfilled it will
not be interested in acquiring knowledge
of the world
Maslow's theory has implication for
classroom teaching and these are based
to some extent on the ideas of other
psychologists who gave importance to
human emotions Maslow is the Pioneer of
humanistic psychology
considering the experience of a child
that include fundamental to learning
emphasizing human qualities like
creativity and values and giving
importance to the dignity and work of
the individual and focus on the
psychological development and human
potential of learners
humanistic learning May enhance the
mental health of Learners harmonize
personal feeling among students and
teachers and improve various aspects of
human awareness among students
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