Crime, Deviance, Social Control and Social Order | A Level Sociology
Summary
TLDRThis sociology tutorial video delves into the concepts of crime, deviance, social control, and social order. It emphasizes that these behaviors are socially constructed and subjective, influenced by factors like time, age, gender, and cultural norms. The video provides an overview of how various sociological theories—functionalist, subcultural, Marxist, feminist, interactionist, and realist—interpret crime and deviance, and their implications for social order and control. It also touches on how power dynamics and societal structures contribute to the creation and management of crime.
Takeaways
- 📚 Crime and deviance are socially constructed and subjective, depending on factors like time, age, gender, cultural norms, and values.
- 🔍 Sociological theories explore not only the causes of crime and deviance but also their impacts on social order and how social control is maintained.
- 👥 Functionalists view crime as having both positive and negative impacts on social order, with social control maintained through adherence to society's moral code.
- 🌐 Durkheim suggests that crime can reinforce social order by highlighting collective values and norms.
- 🚦 Mertens argues that the existing social order, characterized by inequality, causes crime as people conform to idealized norms and values.
- 👮♂️ Hershey explains that those less integrated into society are more likely to become criminal due to weaker social control mechanisms.
- 🏢 Subcultural theories, like those of Cohen and Cloward, propose that some groups form subcultures with their own norms and values as a reaction to societal rejection and structural disadvantages.
- 🏛 Marxist perspectives focus on the power dynamics between the ruling and working classes, suggesting that the ruling class uses ideology and force to control the working class.
- 🚸 Neo-Marxists believe that individuals develop agency to resist exploitation and oppression, sometimes manifesting in criminal behaviors.
- 👩🏫 Feminist theories examine the differential social control over males and females and how it influences crime rates and societal responses.
- 👥 Interactionists consider crime a result of social interactions and the labeling process, which can lead to social isolation and further marginalization.
Q & A
What are the key concepts discussed in the video script related to sociology?
-The key concepts discussed include crime, deviance, social control, and social order. The script explores how these concepts are socially constructed and influenced by factors such as time, age, gender, cultural norms, and values.
How do sociologists view crime and deviance as socially constructed?
-Sociologists view crime and deviance as socially constructed because they are dependent on the social location where the act occurs and are influenced by social opinion, norms, and values of a society.
What is the role of time, age, gender, and cultural norms in determining crime and deviance?
-Time, age, gender, and cultural norms are factors that influence whether an act is considered criminal or deviant, as they shape social opinion and societal norms and values.
What does the script suggest about the relationship between crime and social order?
-The script suggests that crime can have both positive and negative impacts on social order and social control, and that those in power use various methods to maintain social order.
How do functionalists view the function of crime and deviance in society?
-Functionalists view crime and deviance as having a role in maintaining social order and control through adherence to society's collective conscience or moral code.
What are Durkheim's views on the functions of crime and deviance?
-Durkheim believed that crime has both positive and negative impacts on social order and social control, although the script does not detail these functions explicitly.
How does the existing social order cause crime according to Mertens?
-Mertens suggests that the existing social order causes crime because society is unequal, yet social structures expect people to conform to an idealized set of norms and values.
What is the role of subcultural groups in crime and deviance according to subcultural theories?
-Subcultural theories suggest that some groups react to societal norms and values because they cannot achieve socially approved goals due to structural disadvantages, leading them to seek status through deviant activities.
How do Marxist views on crime and deviance differ from traditional views?
-Marxist views focus on the unequal power relationships between the ruling and working classes, suggesting that the ruling class uses power to control the working class through ideology and physical force, while ignoring crimes of the powerful.
What is the feminist perspective on crime and deviance as mentioned in the script?
-The feminist perspective focuses on the different levels of control over males and females and how this is reflected in the reporting, recording, and punishment of crime, with some suggesting that controls on women are diminishing and leading to increased female criminality.
How do interactionists view the process of labeling in relation to crime and deviance?
-Interactionists view the process of labeling as a form of social control that can lead to social isolation for those labeled as criminal or deviant, forcing them to obtain status from others who have also been marginalized.
What are the differences between right and left realist theories in addressing crime?
-Right realists focus on controlling individuals through time, social spaces, and personal freedoms, while left realists look to restore social order by tackling inequalities and providing opportunities for legitimate status gain.
Outlines
🔍 Introduction to Crime, Deviance, Social Control, and Order
This paragraph introduces the sociological study of crime and deviance, emphasizing that these behaviors are socially constructed and subjective, influenced by factors such as time, age, gender, and cultural norms. It highlights that sociologists examine not only the causes of crime but also its impact on social order and how power structures maintain order through social control. The paragraph sets the stage for an exploration of various sociological theories, including functionalism, which views crime as having both positive and negative impacts on social order, and subcultural theories that attribute crime to societal inequality and the formation of subcultures as a response to mainstream rejection.
🌐 Sociological Theories on Crime and Deviance
This paragraph delves into different sociological perspectives on crime and deviance. It discusses functionalist theories, including Durkheim's view on crime's role in maintaining social order and Merten's argument that social order itself causes crime due to societal inequality. It also covers subcultural theories by Cohen and Cloward and Ohlin, which suggest that some groups form subcultures to gain status through deviant activities when they cannot achieve mainstream goals. The paragraph further explores Marxist views on crime as a result of power imbalances, with traditional Marxists focusing on ruling class control and neo-Marxists on individual resistance to exploitation. Feminist theories are mentioned, pointing out gendered social controls and changes in female criminality. Interactionist theories are also highlighted, focusing on the social definition of deviance and the media's role in social control and labeling. Lastly, realist theories are introduced, with right realists advocating for harsher punishments and left realists for addressing societal inequalities to reduce crime.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Crime
💡Deviance
💡Social Control
💡Social Order
💡Functionalism
💡Subcultural Theories
💡Marxist Views
💡Feminist Perspectives
💡Interactionism
💡Realist Theories
Highlights
Crime and deviance are socially constructed and dependent on social location.
Factors influencing criminality include time, age, gender, cultural norms, and values.
Sociological theories examine causes and impacts of crime and deviance on social order.
Functionalists view crime and deviance as maintaining social order through adherence to society's moral code.
Durkheim suggests crime has both positive and negative impacts on social order.
Merton argues that existing social order causes crime due to unequal societal structures.
Subcultural theorists like Cohen and Cloward suggest that some groups form subcultures as a reaction to societal norms.
Marxist views focus on power dynamics between the ruling and working classes in crime causation.
Neo-Marxists propose that individuals develop agency in response to ruling class controls.
Feminist theories highlight differential social control over males and females in crime.
Interactionists see crime as a result of individual interactions and societal labeling.
Realist theories view crime as a serious societal issue requiring realistic solutions.
Right realists advocate controlling individuals and increasing punishments for non-conformity.
Left realists aim to restore social order by addressing societal inequalities.
The video series will explore these theories and their explanations for crime, deviance, social control, and social order in-depth.
Transcripts
welcome to this tutor to you sociology
topic video in this video we're going to
focus on crime deviance social control
and social order
in the study of crime and deviant it's
important to note that both criminal and
deviant behavior are socially
constructed
that is they are dependent upon the
social location in which the act occurs
factors influencing whether or not
something is criminal or deviant include
time age gender cultural norms and
values
all of this means that crime and
deviance are subjective they depend upon
social opinion upon the norms and values
of a society
sociological theories often look to
explain crime and deviance by examining
the causes of crime but this is not the
only area that they look at
sociologists also consider the impact of
crime on the orderliness of society the
social order and look to explain how
those in power try to maintain social
order through methods of social control
in this video we're going to take a
brief overview of how each of the main
sociological approaches view crime
deviance social order and social control
in society
functionalists are one of the earliest
group of sociologists to examine the
function of crime and deviance in
society and how it impacts on the social
order and how society controls people's
behaviors they argue that social order
and social control are maintained
through adherence to the collective
conscience of society that is society's
moral code about what is right and wrong
durkheim focused on the impacts of crime
on the established social order and
suggested the crime has both positive
and negative impacts on social order and
social control and we'll examine
durkheim's functions of crime and
deviance in our next video
another function is mertens suggest that
it is the existing social order that
causes crime society is unequal yet
social structures expect people to
conform to an idealized set of norms and
values
while hershey a later functionalist
explain the role of social control in
preventing deviant behavior arguing that
those less integrated into society are
more likely to become criminal
subcultural theories of crime and
deviance mostly fall under the broader
banner of functionalism particularly
given the role that they assign to
socialization in the process of deviant
activities
subcultural theorists such as cohen and
chloe nolan suggest that some groups in
society react to the norms and values of
society because they're unable to
achieve socially approved goals
as a result of structural disadvantages
they seek opportunities to gain status
through membership of subcultural groups
these groups have often reacted to
society's value consensus and set up
norms and values of their own in
opposition
this helps them to achieve status
something they are denied in wider
society
and often this status comes from
criminal and deviant activities
as a reaction to being rejected by
mainstream society
marxist views of crime and deviance
focused on the unequal power
relationships between the ruling and
working classes
traditional marxists will suggest that
the ruling class use their power to
exert control over the working classes
through ideology and through physical
force
what althus are referred to as the
ideological and repressive state
apparatuses
alongside these controls the ruling
class will ignore the crimes of the
powerful and have excessive focus on the
crimes of the powerless
often through using other institutions
such as the media religion and family to
center on disciplining the working class
neo-marxist suggests that individuals
often develop a form of agency in
response to the excessive controls of
the ruling class and that this results
in criminal behaviors that are a form of
resistance against the exploitation and
oppression they face marxists also
suggest that the ruling class use
punishment as a form of control over the
masses in the hope that excessive
punishment will reinforce social order
feminists perhaps unsurprisingly focused
on the different levels of control over
males and females and how this is
reflected in reporting recording and
punishment of crime
both heidensen and carlin suggest that
women are subjected to social controls
that limit their opportunities to commit
crime and are effectively policed
through informal controls on their
behavior in society which constrains
them others such as adler suggest that
controls on women are diminishing and
suggests that this has led to increased
female criminality
interactionists see crime as a result of
the interactions between individuals
they also suggest that deviance is not
defined by the individual but by wider
society
particularly agencies such as media
religion education and family
they also suggest that the media is used
as a form of social control over deviant
behaviors often amplifying petty
offenses and generating moral panics and
folk devils
usually betraying the underdogs of
society in a negative light
interactionists also focus on the
process of labeling as a form of social
control leading to social isolation for
those labeled as criminal or deviant
which forces them to obtain status from
others that have also been marginalized
finally realist theories now realist
theories see crime as a serious problem
in society and one that requires
realistic solutions
closely associated with different
political ideologies on the left and
right
left and right realists both advocate
means to solve crime however they differ
drastically in their approaches to this
right realists focus on controlling
individuals through time social spaces
and indeed personal freedoms
those that do not conform have reduced
opportunities to commit crime or are
subjected to harsher punishments if they
do commit crime including prison
sentences
left realists however look to restore
social order through tackling the
inequalities that are present in society
giving people opportunities to gain
status through legitimate means
in this series of topic videos we're
going to look closely at these different
theories and how they explain crime and
deviance and how they view social
control and social order
that concludes this chieftain sociology
topic video on crime deviance social
control and social order thanks for
watching
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