CBSE Class 9 Geography - 1 || India - Size and Location || Full Chapter || By Shiksha House

Summary

India, known for its rich cultural and commercial heritage, is one of the world's oldest civilizations. Over the past five decades, it has transformed into one of the fastest-growing economies, with advancements in agriculture, industry, and technology. India's strategic location and extensive coastline have facilitated trade and cultural exchanges. It shares borders with several countries and has a diverse topography, including the Himalayas and vast coastlines. Historical trade routes, such as the Silk Road, have contributed to its development and global influence. Post-independence, India reorganized into 28 states and 7 union territories, further enhancing its economic and cultural diversity.

Takeaways

• 📜 India is known for its rich commercial and cultural heritage, home to some of the oldest civilizations such as the Indus Valley Civilization.
• 📈 Over the last five decades, India has evolved into one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, with substantial development in agriculture, industry, and technology.
• 🌏 India is located in both the Eastern and Northern Hemispheres, stretching from 8.4°N to 37.6°N latitude and 68.7°E to 97.25°E longitude.
• 🏞️ The Tropic of Cancer divides India almost into two equal halves, and the country has a total area of 3.28 million square kilometers, making it the seventh largest country in the world.
• 🌊 India is bordered by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Arabian Sea in the west, and the Indian Ocean in the south, with a total coastline of 7,516.6 kilometers.
• 🕰️ Due to its longitudinal expanse, there is a time lag of two hours between the eastern and western ends of India, but the entire country follows a standard time along the 82.5°E longitude.
• 🌐 India's strategic location in South Asia, between East and West Asia, makes it a crucial point for trade routes, both historical and modern.
• 🚢 The Suez Canal reduced India's distance from Europe by approximately 7,000 kilometers, enhancing its trade connectivity.
• 📚 India has historically contributed to the world through trade routes with ideas, commodities, and cultural exchanges, including the spread of epics, mathematical concepts, and architectural influences.
• 🏰 Post-independence, India reorganized its princely states into 28 states and 7 union territories, with Rajasthan being the largest state and Goa the smallest by area.

Q & A

What ancient civilization was located in India?

The Indus Valley Civilization.

How has India evolved over the last five decades?

India has evolved from a culturally rich country to one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, with substantial development in agricultural, industrial, and technological sectors.

What is the total area of the Indian landmass?

The total area of the Indian landmass is 3.28 million square kilometers.

Which natural features border India?

Young fold mountains cover the northwestern, northern, and northeastern borders of the country.

What is the significance of the Tropic of Cancer in relation to India?

The Tropic of Cancer, at 23.30 degrees north latitude, cuts across the country, dividing it almost into two equal halves.

How long is India's total coastline?

India's total coastline, including the outlines of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands, measures 7,516.6 kilometers.

Why is there a time lag between the eastern and western ends of India?

There is a time lag of two hours due to the huge longitudinal expanse of the country, which creates a significant distance between the eastern and western endpoints.

Which major bodies of water border India?

India is bordered by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Arabian Sea in the west, and the Indian Ocean in the south.

How does India's strategic location affect its connectivity with other regions?

India's strategic location, extending southward into the Indian Ocean, connects it to Southeast and East Asian countries in the east and African and European countries in the west, facilitating significant trade and cultural exchange.

What major trade routes historically passed through India?

The Silk Road, an extensive network of trade routes connecting Asia to the Mediterranean world, passed through India and was significant in the development of great civilizations.

What impact did the opening of the Suez Canal have on India's distance from Europe?

The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 reduced India's distance from Europe by approximately 7,000 kilometers.

Which Indian states share a border with Pakistan?

The Indian states that share a border with Pakistan are Gujarat, Punjab, and Jammu and Kashmir.

What are the northeastern neighbors of India?

The northeastern neighbors of India are China, Nepal, and Bhutan.

Which Indian states share their border with Bangladesh?

The Indian states that share their border with Bangladesh are Meghalaya, West Bengal, and a small part of Assam.

What is the smallest state in India by area?

Goa, with an area of 3,702 square kilometers.

Which island countries are neighbors of India in the south?

Sri Lanka and the Maldives are India's neighbors in the south.

Outlines

00:00

🏛️ India's Rich Heritage and Growing Economy

India, known for its rich commercial and cultural heritage, is home to ancient civilizations like the Indus Valley. Over the past five decades, India has evolved from a culturally rich image to one of the world's fastest-growing economies. The country has seen substantial development in agriculture, industry, and technology. India's history is marked by significant contributions from ancient times through British rule to modern independence. The country's geographical location spans both the Eastern and Northern Hemispheres, with the Tropic of Cancer dividing it nearly in half. India covers 3.28 million square kilometers, making it the seventh-largest country in the world. It has diverse natural features, including young fold mountains and extensive coastlines. The southernmost tip of India, Indira Point, was submerged in the 2004 tsunami.

05:04

🕰️ Time Lag and Standard Time in India

India's longitudinal expanse causes a time lag between its eastern and western ends. For example, while it might be daylight in Gujarat, the sun could be setting in Arunachal Pradesh due to the 3000-kilometer distance between the two points. Despite this, the entire country follows a single standard time based on the longitude of 82.30 degrees East, which passes through Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh. India's latitudinal stretch influences the duration of days and nights, with variations as one moves northward. The country's strategic central location in Asia, protruding into the Indian Ocean, has historically facilitated trade routes connecting it to other parts of the world.

10:06

🌐 India’s Strategic Position in Global Trade

India's strategic location in the Indian Ocean has been pivotal in its development and contributions to the world. Historically, trade routes through India enabled the exchange of ideas and commodities. The ancient Silk Road, passing through India, connected various great civilizations and facilitated cultural and intellectual exchanges. India's significant contributions through these routes include literature, mathematical concepts, and architectural influences. The Western world refers to the Indian numeral system as the Hindu-Arabic numeral system, due to its transmission through Arab traders. Indian architecture, with its domes and minarets, shows Persian and Greek influences, highlighting the blend of cultural exchanges.

15:08

🗺️ Political and Geographical Divisions of India

Before independence, India had provinces and princely states, with provinces under British rule and princely states governed by local rulers. Post-independence, these states merged into the Indian Union, which now comprises 28 states and 7 union territories. India's southern half features a vast coastline, shared by several states and union territories. Goa is the smallest state, while Rajasthan is the largest. India shares borders with several countries, including Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, and Bangladesh, each with unique historical and geographical connections to India.

20:11

🌏 India's Northern and Eastern Neighbors

India shares its northern borders with China and Nepal. China, one of the world's oldest civilizations, borders several Indian states from Jammu and Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh. Nepal, with its capital at Kathmandu, is bordered by multiple Indian states, including Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. Bhutan, another northeastern neighbor, shares borders with Indian states like Sikkim and Assam. India's eastern borders connect it to Myanmar and Bangladesh. Myanmar, formerly known as Burma, borders several northeastern states, while Bangladesh, previously East Pakistan, shares extensive borders with India. Bangladesh gained independence in 1971 and is one of the most densely populated countries.

25:14

🌊 Southern Neighbors: Sri Lanka and Maldives

India's southern neighbors are the island countries of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Sri Lanka is separated from India by the Palk Strait, connecting the Bay of Bengal and the Gulf of Mannar. Colombo, the commercial capital, is the largest city, while Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte is the administrative capital. The Maldives, south of the Lakshadweep Islands, is the smallest Asian country by area and population, with its capital at Malé. This overview highlights India's strategic position and its historical and geographical connections with neighboring countries.

Keywords

💡Indus Valley Civilisation

The Indus Valley Civilisation is one of the world's oldest civilizations, located in what is now Pakistan and northwest India. It exemplifies India's rich cultural heritage and historical significance, providing context for the country's long history of development and contribution to world history.

💡Tropic of Cancer

The Tropic of Cancer is the northernmost latitude at which the Sun can appear directly overhead at noon. In the context of the video, it highlights the geographical division of India, marking a significant feature in understanding the country's latitudinal stretch and its impact on climate and daylight duration.

💡Standard Time

Standard Time refers to the uniform time set for a region or country, usually based on the time at a central meridian. For India, the standard time is based on the 82.5 degrees East longitude. This concept is crucial for understanding how India manages the time lag caused by its wide longitudinal expanse.

💡Suez Canal

The Suez Canal is a man-made waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. Its opening in 1869 significantly reduced the distance between Europe and India, highlighting India's strategic location and its historical significance in global trade routes.

💡Silk Road

The Silk Road was an ancient network of trade routes connecting the East and West. It played a pivotal role in the exchange of goods, ideas, and culture, illustrating how India's strategic location facilitated its development and contributions to the world, such as the spread of the Ramayana and Mahabharata.

💡Provinces and Princely States

Before India's independence, the country was divided into provinces directly ruled by British officials and princely states governed by local rulers. Understanding this division helps in grasping India's historical governance and the subsequent reorganization post-independence into 28 states and 7 union territories.

💡Rajasthan

Rajasthan is the largest state in India by area, located in the northwest, sharing a border with Pakistan. It represents the diversity of India's geographical and political landscape and is a key state when discussing India's size and neighboring countries.

💡Afghanistan

Afghanistan shares its northwestern border with the Indian state of Jammu anda strategic position in ancient trade and migration routes between the East and West. Its inclusion in the video underscores the importance of geographical neighbors in shaping India's historical and cultural exchanges.

💡Bay of Bengal

The Bay of Bengal is a large body of water to the east of India, influencing the country's eastern coastal climate and economy. It is part of the explanation of India's geographical borders, emphasizing the natural features that shape the nation's environment and trade routes.

💡Indian Ocean

The Indian Ocean is the third-largest ocean, south of India, crucial for India's strategic maritime location. India's long coastline and central position in this ocean underscore its historical and ongoing significance in global sea trade and cultural exchanges.

Highlights

India has been home to some of the oldest civilizations in the world, such as the Indus Valley Civilisation.

In the last five decades, India has evolved into one of the fastest-growing economies in the world.

India has shown substantial development in the agricultural, industrial, and technological sectors.

India's total area is 3.28 million square kilometers, making it the seventh-largest country in the world.

The Tropic of Cancer divides India almost into two equal halves.

India's coastline, including the outlines of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands, measures 7,516.6 kilometers.

India's longitudinal expanse causes a time lag of two hours between the eastern and western ends of the country.

India follows a standard time along longitude 82.30 degrees East, which passes through Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh.

The opening of the Suez Canal in Egypt in 1869 reduced India's distance from Europe by approximately 7,000 kilometers.

India has a longer coastline than any other country in the Indian Ocean, contributing to its significant global maritime presence.

The Silk Road passing through India was an extensive network of trade routes connecting Asia to the Mediterranean world.

Before independence, India had provinces ruled by British officials and princely states ruled by local rulers.

Post-independence, princely states were merged with the Indian Union, leading to the current 28 states and 7 union territories.

Rajasthan is the largest state in India, while Goa is the smallest state area-wise.

India shares its borders with several countries, including Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, and Bangladesh, and has maritime neighbors Sri Lanka and the Maldives.

Transcripts

known for its rich commercial and

cultural heritage

India has been home to some of the

oldest civilizations in the world such

as the Indus Valley Civilisation

the last five decades have seen India

evolving from its culturally rich image

to one of the fastest-growing economies

of the world

the country has shown substantial

development in the agricultural

industrial and technological sectors

in addition to this India has also

contributed significantly to world

history

from the ancient times of the Indus

Valley Civilisation through the British

rule to free India the country has

witnessed it all

let's learn a little more about this

country that is emerging as a

fascinating blend of culture and

technology

we'll start by locating India on the

world map

as you can see

India spreads across both the eastern

and the Northern Hemisphere's

India's latitudinal stretch is between

8.4 degrees not and 37.6 degrees not and

the longitudinal stretch is between 68

point seven degrees east and

ninety-seven point two five degrees east

a study of the map shows that the Tropic

of Cancer at twenty-three point three

zero degree north latitude cuts across

the country

dividing it almost into two equal halves

you

did you know the Tropic of Cancer is the

northernmost latitude at which the Sun

can appear directly overhead at noon

coming down beyond the mainland the

country extends further to the south

the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are the

extensions of India in the southeast

and the luxury islands in the southwest

so you see that India is a big country

but exactly how big

what is the country's area

the total area of the Indian landmass is

3.2 eight million square kilometers

this accounts for nearly 2.4 percent of

the total land area of the world

if you compare India's size to that of

other countries India is the seventh

largest country in the world

now let's focus on the outline of the

country in the map

let's see if you can make out the

natural features bordering the country

as you can see

young thought mountains cover the

northwestern

northern and northeastern borders of the

country

the total land boundary of India

measures 15,000 200 kilometers

starting from 22 degrees north latitude

down towards the south

India is bordered by the Bay of Bengal

in the east

the Arabian Sea in the West and the

Indian Ocean in the south

in fact the t-bird shape of southern

India divides Indian Ocean each of the

Arabian Sea and B of Bengal

in his total coastline including the

outlines of the Andaman and Nicobar

Islands and the luxury deep islands

measures seven thousand five hundred and

sixteen point six kilometres

did you know the southernmost tip of

India

called the Indra point got submerged

under the sea in the tsunami that struck

the country in December 2004

now looking at the map can you identify

which extent is larger

the east-west stretch or the north-south

stretch

the east-west stretch of India looks

smaller than the north-south stretch

however

if you actually measure the distance

both measure the same approximately 3000

kilometers

it is this huge distance of three

thousand kilometers that causes a lag

between the local times at the eastern

and the western ends of the country

let's discuss a scenario to understand

the concept of time lag

it is 6:00 p.m. in the evening in

Gujarat where you live

suppose you are talking to a friend in

Arunachal Pradesh

your friend mentions that he is standing

at the window

watching a beautiful sunset

however

if you look around you

it is still broad daylight for you

how is it that it's still daylight in

your city

while the Sun has already set where your

friend lives in Arunachal Pradesh

this happens because of the huge

longitudinal expanse of the country

there is a huge distance between the

eastern and western end points of the

country

this leads to a time lag of two hours

between the local times of the two

places

however in tractors the clocks in both

locations will show the same time

because the entire country follows a

standard time

India's standard time is the time along

longitude 80 2.30 degree East

this longitude passes through Mirza

pooed in Uttar Pradesh

this longitude is referred to as the

standard meridian of India

why India's longitudinal stretch gives

rise to a time lag between the East and

the West

it's latitudinal stretch influences the

duration of days and nights

for example the duration of days and

nights is the same in Kanyakumari

which is on the southernmost tip of

India

however

as you move northward

the duration of days and nights begins

to vary

in the previous module

you learned about India's size and

location on the globe

now let's look at India's location in

relation to other countries on the map

can you make out from the map

in which part aphasia India is located

as you can see

India lies to the south of Asia and is

centrally located between East and West

Asia

the Deccan Peninsula in the south of

India protrudes to the south

thereby extending the Indian boundary

into the Indian Ocean

does

India acts as a southward extension of

the Asian continent

India is very strategically located in

the center

chants Indian Ocean routes connected to

southeast and East Asian countries in

the east

and to African and European countries in

the West

did you know

the opening of the Suez Canal in Egypt

in 1869 has reduced India's distance

from Europe by approximately seven

thousand kilometers

it connects the Mediterranean Sea with

the Indian Ocean

India's long coastline has added to its

means of contact with the rest of the

world through the sea route

in fact

India has a longer coastline than any

other country in the Indian Ocean

it is because of India's important

position in the Indian Ocean that the

ocean is named after India

however

in general

the land roots have been more popular

than sea roots

and frequented by travelers and traders

in fact

in ancient times

before the sea routes were explored

traders used passes in the mountains to

travel in and out of India

did you know

the Silk Road passing through India is

an extensive network of trade routes

connecting the East

list

and south of Asia to the Mediterranean

world

including North Africa and Europe

the Silk Road was a significant factor

in the development of great

civilizations in China

India

Egypt

Basia

Aradia

and room

now let's examine how India strategic

location contributed to its development

and enabled it to contribute

significantly to the word

traders have been using both the land

and sea routes passing through India to

exchange ideas as well as commodities

for example

ancient scholars took ideas from epics

like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata

and teachings of the bhagavad-gita

to the world through these routes

commodities like spices and muslin were

also exported through these roots

some other significant contributions

that India shared with the world through

these routes include

stories from the Panchatantra

mathematical basics

such as Indian numerals and the decimal

system

interestingly

the Western world commonly refers to the

Indian numeral system as the

hindu-arabic numeral system

because it reached Europe through the

Adams

the image shows a clock in a park in the

Arabic town of sattva

with Indian numerals on its face

just as these roots helped India to

reach out to the world with its ideas

and commodities

the also enabled Western influences to

reach India

you can see shades of Western influence

in Indian architecture

for example

domes

minarets

and moghul tombs of sandstone and marble

are all based on Persian designs

this is the Aegean / palace

a former royal palace situated in

agartala

the capital of Tripura

can you identify which culture the

sculpture represents

the sculpture in the Aegean the palace

represents Greek influence in India

to conclude

you can see that trade routes through

the land and sea played a key role in

the intellectual and architectural

development of India

and all this was possible only because

of India strategic location on the map

before independence India had primarily

two types of states provinces and

princely states

while provinces were directly ruled by

British officials appointed by the

Viceroy

the princely states were ruled by local

rulers who inherited the states from

their forefathers

however post-independence these princely

states were merged with the Indian Union

and later on the country went through

several reorganizations under the state

reorganization Act

the present-day India has 28 states

you

and 7 union territories

you

as you can see the southern half of

India has a huge coastline stretching

from the west to the east

if you examine the coastline

the coastal states of India are

gujarat

Maharashtra

Gulla

good massacre

Karuna

tamanna do

under Pradesh

Arisa

and West Bengal

in addition to these states

the coastline is shared by the union

territories of aunt Amman and Nicobar

Islands

Domon and do you

the lux would be violence

put the cherry

among these coastal states

you will also find the smallest state of

India

area wise

can you identify this state

it's Goa

with an area of 3702 square kilometres

conversely

Rajasthan is the largest state

at measuring 340 2269 square kilometers

Rajasthan shares its western border with

Pakistan

which has its capital at Islamabad

the other Indian states that share a

common border with Pakistan in the West

our Gujarat

Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir

in addition to Pakistan

the state of Jammu and Kashmir shares

it's not western border with Afghanistan

too

Afghanistan has its capital in Kabul

due to its strategic position

Afghanistan has been an ancient focal

point for trade and migration between

the East and the West

now let's look around further and

identify the other neighboring countries

which share common frontiers with India

let's start with the northeastern

neighbors China

NEPA and Bhutan

as you can see

the Chinese border stretches all the way

from the state of Jammu and Kashmir in

the knot

to Arunachal Pradesh in the east

passing along the states of Himachal

Pradesh

Barranca

and SiC him

China is known to be one of the oldest

civilizations in the world with its

capital at Beijing

India also shares its northern border

with Nepal which is the world's smallest

in the state the capital of Nepal is

Katmandu

you

which Indian states share their border

with Nepal

the Indian states that shared their

border with Nepal include with the

Rancho

Uttar Pradesh

be hot

West Bengal

and Sikkim

among these Sikkim West Bengal along

with Assam and Arunachal Pradesh also

share its border with Putin Putin has

its capital as pimp ooh

these were the northeastern neighbors of

India let's move further east

with which countries does India share

its eastern border

into shares its eastern border with

Myanmar and Bangladesh

you may remember Myanmar by another name

the earlier name of Myanmar was Burma

Myanmar has its capital at Rangoon

Myanmar shares its border with most of

the northeastern states of India

starting from Arunachal Pradesh to

Nagaland

money poor

meesa Ram

and Tripura

tripura also shares its border with

bangladesh in fact bangladesh is

bordered by India on almost all sites

except in the south

the other Indian states that share a

common border with Bangladesh are

makalya

West Bengal

and a small part of Assam

did you know Bangladesh was earlier

known as East Pakistan and was part of

Pakistan

only in the year 1971

was it declared an independent country

came to be known as Bangladesh

meaning the country of Bengalis

because of its large Bengali population

speaking of population

Bangladesh

with its capital and taka

is one of the most densely populated

countries in the world

so you learned about all the neighboring

countries that share their borders with

India

there aren't two other neighbors that

don't share their borders with India

these are the island countries of sri

lanka

and the Maltese

India's neighbors in the south

if you look at the map closely you will

see that sri lanka is separated from

india

by a narrow channel of C called the park

straight

the Strait connects the Bay of Bengal in

the east to the Gulf of Mannar in the

south

the capital of Sri Lanka is sri

jayawardenepura koti

however Columbo the former

administrative capital of the country

still is the largest city in the country

and also its commercial capital

moving east from sri lanka you come to

the Maldives Islands

which are to the south of the luxury

deep islands

Maldives is the smallest Asian country

both in area and population

and has its capital at Mali

that was a brief overview of India and

its neighboring countries

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