▶ Sugata Mitra Una escuela en la nube
Summary
TLDREl guion de este video presenta una reflexión profunda sobre el futuro de la educación. Se argumenta que los métodos tradicionales de aprendizaje surgieron para satisfacer las necesidades de un sistema imperial obsoleto y que, en la era digital, es necesario reinventar la enseñanza. El narrador comparte experiencias en las que niños en entornos desfavorecidos aprenden autónomamente con la ayuda de la tecnología, sugiriendo que el aprendizaje auto-organizado, el apoyo y la conexión en red son claves para el futuro educativo. Su deseo es construir una 'Escuela en la Nube' donde los niños se adentraran en aventuras intelectuales impulsadas por grandes preguntas, lo que podría transformar la forma en que concebimos la educación.
Takeaways
- 📚 La educación tradicional tiene sus raíces en el sistema administrativo burocrático creado por los Victorianos hace 300 años, diseñado para producir individuos idénticos para un mundo que ya no existe.
- 🌐 La escuela moderna no está rota, pero está obsoleta, ya que no se ajusta a las necesidades de un mundo donde las personas trabajan de manera flexible y no requieren las mismas habilidades manuales que antes.
- 💡 El aprendizaje autodirigido es posible y efectivo, como se demuestra en experimentos con niños en slums y aldeas remotas que enseñaron a sí mismos habilidades informáticas y de idiomas con acceso limitado a tecnología.
- 👶 Los niños tienen un gran potencial para enseñarse a sí mismos y a otros cuando se les brinda el entorno adecuado, sin la necesidad de intervención directa de un profesor.
- 🌟 El éxito del aprendizaje autodirigido se ve impulsado por la curiosidad y el apoyo, en lugar de la amenaza o el castigo, lo cual es fundamental para el desarrollo creativo en la era actual.
- 👵 La 'Nube de Abuelas' es un ejemplo de cómo la tecnología y la comunidad pueden apoyar el aprendizaje a distancia, ofreciendo mentoría y motivación.
- 🔬 El aprendizaje se puede organizar de manera auto-organizada, lo que permite que el proceso educativo se desarrolle de forma natural y espontánea, sin la necesidad de una estructura rígida.
- 🌏 El futuro del aprendizaje puede implicar entornos de aprendizaje auto-organizados a gran escala, donde los estudiantes se motivan y guían a sí mismos con la ayuda de tecnología y mentores.
- 🤔 Se necesita un currículo basado en grandes preguntas que estimule la curiosidad y el pensamiento crítico, en lugar de enfocarse únicamente en detalles técnicos o teóricos.
- 🏫 La 'Escuela en la Nube' es una visión para un centro de aprendizaje que apoye y estudie el aprendizaje auto-organizado, donde los estudiantes se embarcan en aventuras intelectuales impulsadas por preguntas significativas.
- 🌟 El deseo del orador es diseñar el futuro del aprendizaje, apoyando a niños en todo el mundo para que exploren su asombro y capacidad para trabajar juntos, y construir una escuela que refleje esta visión.
Q & A
¿De dónde proviene el sistema educativo actual según el discurso?
-El sistema educativo actual proviene de hace aproximadamente 300 años, durante el Imperio Victoriano, que creó una máquina administrativa global compuesta por personas.
¿Cuáles eran las habilidades básicas que las escuelas debían enseñar para que los estudiantes funcionaran en la máquina administrativa del Imperio Victoriano?
-Las habilidades básicas incluían una buena caligrafía, la capacidad de leer y realizar operaciones matemáticas básicas como multiplicación, división, suma y resta de forma mental.
¿Por qué el orador considera que las escuelas actuales son obsoletas?
-Las escuelas son consideradas obsoletas porque están diseñadas para producir personas idénticas para una máquina administrativa que ya no existe, y no se ajustan a las necesidades de los trabajos del futuro.
¿Qué descubrió el orador al poner un computador en un barrio pobre de Nueva Delhi?
-Descubrió que los niños del barrio pobre, sin conocimiento previo de inglés o internet, pudieron enseñarse a sí mismos a navegar por internet y a enseñar a otros en solo 8 horas.
¿Qué evidencia demuestra el orador sobre la capacidad de autoaprendizaje de los niños con acceso a un computador?
-El orador demuestra la capacidad de autoaprendizaje de los niños a través de experimentos en diferentes lugares, donde los niños enseñaron a sí mismos inglés y conceptos avanzados de biología molecular con acceso a un computador.
¿Qué rol desempeñan los abuelos en el concepto de 'The Granny Cloud' presentado por el orador?
-En 'The Granny Cloud', los abuelos actúan como mentores y apoyo emocional en línea para niños en problemas, ayudándoles a resolver dudas y motivándolos en su proceso de aprendizaje.
¿Cuál es el objetivo del orador al promover un currículo basado en preguntas grandes y significativas?
-El objetivo es devolver el enfoque en las preguntas maravillosas y significativas que impulsaron el conocimiento en la era de la Prehistoria, en lugar de enfocarse en detalles menores y menos inspiradores.
¿Qué es 'the School in the Cloud' y cómo se relaciona con el futuro del aprendizaje?
-La 'School in the Cloud' es una propuesta de un centro de aprendizaje auto-organizado donde los niños se embarcan en aventuras intelectuales impulsadas por grandes preguntas, sin la necesidad de una estructura educativa tradicional.
¿Por qué el orador cree que el aliento y el apoyo son claves en el aprendizaje auto-organizado?
-El orador cree que el aliento y el apoyo son claves porque, según la neurociencia, el cerebro responde mejor al placer que a la amenaza, lo que promueve un ambiente más propicio para el aprendizaje.
¿Qué consejo le dio una niña en los Himalayas al orador sobre su misión de proporcionar computadoras a todos los niños?
-La niña le aconsejó que se ponga manos a la obra y comience a llevar a cabo su plan de proporcionar computadoras a todos los niños.
Outlines
📚 Origen del sistema educativo y su relevancia en el futuro
El primer párrafo explora los orígenes del sistema educativo moderno, que se remonta a 300 años atrás, durante el Imperio Británico. Se describe cómo se creó una 'computadora global' compuesta por personas para administrar un territorio vasto sin tecnología moderna. Las escuelas se convirtieron en una máquina para producir individuos idénticos, capaces de integrarse en esta 'máquina administrativa'. Sin embargo, el discurso señala que estos requisitos son obsoletos en la actualidad, donde los trabajos y la forma en que se trabaja han cambiado drásticamente. La pregunta subyacente es cómo preparar a los estudiantes para un futuro laboral desconocido, cuando el sistema educativo sigue produciendo personas para un mundo que ya no existe.
🌐 El aprendizaje autodirigido y su impacto en el futuro de la educación
El segundo párrafo narra la experiencia del narrador al introducir computadoras en comunidades desfavorecidas de la India, descubriendo que los niños aprenden por sí mismos, incluso sin conocimiento previo del idioma inglés o de la tecnología. Este descubrimiento llevó al narrador a cuestionar la necesidad de un enfoque educativo tradicional y a explorar el poder del aprendizaje autodirigido y colaborativo, lo que sugiere un cambio en la percepción de lo que significa 'enseñar' y cómo los estudiantes pueden alcanzar un nivel de competencia sin la intervención directa de un instructor.
🧬 Aprendizaje autodidacta en biología y su aplicación en el aula
Este párrafo relata un experimento en el que se proporcionó a niños de un pueblo de la India del sur, que hablaban tamil, un computador con información sobre la replicación de ADN en inglés. A pesar de las barreras del idioma y la complejidad del tema, los niños lograron comprender conceptos básicos con el tiempo, demostrando la capacidad del aprendizaje autodidacta para abordar temas avanzados. Este hallazgo sugiere que los estudiantes pueden alcanzar un nivel de conocimiento significativamente más alto que el de un profesorado entrenado, alentando la idea de que el aprendizaje autoorganizado puede ser una herramienta poderosa en el futuro de la educación.
👵 La importancia de la motivación y el apoyo en el aprendizaje
El cuarto párrafo enfatiza el papel de la motivación y el apoyo como claves en el aprendizaje autoorganizado. Se describe el concepto de 'Nube de Abuelas', un sistema en línea de apoyo donde las abuelas británicas ayudan a niños en problemas de aprendizaje a través de videollamadas. Este enfoque muestra cómo el apoyo y el asombro pueden ser más efectivos que el miedo y la amenaza, lo que sugiere un cambio necesario en el enfoque educativo tradicional hacia uno que fomente el placer y la curiosidad en el aprendizaje.
🌟 Diseñar el futuro de la educación a través del aprendizaje autoorganizado
El último párrafo presenta la visión del narrador de un futuro de la educación basado en el aprendizaje autoorganizado, donde los niños se embarcan en aventuras intelectuales impulsadas por grandes preguntas. Se describe la idea de una 'Escuela en la Nube', un centro de aprendizaje desmanchado que opera a través de colaboración en línea y apoyo remoto. El narrador invita a la audiencia a participar en esta visión, promoviendo el uso de entornos de aprendizaje autoorganizados en todo el mundo y compartiendo los datos para crear un modelo educativo innovador y efectivo.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Aprendizaje
💡Escuelas
💡Bureaucracia
💡Auto-organización
💡Computadoras
💡Internet
💡Neurociencia
💡Grandes Preguntas
💡Medio Ambiente
💡Colaboración
💡Nube
Highlights
The origin of modern schooling is traced back to the Victorian era, designed to produce identical individuals for a bureaucratic administrative machine.
The Victorian system was robust and continues to produce people for a system that no longer exists, rendering the design outdated.
Today's jobs are vastly different, with computers taking over clerical tasks, and the need for traditional skills like handwriting and mental arithmetic diminishing.
Future jobs are unpredictable, and current schooling may not adequately prepare students for a world of flexible work environments.
An experiment in New Delhi showed that children from a slum, with no prior knowledge, could learn to use a computer and browse the internet within hours.
Children in remote villages taught themselves English to use a computer, demonstrating a strong drive for learning.
Self-organized learning environments can lead to significant educational achievements without the direct intervention of a teacher.
A curriculum of big questions can inspire children to engage in intellectual adventures and self-guided learning.
The concept of 'the school in the cloud' is introduced, where learning is driven by curiosity and mediated by technology.
The importance of encouragement over punishment in the learning process is emphasized, as it reduces the threat response in the brain.
The 'Granny Cloud' is a network of British grandmothers who provide support and encouragement to children learning remotely.
Learning can be self-organized and facilitated through broadband collaboration and encouragement, as demonstrated in various global experiments.
The speaker's wish is to support children worldwide in tapping into their curiosity and collaborative abilities to build the future of learning.
The Himalayan example illustrates the universal desire for learning and the potential of self-organized learning environments in remote locations.
The speaker calls for action to build self-organized learning environments and contribute to the creation of the school in the cloud.
The final message is an encouragement to embrace the potential of self-organized learning and to support the development of the school in the cloud.
Transcripts
what is going to be the future of
learning I do have a plan but in order
for me to tell you what the plan is um I
need to tell you a little story which
kind of sets the stage I tried to look
at where did uh the kind of learning we
do in schools where did it come from and
you know you can look far back into the
past but if you look at present day
schooling the way it is it's quite easy
to figure out where it came from it came
from about 300 years ago and it came
from the last and the biggest of the
empires on this planet imagine trying to
run the show trying to run the entire
planet
without computers without telephones
with data handwritten on pieces of paper
and traveling by
ships but the victorians actually did it
what they did was amazing they created a
global
computer made up of people it's still
with us today it's called the
bureaucratic administrative machine
machine in order to have that machine
running you need lots and lots of
people they made another machine to
produce those
people the
school the schools would produce the
people who would then become parts of
the bureaucratic administrative machine
they must be identical to each other
they must know three things they must
have good handwriting because the data
is handwritten they must be able to read
and they must be able to do
multiplication division addition and
subtraction in their head they must be
so identical that you could pick one up
from New Zealand and ship them to Canada
and he would be instantly
functional the victorians were great
Engineers they engineered A system that
was so robust that is still with us
today continuously
producing identical people for a machine
that no longer
exists the Empire is gone so what are we
doing with that design that produces
these identical people and what are we
going to do next if we ever are going to
do anything else with
it so that's a pretty strong comment
there there I said schools as we know
them now they're obsolete I'm not saying
they're broken it's quite fashionable to
say that the education systems broken
it's not broken it's wonderfully
constructed it's just that we don't need
it
anymore it's
outdated what's the kind of jobs that we
have today well the clerks are the
computers they're there in thousands in
every office and you have people who
guide those computers to do their
clerical job
those people don't need to be able to
write beautifully by hand they don't
need to be able to multiply numbers in
their heads they do need to be able to
read in fact they need to be able to
read
discerningly but that's today but we
don't even know what the jobs of the
future are going to look like we know
that people will work from wherever they
want whenever they want in whatever way
they
want how is present day schooling going
to prepare them for for that
world well I bumped into this whole
thing completely by accident I used to
teach people how to write computer
programs in New Delhi 14 years ago and
right next to where I used to work there
was a slum and I used to think how how
on Earth are those kids ever going to
learn to write computer programs or are
they should they not at the same time we
also had lots of parents rich people who
had computers and and who used to tell
me you know my son um I think he's
gifted because you know he does
wonderful things with computers and my
daughter oh surely she she's you know
extra intelligent and so so suddenly
figured that how come all the rich
people are having these extraordinary
gifted
children what did the poor do
wrong I made a hole in the in the
boundary wall of the slum next to my
office I stuck a computer inside it just
to see what would happen if I gave a
computer to children who never would
have one didn't know any English didn't
know what the internet was the children
came running in it was 3 ft off the
ground and they said what is this and I
said yeah but it's you know I don't know
so they said um why have you put it
there I said just like that and they
said can we touch it I said if you wish
to and I went
away about 8 hours later we found them
browsing and teaching each other how to
browse so I said but that's impossible
because you know how is it possible they
don't know anything my colleagu said no
it's simple solution one of your
students must have been passing by
showed them how to use the mouse so I
said yeah that's possible so I repeated
the experiment I went 300 miles out of
Delhi into a really remote village where
the chances of a you know a passing
software development
engineer was very
little I repeated the experiment there
there was no place to stay so I stuck my
computer in I went away came back after
a couple of months found kids playing
games on it and they saw me they said we
want a faster processor and a better
Mouse so I said how on Earth do you know
all this and they said something very
interesting to me in a irritated voice
they said you've given us a machine that
works only in English so we had to teach
ourselves English in order to use it
[Applause]
I that's the first time as a teacher
that I heard the word teach ourselves
said so
casually here's a here's a short Glimpse
from those
years that's the first day at the hole
in the wall on your right is an
8-year-old um to his left is his uh
student um she is six and uh he's
teaching her how to
browse then on to uh you know other
parts of the country I repeated this
over and over again and getting exactly
the same results
[Music]
everywhere an 8-year-old telling his
elder sister what to
do and finally a girl explaining in
marati what it is and said there's a
processor
inside so I started
publishing I published everywhere I
wrote down and measured everything and I
said in 9 months a group of children
left alone with a computer in any
language would reach the same standard
as an office secretary in the west I'd
seen it happen over and over and over
again but I was curious to know what
else would they do if they could do this
much I started experimenting with other
subjects among them for example
pronunciation there's one community of
children in Southern India whose English
pronunciation was really bad and they
needed good pronunciation because that
would improve their jobs I gave them a
speech to text engine in a computer and
I said keep talking into it until it
types what you
say
okay they did that and watched a little
bit of
this man to meet
you nice to meet you the the reason I
end it with that the face of this young
lady over there is because uh I suspect
many of you know her she's now joined a
call center in Hyderabad and may have
tortured you about your credit card
bills in a in a very clear English
accent so then people said well how far
will it go where does it stop I decided
I would I would destroy my own argument
by creating an absurd proposition I made
a Hy hypothesis a ridiculous hypothesis
Tamil is a South Indian language and I
said Can Tamil speaking children in a
South Indian village learn the
biotechnology of DNA replication in
English from a street side computer and
I said I'll measure them they'll get a
zero I'll spend a couple of months and
leave it for a couple of months I'll go
back they'll get another zero I'll go
back to the lab and say we need
teachers I found a village it was called
Kali kupam in Southern India uh I put
hole in the world computers there
downloaded all kinds of stuff from the
internet about DNA replication most of
which I didn't
understand the children came rushing and
said what's all this so I said um it's
very topical very important it's all in
English so they said how can we
understand such big English words and
you know diagrams and chemistry so by
now I had developed a new pedagogical
method so I applied that I said I
haven't the foggiest idea
and and anyway I'm going
[Laughter]
away so
I I left them for a couple of months
they had got a zero I gave them a test I
came back after 2 months and the
children trooped in and said we've
understood nothing so I I mean what did
I expect so I said okay but um how long
did it take you before you decided that
you can't understand anything so they
said we haven't given up we look at it
every single day so I said what you
don't understand these screens and you
keep staring at it for two months what
for so a little girl who you'll see just
now she raised her hand and she says to
me in broken Tamil and English she said
well apart from the fact that improper
replication of the DNA molecule causes
disease we haven't understood anything
[Laughter]
else so I tested them I got an
educational impossibility 0 to 30% in 2
months in the tropical heat under with a
computer under the tree in a language
that they didn't know doing something
that's a decade ahead of their time
absurd
but but I had to follow the Victorian
Norm 30% is a
fail how do I get them to pass I have to
get them 20 more marks I couldn't find a
teacher what I did find was a friend
that they had a 22-year-old girl who was
an accountant and she played with them
all the time so I asked this girl can
you help them so she says uh absolutely
not I didn't I didn't have science in
school I have no idea what they're doing
under that tree all day
long I I can't help you I said um I'll
tell you what use the method of the
grandmother so she says what's that said
stand behind them whenever they do
anything you just say well wow I mean
how did you do that what's the next page
gosh when I was your age I would have
never done that I me you know what
Granny's do
so she did that for two more months the
scores jumped to
50% kikam had caught up with my
controlled School in New Delhi a rich
private school with a trained
biotechnology teacher when I saw that
graph I knew there is a way to level the
playing
field here's
Kik neur neur neurons F and
I got the camera angle wrong in that
that one is just amateur stuff but what
she was saying uh as you could make out
was about neurons but her hands were
like that and she was saying neurons
communicate at
12 so what are jobs going to be like
well we know what they're like today
what's learning going to be like we know
what it's like today children pouring
over with their Mobile phones on the one
hand and then reluctantly going to
school to to pick up their books with
their other hand um what will it be
tomorrow could it be that we don't need
to go to school at
all could it be that at the point in
time when you need to know something you
can find out in 2
minutes could it be a devastating
question a question that was framed for
me by Nicholas negroponte could it be
that we are heading towards or maybe in
a future when knowing is obsolute e but
that's terrible we are Homo sapiens
knowing that's that's that's what
distinguishes us from the Apes but look
at it this way it took nature 100
million years to make the ape stand up
and become Homo sapiens it took us only
10,000 to make knowing obsolete what an
achievement that is but we have to
integrate that into our own
future encouragement seems to be the key
if you look at kupam if you look at all
of the experiments that I did it was
simply saying wow saluting
learning there is evidence from
Neuroscience The Reptilian part of our
brain which sits in the center of our
brain when it's threatened it shuts down
everything else it shuts down the
prefrontal cortex the parts which learn
it shuts all of that down punishment and
examinations are seen as threats we take
our children we make them shut their
brains down and then we say
perform why did they create a system
like that because it was needed there
was an age in the Age of Empires when
you needed those people who can survive
under threat when you're standing in a
trench all alone if you could have
survived you're okay you passed if you
didn't you
failed but the Age of Empires is gone
what happens to creativity in our age we
need to shift that balance back from
threat to pleasure I came back to
England looking for British
grandmothers I put out notices in paper
saying if you're a British grandmother
if you have broadband and a web camera
can you give me one hour of your time
per week for free I got 200 in the first
two weeks I know more British
grandmothers than anyone in the universe
they're called The Granny
Cloud the granny Cloud sits on the
internet if there's a child in in
trouble we beam a Gran she goes over she
goes on over Skype and she sorts things
out I've seen them do it from a village
called diggles in uh Northwestern
England uh deep inside a village in
Tamil Nadu India 6,000 mil away she does
it with only one age-old gesture
okay watch this you can't catch
me you
said you can't catch
me I'm the gingerbread
man well done very
good so what's happening here I think
what we need to look at at is you need
to look at
learning as the product of educational
self-organization if you allow the
educational process to self-organize
then learning emerges it's not about
making learning happen it's about
letting it happen the teacher
sets the process in motion and then she
stands back in awe and watches as
learning happens I think that's what all
this is pointing at but how will we know
how will we come to know but I intend to
build these self-organized learning
environments they are basically
Broadband collaboration and
encouragement put together I've tried
this in many many schools that's been
tried all over the world and teachers
sort of uh stand back and say it just
happens by itself and I said yeah it
happens by itself how did you know that
and I said uh you won't believe the
children who told me and where they're
from
he has a soul in
action this one is in
England uh he maintains Law and
Order cuz remember there's no teacher
[Music]
around
mole number of electrons is not equal to
the total number of protons giving it a
net positive or
negative electrical Char the net charge
on an ion is equal to the number of
protons in the ion minus the number of
electron a decade ahead of a
time so Souls I think we need a
curriculum of big questions you already
heard about that you know what what that
means there was a time when Stone Age
men and women used to sit and look up at
the sky and say what are those twinkling
lights they built the first curriculum
but we've lost sight of that wondrous
questions we've brought it down to the
tangent of an
angle but that's not that that's not
sexy
enough the way you would put it to a
9-year-old is to say if a meteorite was
coming to hit the
Earth how would you figure out if it was
going to or not and if he says well what
how you say there's a magic word it's
called the tangent of an angle and leave
him alone he'll figure it out so here
are a couple of images from
Souls I've tried incredible incredible
questions when did the world begin uh
how will it end to 9year olds this one's
about what happens to the air we breathe
this is done by children without the
help of Any teacher the teacher only
raises the question and then stands back
and admires the
answer so what's my
wish my wish
is that we design the future of
learning we don't want to be spare parts
for a great human computer do we so we
need to design a future for Learning and
I've got to hang on I've got to get this
wording exactly right because you know
it's very important my wish is to help
design a future of learning by
supporting children all over the world
to tap into their wonder and their
ability to work together help me build
this school it'll be called the school
in the
cloud it'll be a school where children
go on these intellectual Adventures
driven by the big questions which their
mediators put in the way I want to do
this is to build a facility where I can
study this it's a facility which is
practically unmanned there's only one
granny who who manages health and safety
the rest of it is from the cloud the
lights are turned on and off by the
cloud etc etc everything's done from the
cloud but I want you for another purpose
you can do self-organized learning
environments at home in the school
outside of school in clubs it's very
easy to do there's a great document
produced by Ted which tells you how to
do it if you would please please do it
across all five
continents and send me the data then
I'll put it all together move it into
the school of clouds and create the
future of learning that's my wish and
just one last thing I'll take you to the
top of the Himalayas at 12,000 ft where
the air is thin at once built two hole
in the wall computers and the children
flocked there there was this little girl
who was following me around and I said
to her you know I want to I want to give
a computer to everybody every child I
don't know what should I do and I was
trying to take a picture of her you know
quietly she suddenly raised her hand
like this and said to me get on with
it I think it was good advice I'll
follow her advice I'll stop talking
thank
you thank you very
much thank you very much WoW
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