Chapter 7: Penyimpangan Sosial | Sosiologi | Alternatifa

Summary

This video delves into the concept of deviant behavior, explaining how it refers to actions that deviate from societal norms, either knowingly or unknowingly. It explores various theories of social deviance, including those by Robert K. Merton, Edwin Sutherland, and Emile Durkheim, detailing different types of deviance like conformity, innovation, ritualism, and rebellion. The video also covers the causes of deviance, such as socialization issues and anomie, and the methods of social control, like preventive, repressive, and curative actions. It emphasizes the role of various social institutions like the police, religious leaders, and community figures in maintaining order and addressing deviance.

Takeaways

• 😀 Deviant behavior refers to actions by individuals or groups that violate societal norms, whether consciously or unconsciously.
• 😀 According to Robert K. Merton's theory, social deviance can be categorized into five types: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion.
• 😀 Conformity involves following societal goals and means, while innovation refers to using illegal means to achieve societal goals.
• 😀 Ritualism occurs when individuals abandon societal goals but continue to follow established rules, even if their original purpose is lost.
• 😀 Retreatism describes those who reject both societal goals and means, often manifesting in behaviors like addiction or homelessness.
• 😀 Rebellion involves rejecting societal goals and means, and attempting to establish new ones, such as religious reformers.
• 😀 Edwin Lemert’s labeling theory suggests that individuals labeled as deviants may engage in secondary deviance due to societal stigma.
• 😀 Emile Durkheim’s functionalist view asserts that deviance exists because society needs boundaries to maintain order and moral consensus.
• 😀 Deviance can arise from incomplete socialization, where individuals fail to absorb societal values fully, or from anomie, where norms are weak or unclear.
• 😀 Social control mechanisms, like sanctions and rewards, are essential to maintaining order and deterring deviance within society.
• 😀 Social control includes various methods, such as preventive, repressive, curative, persuasive, and coercive actions, to manage deviant behavior.
• 😀 Social control can be enforced through both formal institutions (like law enforcement) and informal social pressures (such as family or community influence).

Q & A

What is deviant behavior as described in the transcript?

Deviant behavior refers to actions or conduct by an individual or group that does not conform to the established norms of society. This behavior can be either intentional or unintentional, and the individual or group is considered to deviate from accepted societal standards.

How does Robert K. Merton categorize social deviance?

Robert K. Merton categorizes social deviance into five types: Conformity (adhering to societal goals and methods), Innovation (pursuing societal goals through disapproved methods), Ritualism (abandoning societal goals but adhering to the accepted methods), Retreatism (rejecting both societal goals and methods), and Rebellion (rejecting and attempting to replace societal goals and methods).

What is the theory of Differential Association in the context of social deviance?

The theory of Differential Association, proposed by Edwin Sutherland, suggests that deviance is learned through interactions with others who encourage deviant behavior. It highlights that individuals learn deviant behaviors from peers or groups that differ from the mainstream cultural norms.

What role does labeling play in social deviance according to Edwin Lemert?

According to Edwin Lemert's theory of labeling, once an individual engages in primary deviance (minor or first-time deviant acts), society may label them as deviant. This label can lead to secondary deviance, where the individual internalizes the label and continues to act in deviant ways due to society's stigmatization.

What is the concept of 'Anomie' in social deviance?

Anomie refers to a situation where societal norms are unclear or absent, leading to a disconnect between societal expectations and reality. This disconnection can result in a lack of guidance, making it easier for individuals to engage in deviant behavior.

How does Durkheim's functionalism view deviance?

Emile Durkheim's functionalism argues that deviance is a natural part of society and serves several functions, such as clarifying societal norms, promoting social unity, and encouraging social change. He believed that deviance contributes to the moral consciousness of society.

What are the causes of social deviance from a sociological perspective?

From a sociological perspective, the causes of social deviance include incomplete socialization, anomie (lack of clear norms), and labeling, where individuals are branded as deviant, leading to further deviant behavior. Deviance can also result from differences in subcultures or group influences.

What is the difference between primary and secondary deviance?

Primary deviance refers to minor, often temporary acts of deviance that do not result in the individual being stigmatized or rejected by society. Secondary deviance occurs when the individual continues to engage in deviant behavior due to the societal label, and it often leads to permanent rejection or criminal behavior.

What are the different types of social control discussed in the transcript?

Social control can be preventive (aimed at preventing deviance), repressive (punishing deviance to restore order), curative (providing remedies or correction for deviant behavior), persuasive (using non-violent means such as advice or guidance), and coercive (applying force or penalties for deviance).

What are the roles of different institutions in social control?

Different institutions play a key role in social control, including the police (maintaining order and enforcing laws), religious leaders (guiding ethical behavior), courts (judging and sanctioning deviants), and community leaders (influencing behavior through norms and values). These institutions help regulate behavior and ensure societal harmony.