Bromine - THE UNIQUE LIQUID ELEMENT!

Summary

This video explores the hazardous and pungent element bromine, highlighting its unique liquid state at room temperature and its position in the periodic table among halogens. The presenter demonstrates the extraction of elemental bromine from potassium bromide using a mixture of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide, emphasizing the toxic nature of bromine vapors. The video also showcases bromine's role in organic chemistry, including its reactions with aniline and benzene, and discusses the health implications of potassium bromate and bromide in food.

Takeaways

• 🌌 Bromine is a unique halogen that exists as a liquid under normal conditions, situated between chlorine and iodine in the periodic table.
• 🔍 The discovery of bromine is attributed to 1825 when it was extracted from an aqueous solution using chlorine.
• 🧪 Bromine can be extracted from potassium bromide with the help of chlorine bleach and hydrochloric acid, resulting in a color change to pale brown.
• 🌊 Bromine is often sourced from saltwater, particularly from the Dead Sea in Israel or brines in the United States, due to its presence in rocks and water.
• 🧪 In the lab, bromine is extracted from potassium bromide using a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide, which must be carefully controlled.
• ⚠️ Bromine vapors are highly toxic, and safety measures such as using a fume hood are essential during extraction.
• 🍂 The smell of bromine is described as sharp and strong, similar to but distinct from chlorine and iodine.
• 🧪 Bromine is a strong oxidizer, as demonstrated by its reaction with aluminum foil, which results in a colorful and active reaction.
• 🛒 Bromine is commonly used in organic synthesis, not just for colorful demonstrations, and is stored in glass ampules for long-term preservation.
• 🔬 A classic experiment involves the reaction between bromine and aniline, which, after purification, results in a heavy oily liquid with an almond aroma.
• ⚠️ Bromine compounds, such as potassium bromate, are toxic and can have negative health effects, including psychological disorders, though used in some food industries.

Q & A

What is bromine and why is it considered dangerous?

Bromine is a chemical element that can exist in a liquid state under normal conditions and is known for its strong, unpleasant smell. It is considered dangerous due to its toxicity; inhaling its vapors can be harmful to the lungs.

Where is bromine located in the periodic table?

Bromine is located in the last but one group of halogens in the periodic table, between chlorine and iodine, indicating its chemical properties lie between these two elements.

How was bromine first discovered?

Bromine was first discovered in 1825 when two scientists independently extracted the element from aqueous solutions using chlorine solution.

What is the process of extracting elemental bromine from potassium bromide?

Elemental bromine can be extracted from potassium bromide by reacting it with a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide, known as perchloric acid, which acts as an oxidizer.

Why is toluene or purified petrol used in the extraction process of bromine?

Toluene or purified petrol is used because these nonpolar solvents dissolve bromine better than water does, allowing bromine to rise to the top of the organic layer during extraction.

Where are the main sources of bromine extraction today?

Most bromine is extracted from saltwater in the Dead Sea in Israel or from brines in the deserts of the United States, as these sources are rich in bromide ions.

What happens when bromine is added to a solution with aluminum foil?

When bromine is added to a solution with aluminum foil, a reaction starts that is quite active and colorful, producing aluminum bromide, which breaks down into aluminum hydroxide and hydrogen bromide when water is added.

How is bromine typically stored in laboratories?

In laboratories, bromine is typically stored in glass ampules, which can preserve it for a long time as it does not react with the container when sealed.

What is the reaction between bromine and aniline?

The reaction between bromine and aniline results in the formation of a heavy oily liquid with an intense almond aroma, which is bromobenzene, used for further organic reactions.

Why is potassium bromate considered toxic and carcinogenic?

Potassium bromate is considered toxic and carcinogenic because it can cause health issues such as psychological disorders and interference with nerve impulse transmission when bromide ions are constantly present in the body.

How does the presence of bromine in food affect health?

The presence of bromine in food, particularly as a food additive like potassium bromate, can lead to health issues due to bromide ions interfering with brain neurons and potentially causing psychological disorders and other mental health problems.

Outlines

00:00

🧪 Discovery and Extraction of Bromine

This paragraph discusses the discovery of bromine in 1825 and its unique properties as a liquid element at room temperature, positioned between chlorine and iodine in the periodic table. The script describes an experiment to extract elemental bromine from potassium bromide using chlorine bleach and hydrochloric acid, highlighting the use of nonpolar solvents like toluene to separate bromine from water. It also touches on the historical and modern methods of bromine extraction, including from the Dead Sea and deserts in the United States, and the process of extracting bromine in a laboratory setting using potassium bromide and an oxidizing mixture of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide. The paragraph concludes with a warning about the toxicity of bromine vapors and the importance of safety precautions during experiments.

05:02

🌐 Applications and Reactions of Bromine in Organic Chemistry

The second paragraph delves into the applications of bromine, particularly in organic chemistry. It explains how bromine, being a strong oxidizer, reacts with aluminum foil to form aluminum bromide, which then breaks down into aluminum hydroxide and hydrogen bromide upon contact with water. The paragraph also covers the storage of bromine in glass ampules and its use in reactions with organic compounds like aniline, which requires purification through distillation due to oxidation over time. The script describes the experimental setup for a Wickham distillation and the reaction between bromine and aniline, resulting in a yellowish precipitate. Additionally, it contrasts the smooth reaction with aniline to the lack of reaction between bromine and benzene, which requires a catalyst like iron powder to initiate the reaction and form bromobenzene.

10:02

⚠️ Safety and Health Concerns with Bromine Compounds

The final paragraph addresses safety and health concerns associated with bromine compounds. It describes an experiment involving potassium bromate, a toxic and carcinogenic substance used as a food additive in some countries, which can self-ignite when mixed with sugar and sulfuric acid. The paragraph also discusses the potential neurological effects of bromide ions, which can interfere with brain neurons and cause psychological disorders. The script concludes by summarizing the information about bromine and encouraging viewers to like and subscribe for more educational content.

Keywords

💡Bromine

Bromine is a chemical element with the symbol Br and atomic number 35. It is a halogen, which means it is a non-metal in group 17 of the periodic table. The video discusses bromine's unique property of being the only halogen that is liquid at room temperature, and its discovery, properties, and applications are central to the video's theme. For example, the script mentions that bromine was discovered in 1825 and is extracted from aqueous solutions using chlorine.

💡Halogens

Halogens are a group of elements in the periodic table that includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. They are all non-metals and share similar chemical properties, such as being strong oxidizing agents. In the video, halogens are mentioned to provide context for bromine's position in the periodic table, with bromine being between chlorine and iodine.

💡Potassium Bromide

Potassium bromide is a chemical compound with the formula KBr. It is a source of bromide ions and is used in the extraction of elemental bromine. The script describes a process where potassium bromide reacts with chlorine and hydrochloric acid to produce elemental bromine, illustrating its role in the chemical process.

💡Organic Solvents

Organic solvents are liquids that dissolve a wide range of substances and are typically used in organic chemistry. The video mentions toluene and purified petrol as examples of nonpolar organic solvents that can dissolve bromine better than water, demonstrating their use in separating bromine from an aqueous solution.

💡Elemental Bromine

Elemental bromine refers to bromine in its pure, elemental form. The script describes the process of extracting elemental bromine from potassium bromide using an oxidizing mixture, highlighting the chemical reactions and the appearance of bromine vapors that characterize this process.

💡Oxidizer

An oxidizer is a substance that provides oxygen atoms to another substance, thereby oxidizing it. In the video, a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide is used as an oxidizer to convert potassium bromide into elemental bromine, showcasing the role of oxidizers in chemical reactions.

💡Fume Hood

A fume hood is a type of laboratory exhaust system that captures and vents toxic or unpleasant chemical fumes away from the user. The video mentions the use of a fume hood when working with bromine vapors, which are toxic, emphasizing the importance of safety equipment in chemical experiments.

💡Organic Synthesis

Organic synthesis is the process of chemically combining organic compounds to form new compounds. The video discusses bromine's frequent use in organic synthesis, such as in the reaction between bromine and aniline, to form bromobenzene, illustrating its importance in the field of organic chemistry.

💡Catalyst

A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change. The script mentions iron powder as a catalyst in the reaction between bromine and benzene, helping to initiate the reaction by forming iron tribromide.

💡Bromobenzene

Bromobenzene is an organic compound resulting from the reaction of bromine with benzene, typically in the presence of a catalyst. The video describes the production of bromobenzene as part of an organic synthesis process, highlighting its role in further chemical reactions.

💡Potassium Bromate

Potassium bromate is a chemical compound used in some countries as a food additive to improve the texture of dough, such as in baking bread. The video mentions its use and potential health concerns, noting that bromide ions from potassium bromate can interfere with brain neurons and cause psychological disorders.

Highlights

Bromine is a dangerous and smelly element that can exist in a liquid state under normal conditions.

Located in the last but one group of halogens in the periodic table, between chlorine and iodine.

Discovered in 1825 when two scientists extracted it from an aqueous solution with chlorine.

Demonstration of extracting elemental bromine using potassium bromide, chlorine bleach, and hydrochloric acid.

Bromine is soluble in nonpolar solvents like toluene better than in water.

Historically, bromine was discovered in pure potassium bromide solution from local springs.

Bromine compounds in water come from rocks and are extracted through evaporation.

Most bromine is extracted from saltwater in the Dead Sea or from brine in the deserts of the United States.

Elementary bromine is extracted in laboratories from bromides like potassium bromide.

A mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide is used to oxidize bromine salt.

Bromine vapors are very toxic and require a powerful fume hood for safety.

Bromine's name derives from the Greek word 'BrahMos', meaning stench.

Bromine is a strong oxidizer, demonstrated by its reaction with aluminum foil.

Bromine is frequently used in organic synthesis and stored in glass ampules.

Aniline reacts with bromine to create a yellowish precipitate and a strong aroma.

Benzene requires a catalyst to react with bromine, forming bromobenzene and hydrogen bromide.

Potassium bromate is toxic and can cause psychological disorders if ingested in large amounts.

In some countries, potassium bromate is used as a food additive to improve dough texture.

Bromine's properties and applications were thoroughly explored in the video.

Transcripts

Hello everyone in this video, I am going to tell about such a dangerous and smelly element as bromine

Which is an element which can exist in a liquid state under normal conditions

In the periodic table of chemical elements bromine is located in the last but one group of halogens

between chlorine and iodine

That's because from the point of view of its chemical properties bromine is something between iodine and chloride

Such properties of bromine later is discovered in

1825 when two scientists extracted this same element from aqueous solution with the help of chlorine solution

Independently of each other this same experiment can be repeated today

I am using a weak solution of potassium bromide with a small amount of chlorine bleach

Along with hydrochloric acid as a result this reaction produces elemental bromine

Which is why the color of the solution?

changed to pale brown if to add some toluene or

purified petrol the bromine from the aqueous solution rise to the top organic layer because such nonpolar

solvents as toluene dissolve bromine better than water does

however, when this element was discovered scientists in have pure potassium bromide solution

Benzene is a first discoverers of this element used water from local springs

Reach-in bromine ions one liter of this water

Contains up to 60 milligrams of bromine these elements compounds get into water from rocks

Where they are easily washed away by streams of water if water constantly evaporates

Concentration of bromide ions will be gradually growing because of bromine large atomic radius

Which doesn't fit with crystalline degrees of other minerals for instance such as sodium fluoride

That is why nowadays

Most of bro main is extracted from saltwater in the Dead Sea in Israel

or from bronze in the deserts of the United States

Just like 200 years ago today elementary bromine is mostly extracted in

laboratories from Brahmas for instance from the most widespread bromine containing salt potassium bromide to

Extract bromine. I poured 50 grams of sodium bromide into a flask

After that, I proceeded to make an oxidizer in order to oxidize bromine salt in the elementary bromine

I decided to use a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide

Which is also known as perennial solution upon mixing of sulfuric acid with hydrogen peroxide

The liquid hits off. That is why I decided to cool it off in a bowl with ice

After cooling, I poured this extreme mixture into a dropping funnel to better control speed of the reaction

Upon reaction of potassium bromide with a drop of this mixture the flask fills with bromine vapours

Which boil because of the high temperature this reaction produces

Upon adding more liquid bromine stars volatilizing from the flask filling the fume hood with smelly vapors

fortunately, I cut out my experiment using a powerful fume hood because bromine vapors are very toxic and if you

Accidentally breathe in such an orange cloud. You can easily say goodbye to your lungs

Besides the very name of the element bromine is derived from the Greek word BrahMos, which means thinking in reality

Bromine smells like something between iodine and chlorine like chlorine bleach

But it has a sharper smell after this bromine clouds began forming

I noticed that the mixture in the flask was overheating and most of the freshly extracted bromine

Volatilizing in order not to lose the spray shows nonmetal, which I will need for other experiments

I put the flask in Taba with icy water and

Continued adding the oxidation mixture in sometimes they'll condense drops of elemental bromine in the flask

Which either floated of the surface of the liquid or sank to the bottom?

The whole process of extracting bromine took 15 minutes after that. I let the mixture cool down more

Since bromine density is three times the density of water

It's sent to the bottom now

We just need to separate it the mixture still contained left our hydrogen peroxide which is why it formed

Early the toxin bromine wakers as you figured under normal conditions

Bromine is a liquid that is why it was a very easy to separate it from the leftover

reaction mixture with the help of a syringe

Because of the relatively low bullet temperature of 60 degrees Celsius liquid bromine

Quickly evaporates at room temperature filling the flask with the same orange vapor

To me bromine vapors looked very much like nitrogen dioxide

I guess which for instance forms when copper reacts with nitric acid

The only difference is the smell bromine smell is sharper and stronger

However, I think those who constantly compare smells of toxic chemicals

Don't live long as you understood bromine does not dissolved

Well in water instead, it creates bromine water

Which is a mixture of hydrobromic acid and Berber

Ohmic acid with elemental bromine left overs such a solution

Also formed in the left our reaction mixture. It is prohibited to pour such a mixture into a sink

That is why I decided to neutralize it in a 10% alkaline solution, which is sodium hydroxide

the liquid CLO color quickly fades away

Let us get back to our fresh extracted liquid bromine just as all other halogens

This one is a strong oxidizer

as this property of bromine can be demonstrated if we drop a small ball of

aluminum foil into a test tube with one milliliter of bromine the reaction starts in a few seconds and

Is quite active I have conducted many different experiments with different elements

However, this reaction seems to be the most colorful

When the reaction is over what's left is a test tube is

Aluminum bromide and when water is added to it

It breaks down into aluminium hydroxide and hydrogen bromide, which is breaking out of the test

Tube is a form of a thick white smoke

however, generally in laboratories

Bromine is not used for such colorful

Reactions it is most frequently used for organic synthesis

Pure bromine is stored in glass ampules

It seems to me that this ampule is twice my age. However in this form bromine can be stored practically forever

because in a closed container

It can not react with anything such an amp you can easily be opened with a regular pliers

Later, you can feel a medical syringe with it as I mentioned before

Bromine is frequently used in organic chemistry

one of the most classic

Experiments with this nonmetal is a reaction between bromine and aniline which is an oily liquid which smells like burning arising

however

Due to the long storage time, son of aniline is a bottle has oxidized it into an eland black

that is why we decided to purify annalen by distilling it for the reaction with bromide and healing boils at

184 degrees Celsius and to simplify the distillation process

We assembled a device for Wakeham distillation in the laboratory

Liquids air will be flowing under a reduced pressure

We decided to heat the contaminated aniline with a heat gun in order for the liquid in the test tube

Notable to much to make it boil

It's enough to heat it to 86 degrees Celsius because when pressure is reduced the boiling temperature of a liquid

also reduces

Wafers of the pure annealing began rising up towards the condenser after condensation

For your colorless liquid Annalee ready for the reaction with bromine

I also dissolved aniline in water in order for the reaction to run less turbulently

upon adding a drop of bromine to the in solution

There immediately formed the yellowish drip aroma and in sediment is a test tube if we use more annalen than necessary

Reaction will be to turn violent heated the mixture to extremely hot temperatures

but not all reactions between bromine and organic chemicals run as smoothly as a reaction between

bromine and anally for instance such a substance as benzene doesn't react well with

Bromine when benzene and bromine are mixed together almost nothing happens

Benzene doesn't give its electrons to bromine molecules to start the reaction

We need a catalyst which speed up reactions up several hundred times a regular iron powder

Serve as a catalyst in this reaction and immediately starts reacting with bromine forming iron free bromide

This chemical helps bromine molecule rip an electron of carbon atom in the benzene molecule

As a result of this reaction is an extra quickly heats up and starts boiling early in the reaction product bromobenzene

creating a whole cloud of hydrogen bromide

In other top reviews at this history in the hydrogen bromide being released and pushed a stick soaked in ammonia solution

Into the test tube with a reaction mixture when I do this their forms

White ammonium bromide smoke the freshly formed bromobenzene

Contains bromine inclusions and remove the remaining bromine

Inclusions with the help of baking soda as a result as air formed a heavy oily liquid

With an intense almond aroma which is bromobenzene

Which can be used for further organic reactions in the end

I'd like to show a reaction with a bromine compound potassium bromate

Although the substance is a pretty toxic and also cancer genic and in some countries

for instance in the United States

It is used as a food additive to improve the texture of doubt for instance when baking bread

Aoife means this chemical with sugar and add a drop of concentrated sulfuric acid

Is a mixture will self ignite

And we'll be burnin with a bright pink and blue flame

Fortunately, his concentration in bread is really low in order for it to self ignite

However, potassium bromide which forms later on isn't good for health either

The thing is when bromide ions constantly interfere with brain neurons

They tend to slow down nerve impulses transmission

Thus causing some psychological disorders such as psychosis

insomnia and other mental

Confusions fortunately in many countries potassium bromide is not allowed to be used in the food industry. I think

Today you have learned enough about such an interesting element as bromine

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